Empire of the Summer Moon

  chiefs of, 7–11, 51–52, 70–77, 83–88, 91–96, 98, 100, 107–8, 115, 116, 143, 147, 151–52, 168, 170–71, 176–77, 199, 212, 214, 220, 226–28, 229, 242, 251, 256–57, 263, 264, 267, 272, 273, 277, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284–85, 290, 298–99, 304, 311, 328n, 337n, 339n; see also specific chiefs

  children of, 57, 81, 84, 86, 105–7, 117, 121, 151, 152, 167, 168, 176, 194–99, 216, 220, 221, 245, 255, 256–57, 276, 286, 302–3, 313, 318, 319

  civil chiefs of, 50–51, 91–92

  clothing of, 89–90, 91, 92, 96, 111, 179, 185, 198, 199, 232

  council houses of, 42–43

  cruelty of, 5, 6, 17, 22, 25–26, 28, 37, 41, 42, 43–46, 52, 56, 57, 62–69, 75, 84, 85, 87–88, 95, 96, 106, 134, 156, 173–74, 197, 202, 211, 257, 272, 280

  culture of, 27–28, 31–32, 41–43, 47–51, 90–92, 102–7, 110–11, 116–17, 142–43, 151–53, 164, 181–82, 191, 192–99, 205–6, 226–30, 233, 258–60, 281, 289–90, 313–14, 319

  dances of, 27, 41–42, 47, 49, 52, 95, 197, 199, 201, 202, 206, 215, 216, 224, 227, 229–30, 259, 266, 286

  decapitations by, 43–44, 66

  decline of, 23, 94, 96–100, 109–18, 158, 201–2, 204, 209–10, 224, 250–60, 267–87

  defeats of, 94, 96–100, 111–16, 158, 250–57, 267–87

  descriptions of, 32–33, 47, 59–60, 90–91, 92, 97, 98, 109, 116, 155, 161, 171, 178–79, 181, 183–84, 186, 221, 224, 225, 281–82, 317–18

  diet of, 48, 52

  dominance of, 28–35

  elders of, 58

  empire of, 23–24, 61, 110–11, 202

  encampments of, 79–82

  epidemics suffered by, 6, 54, 89, 91, 92, 103, 112–13, 116, 126, 164

  ethnography of, 6, 41–42, 45, 49, 104, 162, 205, 314, 328n

  extermination of, 1–2, 73–77, 273, 274–87, 319

  families of, 21–22, 37, 51, 104, 105–7, 151–53, 168–69, 194–99, 205–6, 216–17, 256–57, 280, 281, 284, 302–3

  federal policy on, 82–88, 159–65, 208–9, 218, 220, 221, 224–34, 240–41, 255, 256–57, 309

  fertility rates of, 37, 104

  French contact with, 60, 63, 68, 69, 159

  gambling by, 34–35, 48

  games played by, 52

  genetic makeup of, 104

  government-sanctioned violence against, 73–77

  headdresses of, 57, 259, 319

  headmen of, 49, 50–52, 84–88, 91–92, 107–8, 113–16, 142, 229

  historical evaluation of, 23–35, 99–100, 102, 110–11, 162, 208–9, 337n, 339n

  horse culture of, 6, 9–10, 26–35, 37, 48, 51, 55, 56, 62, 72, 78, 80–81, 91, 96–99, 105–6, 110–11, 114, 115, 122, 132–34, 137, 140, 141, 142, 148, 162, 177, 197, 198, 205–6, 215, 255, 256, 258, 262, 282

  horses stampeded by, 10, 243–44, 256, 276, 279

  horses stolen by, 9–10, 19, 33, 61, 66, 94–95, 96, 99–100, 119–20, 142, 143, 152–53, 154, 155, 171, 231, 241

  hunting grounds of, 6, 25–26, 44, 58, 59, 71, 85, 91, 93, 111, 112, 114, 194–95, 197–98, 230, 232–33, 275, 284, 297

  Koh-mats (Komantcia) as name for, 35

  lances used by, 17, 31, 66, 132, 133, 147, 156, 160, 168, 177, 204

  language of, 24, 27, 34, 42, 48–49, 84, 92, 93, 103, 106, 117, 178, 184, 187–89, 191, 258, 264

  leadership of, 7–11, 12, 13, 21, 42–43, 49, 50–52, 84–88, 91–92, 107–8, 113–16, 142, 229; see also specific headmen and chiefs

  lodges of, 7, 88, 100–101, 108, 111, 167, 193, 216–17, 219, 225, 242, 245, 255, 276, 281

  looting by, 66–67, 95–96, 99, 136–37

  “loved captives” of, 102–7

  marriage of, 1–2, 41, 51, 109–11, 117, 151–53, 205–6

  massacres of, 82–88, 91, 92, 100–101, 111–12, 120, 164–81, 219–21, 223, 224, 238, 255

  medicine of, 47, 92, 94, 112, 143, 168, 199, 203, 224, 233, 264–72, 281, 286

  Mexican conflicts with, 19, 24, 82, 83, 91, 104, 108, 110, 114, 115, 122, 131–32, 159, 160, 162, 201–2, 204, 224, 241, 263

  middle tribes of, 37–38, 114–18, 229–30

  migrations of, 56–57, 109–12, 115, 116–17, 196–97

  mounted attacks by, 96–99, 132–34, 141, 142, 148, 162

  muskets and rifles used by, 33, 133, 160, 168, 204, 217, 223, 232–33, 245, 269

  national confederation of, 59–60, 114–16, 131–32, 208–9, 265

  navigational prowess of, 58–59, 78

  Nermernuh (People) as name of, 27, 28, 35, 48, 92, 96, 113, 131, 152, 209, 213, 215–16, 256, 258, 259, 263

  as nomads, 5–6, 21, 24–25, 27, 35, 46, 56–57, 78, 105–17, 152, 164, 195–97, 198, 233, 259–60, 318

  northern tribes of, 65, 93, 164, 279

  Comanches (cont.)

  Padouca as name for, 25, 323n

  paraibos of, 91–92, 107, 266, 318

  peace negotiations with, 82–88, 218, 220, 221, 222–34, 240–41, 255, 257, 309

  personal names of, 47, 84, 117, 264

  photographs of, 92, 199, 300

  physical appearance of, 27, 48–49, 57, 83, 89–91, 92

  polygamy of, 41, 300–302

  population of, 37, 60, 104, 204, 251, 258–60, 274, 339n

  powwows (councils) of, 42, 203, 229, 266–67, 293

  press accounts of, 90–91, 109, 116, 155, 161, 171, 178–79, 181, 183–84, 186, 221, 224, 225, 317–18

  “primitive” state of, 5, 27–28, 62, 78, 102–7, 113, 181–82, 289–90, 319

  as prisoners, 57, 86–88, 101, 177, 254–57

  punitive expeditions against, 2–11, 62–72, 78–88, 100–101, 151–59, 165–72, 180–81, 207–21, 235–57, 258, 263, 267–87, 289, 290–91, 303, 304–7, 317

  raids by, 3–4, 8, 9–22, 24, 30, 34, 50, 56, 61, 62–69, 72, 74, 77–78, 87–88, 91–101, 108, 109, 115–16, 131, 141, 151–56, 157, 158, 164, 166, 171–74, 207–23, 231, 232–33, 250–53, 263, 266–73

  ransoms paid to, 19, 37, 85, 102–18, 120–23, 179

  rape by, 17, 19, 37, 43, 44–45, 56, 84, 85, 104, 106, 120–21, 124, 156, 173, 184, 202, 211, 272

  Red River sanctuary of, 275, 276–83, 294–96

  religious beliefs of, 27, 41–42, 45, 87, 91–93, 94, 95, 98, 181–82, 184, 198–99, 264–72, 281, 285, 286, 289, 290, 299–300, 303, 313–14

  reputation of, 5–7, 23–25, 43–45, 49, 57, 78, 106–7

  on reservations, 204, 226–33, 241, 251, 252, 256, 257, 266–67, 273, 274–75, 284–319, 339n

  rites of passage in, 198–99

  scalping by, 17, 22, 43–44, 94, 104, 156, 197, 231, 232, 296

  shields of, 98, 132, 175

  slaves of, 40–52, 121

  social structure of, 24, 27–28, 31–32, 41–43, 48–51, 110–11, 151–53, 222–23, 328n

  songs of, 28, 47, 197

  southern tribes of, 109–17, 229–30, 339n

  Spanish conflicts with, 2, 10, 19, 23–25, 26, 28–29, 49, 53–72, 75–78, 82, 83, 89, 104, 131–32, 159, 160, 325n, 326n

  starvation of, 164

  striking range of, 24–25, 31–32, 58–59

  surrender of, 158, 274, 283–87

  taboos of, 42

  territory of, 5–7, 9, 23–25, 38–40, 47–50, 58–69, 71, 74–78, 80, 83, 85, 92, 93, 100, 110, 114, 115, 118, 122, 123, 129–30, 151–53, 157, 158–59, 163–70, 175–76, 201–2, 213, 229–31, 239–40, 249, 250–57, 263, 275, 280–81, 308–10, 312, 313, 319

  Texan conflicts of, 6, 25–26, 57–68, 73–78, 82–88, 91–111, 113, 115, 130, 131–50, 202–4, 228, 241, 250–53, 267–72, 295

  tipis used by, 47, 80, 96, 101, 171, 196, 215, 239, 240, 254, 255, 290, 291, 301, 303

  torture used by, 17, 22, 37, 43–44, 52, 56, 57, 66–67, 84, 85, 88, 106, 173, 272

  trading by, 6, 9, 40–41, 50, 52, 59, 60–61, 71, 72, 83–84, 89, 94–95, 122, 133, 197, 222–23

  treaties with, 6, 24, 49, 59, 66, 69, 71–72, 74, 82–88, 107, 114–15, 133, 159–65, 170–71, 209, 224–34, 240–41, 283, 295–96, 309
br />   tribal alliances of, 24, 59, 67, 71–72, 93, 215–19, 261, 262, 263, 267–72, 274–75

  tribal bands of, 3, 37–38, 48–51, 61, 65, 70, 85, 87, 88, 89–91, 93, 107–18, 158, 164, 203, 209, 229, 241, 251, 255, 256, 266–67, 279, 290; see also specific bands

  tribal enemies of, 24, 28, 43–46, 47, 51, 55–58, 59, 62–66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 79, 80, 89, 98, 100, 104, 108, 114, 134, 196–97, 231, 267

  villages of, 74–78, 92, 100–101, 111, 117, 142, 152–53, 159, 167–70, 174–76, 202, 215–21, 242–49, 254–57, 276–77, 280–82

  visions of, 91–93, 95, 199, 264–72, 285, 289, 290, 300, 314

  war chiefs of, 50–51, 91–92, 151–56, 157, 197, 203, 328n, 337n

  warfare by, 1–11, 18, 42, 43–44, 50–72, 78–82, 83, 95, 98, 114–16, 142–44, 165–72, 206, 240–44, 258, 259, 319

  war regalia of, 18, 57, 66, 83, 206, 244, 258, 259, 319

  warrior culture of, 58–59, 66, 84, 95, 98, 114–16, 132–34, 143–44, 197–98, 226–31, 240–44, 259, 264–66, 289

  war whoops by, 66, 95, 98, 243–44

  water sources of, 34, 201–2, 252–54, 280

  white prejudice against, 91, 106–7, 120, 261

  women of, 8, 17, 19, 21–22, 34, 36–52, 81, 84, 86, 87, 97, 104, 111, 151–53, 167, 168–69, 176, 177–93, 216–17, 221, 243–44, 245, 255, 256–57, 261, 276, 281, 299

  see also specific individuals and tribes

  Comanches of the Woods, 91

  Comanche Springs, 201–2

  Comanche Trace, 115, 202

  Concho, Fort, 204, 240, 257, 275, 277–78, 284

  Congress, U.S., 163, 209, 224, 231, 233–34, 308

  Congressional Medal of Honor, 10–11, 244, 270

  conquistadors, 28–29, 53–54

  Cooper, Fort, 174, 178–79

  Cooper, James Fenimore, 51, 91

  Cornett, Edward, 165

  Corning, A. F., 190, 316

  Coronado, Francisco V´squez de, 6, 29, 246

  Cortés, Hern´n, 29, 54, 55, 67

  Council House Fight (1840), 84–88, 91, 92, 94, 107, 111, 114

  council houses, 42–43

  Court of Indian Offenses, 299

  Coushattas, 77

  cowboys, 204, 262

  Cox, Emmet, 318

  Cox, Mike, 81

  Crazy Horse, 44, 305

  Creeks, 5, 75, 77, 209, 210, 211, 228

  Crook, George, 79

  Crosby, Nancy, 95, 99

  Crosbyton, Tex., 249

  Cross Timbers, 36, 157

  Crowell, Tex., 153

  Crows, 31, 45

  Cuartelejo Apaches, 56

  Cuerno Verde, Chief, 69–71, 122, 208

  Custer, George Armstrong, 1–2, 79, 236, 237, 238, 239–40, 242, 282, 304, 305

  Dakotas, 32, 211–12

  see also Sioux

  Dallas, Tex., 14, 36, 39, 78, 108, 287, 316, 317

  Dallas Morning News, 317–18

  dances, Indian, 27, 199, 201, 202, 215, 216, 224, 227, 259, 266, 286, 299–300

  Davidson, John W. “Black Jack,” 273, 275, 277

  Davis, “Alligator,” 138

  Davis, Jefferson, 164, 170

  Dawes Act (1887), 308–10

  Decatur, Tex., 104

  Delawares, 5, 75, 77, 120, 122, 209, 228

  Dennison, Tex., 286–87

  Deno, Lottie, 261–62

  Denver, Colo., 212, 220, 295

  Department of Texas, 305–6

  DeShields, James T., 109, 300

  Dickson, J. A., 269

  disease, 6, 54, 89, 91, 92, 103, 112–13, 116, 126, 164

  District of the Black Hills, 304–5

  Dixon, Billy, 269, 270, 271

  Dodge, Fort, 276

  Dodge, Richard Irving, 26, 32, 47, 132, 133, 245

  Dodge City, Kans., 260–61, 270, 296

  dog-travois, 27, 110–11

  Donoho, Mary, 123

  Donoho, William, 123

  Douglass, Kelsey, 77

  dragoons, 26, 55, 56, 160–61

  drums, 92, 199, 266

  Dubbs, Emmanuel, 261

  Dull Knife, Chief, 305

  Durango, Mex., 25

  Dwight, G. E., 16–17

  Eagle Dance, 199

  Eckitoacup, 205, 206

  Edwards Plateau, 157

  Eighth Cavalry, U.S., 275, 277

  Eleventh Infantry, U.S., 2, 275

  Elk Creek, 13

  Elliot, Joel, 239, 242

  Elliott, Samuel, 4

  Elm Creek Raid (1864), 212–13

  El Paso, Tex., 165, 201

  epidemics, 6, 54, 89, 91, 92, 103, 112–13, 116, 126, 164

  Erath County, Tex., 166

  Eries, 59

  “Evening on the Banks of the Chattahoochee, An” (Lamar), 73

  Faraone Apaches, 58

  Fehrenbach, T. R., 76

  Ferguson, Arthur, 247

  Fetterman, William, 238–39, 240, 242,

  243

  Fifth Infantry, U.S., 276, 277

  Fisher, William, 85–86

  Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 304

  “Five Civilized Tribes,” 76–77, 90, 162, 209–11, 230–31

  “Flat, The,” 261–62

  Floydada, Tex., 284

  Foley, Tucker, 94

  Ford, Henry, 312

  Ford, John, 120

  Ford, John Salmon “Rip,” 48, 154, 165–71, 185, 208

  Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 155

  Fort Bascom, 214, 275

  Fort Belknap, 154, 165, 170, 174, 178, 182, 212, 213

  Fort Chadbourne, 34–35, 204

  Fort Cobb, 165, 230–31

  Fort Concho, 204, 240, 257, 275, 277–78, 284

  Fort Cooper, 174, 178–79

  Fort Dodge, 276

  Fort Gibson, 123

  Fort Griffin, 261

  Fort Houston, 18–19

  Fort Leavenworth, 294

  Fort Milam, 137

  Fort Murrah, 213

  Fort Phil Kearney, 238

  Fort Richardson, 203

  Fort Sill, 249, 256–57, 273, 274, 275, 283, 284, 285–304, 305, 306–7

  Fort Stockton, 115, 201–2

  Fort Worth, 1, 68, 153, 154, 183, 190, 203, 241, 251, 311

  Forty-first Infantry, U.S., 238

  Foster Cemetery, 192

  Fourth Cavalry, U.S., 2, 8, 238, 242–57, 258, 261, 263, 275, 277–83, 304

  Fox Indians, 210

  Frederick, Okla., 312–13

  Fredericksburg, Battle of, 236

  Fredericksburg, Tex., 164

  Frémont, John C., 214

  French traders, 3, 38, 59, 60, 63, 68, 69, 159

  Freshwater Fork, 9, 252, 275, 278

  Friend, Temple, 106

  frontier, western:

  Anglo-European civilization on, 4–5, 6, 8, 13–14, 25–26, 44, 46, 60, 81, 92, 122–23, 130, 224

  balance of power on, 53–54

  boundaries of, 75–77, 82

  climate of, 39–40, 143, 175, 196, 247–49

  closing of, 276

  expansion of, 75–77, 82, 128–29, 276

  forts on, 8, 34–35, 55, 56, 62–67, 74, 137, 157, 161, 162, 201–2, 208, 272; see also specific forts