Empire of the Summer Moon

  freedom of, 51, 97–98

  geography of, 6, 12–13, 38–40, 78, 201–2

  immorality of, 43–46, 54–55, 261–62

  land grants for, 4, 13–14, 75, 77, 83, 139, 310

  political corruption on, 161–62

  population of, 13–14, 157–58

  settlers on, 3, 13–14, 45, 107, 129–30, 139, 153–59, 161–64, 196, 272–73, 310

  trails in, 5, 7, 8, 25–26, 40, 97, 112–13, 201, 246–49, 252–54, 276, 280–81, 284, 295, 296–97

  violence of, 74–77, 207–21, 250–53, 272–73

  see also specific states and territories

  Frost, Robert, 17, 18

  Frost, Samuel, 17, 18

  Gail, Tex., 283, 284

  Gainesville, Tex., 203

  Galveston Civilian, 178–79

  Georgia, 75, 210, 276

  Geronimo, 303, 312, 314–15, 317–18

  Gettysburg, Battle of, 207, 236, 278

  Gholson, Frank, 178, 179

  Ghost Dance, 299–300

  Gibson, Fort, 123

  Gillespie, Robert, 147

  Givens, Louisa Power, 155

  Gold Rush, 113, 130, 159

  Goliad, Tex., 13, 25

  Gomez, Anna, 303

  Gonzales, Tex., 93–94

  Goodnight, Charles, 173–76, 195–96, 223, 291, 295–96, 300, 303

  Gran Cierro de La Ferro, El, 57

  Grant, Ulysses S., 2, 83, 140, 223, 234, 237, 238, 240, 251, 273, 305

  Grantham, David, 301

  Graybeard, Chief, 277

  Great Father, 222, 226–29, 240–41, 255, 293, 308

  Great Horse Dispersal, 30–31

  Great Linnville Raid (1840), 94–96, 100, 101, 111, 266, 327n

  Great Plains, 3, 5, 23, 27, 36, 58–59, 68, 80–81, 82, 89, 159, 186–87, 212–13, 219

  Great Plains, The (Webb), 38

  Great Spirit, 45, 264–65, 266, 285

  Gregg, Seander, 11, 244

  Griffin, Fort, 261

  Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 128–30

  Hainais, 211

  Hair-Bobbed-on-One-Side, Chief, 170–71

  “half-breeds,” 7–8, 12, 21, 29, 55, 122, 205, 285, 286–87, 316–17, 319

  Hall, Robert, 100

  Haltom City, Tex., 182

  Hamilton, Alexander, 235

  Hanrahan, James, 268–69

  Haworth, J. M., 267, 290, 291–92, 294, 339n

  Hays, John Coffee “Jack,” 99, 138–50, 155, 159, 161, 166, 167, 169, 172

  Hays Rangers, 140–50, 154–55, 158, 159, 160, 161, 165, 166, 167

  Hears the Sunrise, Chief, 203, 279, 283, 290, 298

  Henderson, John B., 226

  Henry (Tonkawa scout), 279–80

  Henry repeating rifles, 233

  Herodotus, 46

  Heyl, E. M., 243–44, 337n

  Hibbons, Mrs., 15

  hides, buffalo, 41, 80, 111, 137, 151–53, 175, 191, 198, 199, 219, 239, 248, 260–62, 267–72, 281, 292

  High Plains, 5–6, 38–40, 91, 252–54, 263

  Hoebel, E. Adamson, 45, 49, 134, 162, 205, 314, 328n

  Honey Springs, Battle of, 208

  Horse Back, Chief, 267, 290

  horse meat, 29, 30, 48, 262, 284

  Houston, Fort, 18–19

  Houston, Sam, 13, 26, 74–75, 83, 90–91, 119, 120, 126–27, 145, 154, 170, 174, 185

  Houston, Tex., 74–75, 125, 136

  Houston County, Tex., 127, 158

  Houston Telegraph and Texas Register, 90–91, 116

  howitzers, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221

  Hudson, Charles, 263, 265

  Hunkpapa Sioux, 50

  hunter-gatherer societies, 46, 105, 164, 233, 259–60

  Huntsville, Tex., 124–25, 283

  Hurons, 59

  Huston, Felix, 98–99

  Incas, 46

  Indian Bureau, U.S., 233–34, 282, 301

  Indian Commissioners, U.S., 107, 109, 116, 225, 313

  Indian fighters, 165–70, 213–21, 235–49

  see also specific fighters

  Indian Removal Act (1830), 209–10

  Indians, see Native Americans

  Indian Territory, 5, 76, 108, 117, 130, 207, 208, 209, 210, 224

  Indian wars, 1–4, 12–22, 26–35, 40, 148, 160–61, 222–34, 304–5

  see also specific battles and conflicts

  influenza, 192

  Interior Department, U.S., 161, 233–34

  Iowas, 210

  Iroquois, 5, 27, 44, 59, 228

  Isa-tai, 264–72, 285, 289, 290, 298, 300, 314

  Isawaconi, Chief, 88

  Isimanica, Chief, 87–88, 93

  Jacksboro, Tex., 156, 203

  Jackson, Andrew, 139

  James, Thomas, 34

  Jerome, David, 308, 309

  Jerome Agreement, 310, 312

  Jerome Commission, 308–10

  Jicarilla Apaches, 56, 57, 58

  Johnson, Britt, 120

  Johnson, Middleton T., 154–55, 174

  Johnston, Albert Sidney, 83, 98

  Jumanos, 60

  Kansas, 5, 14, 23, 25, 56, 58, 59, 207, 208, 209, 210, 262, 319

  Kansas Indians, 28, 314

  Karnes, Henry W., 83–84

  Keechis, 16, 209

  Kelliheir, Tom, 176, 177

  Kellogg, Elizabeth, 17, 18, 22, 36, 119, 120

  Kentucky, 80, 140

  Kentucky rifles, 132, 137–38, 143, 144, 146

  Ketumseh, Chief, 114

  Kichais, 37, 77, 120, 211

  Kickapoos, 35, 77, 122, 209, 211, 257, 276, 314

  Kiowas, 3, 4, 16, 31, 33, 59, 93, 112, 113, 115, 158, 159, 163, 201, 208, 209, 212–19, 224, 225, 226, 230–33, 242, 251, 253–54, 259–68, 272, 274, 277, 281–84, 288, 290, 294–98, 300, 303, 312, 314

  Koh-mats (Komantcia), 35

  Kotsoteka Comanches, 49, 50, 70, 89, 93, 113, 118, 122, 158, 167–70, 203, 209, 229, 251, 254, 256, 258, 290, 297

  Kwihnai (Eagle), 117

  Lakota Sioux, 14–15, 50, 274

  Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte, 73–77, 83, 88, 111, 114–15, 119, 125, 131, 145

  land grants, 4, 13–14, 75, 77, 83, 139, 310

  language, 24, 27, 34, 42, 48–49, 84, 92, 93, 103, 106, 117, 178, 184, 187–89, 191, 214, 258, 264

  Laredo, Tex., 143

  Lawton, Okla., 111

  Leavenworth, Fort, 294

  Leavenworth, J. H., 230–32, 233

  Lee, Robert E., 207

  Legion Valley, 202

  Lehmann, Herman, 43–44, 134, 255, 293

  Leupp, Francis E., 314

  Lewis, Meriwether, 25

  Lewis, M. G., 109

  Lincoln, Abraham, 152, 185, 212, 215

  Linn, John J., 96, 99–100, 327n

  Linnville, Tex., raid (1840), 94–96, 100, 101, 111, 266, 327n

  Lipan Apaches, 49, 57, 62, 64, 65, 68, 79, 80, 100, 141, 142, 144, 159

  Little Bighorn, Battle of, 79, 217, 236, 245, 304

  Little Buffalo, Chief, 212

  Little Round Top, Battle of, 81

  Little Wolf, Chief, 88, 93, 328n

  Llano, Tex., 106, 202

  Llano Estacado, 2, 6, 195, 202–3, 209, 214, 229, 233, 242, 246, 248, 252–54, 275, 278, 284, 312

  Lockhart, Andrew, 81, 88

  Lockhart, Matilda, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 104

  Lockhart, William, 88

  lodges, 7, 88, 100–101, 108, 111, 167, 193, 216–17, 219, 225, 242, 245, 255, 276, 281

  Lone Wolf, Chief, 263, 272, 273, 283, 290, 298, 303, 314

  looting, 66–67, 95–96, 99, 136–37, 177

  Louis XIV, King of France, 160

  Louisiana, 39, 59, 60, 108

  Louisiana Purchase (1803), 40, 128

  Lubbock, Tex., 39, 246, 283

  Luster, Sarah, 104

  Lynn, Isaac, 173–74

  McCarthy, Cormac, v

  McClellan’s Creek, 6–7, 254–57, 277, 294–95

  McCulloch, Ben, 79, 93
–94, 98, 99, 146, 161, 166, 327n

  Mackenzie, Ranald Slidell, 2–11, 79, 235–57, 258, 263, 275–87, 289, 290–91, 292, 293–94, 304–7, 317

  Mackenzie’s Raiders, 2–11, 235–57, 275–87

  McLaughlin, N. B., 276

  Maman-ti, Chief, 281

  Manassas, Second Battle of, 236, 237

  Mandans, 112

  Manifest Destiny, 23, 163–64, 212, 228

  Marcy, Randolph, 3, 26, 117–18, 126, 201

  Martinez, Anton, 177, 178, 182

  Mason, A. B., 178–79

  massacres, 82–88, 91, 92, 100–101, 111–12, 120, 164–81, 219–21, 223, 224, 238, 255

  Masterson, William Barclay “Bat,” 270

  Matagorda Bay, 95

  Maverick, Mary, 84, 86, 97

  medicine, 4, 45, 47, 92, 94, 98, 112, 143, 168, 199, 203, 224, 233, 264–72, 273, 281, 286

  Medicine Dance, 286

  Medicine Lodge treaty (1867), 224–34, 240–41, 309

  medicine men (shamans), 4, 47, 143, 168, 264–72, 273, 281

  Menard, Tex., 62

  Mescalero Apaches, 57, 205, 214–15

  Mesquiteville, Tex., 156

  Mexia, Tex., 13

  Mexican War, 69, 128–30, 138–39, 143, 147–49, 150, 159–60, 165–66, 170

  Mexico, 6, 13, 19, 24, 27–28, 42, 50, 52, 54, 55, 58, 61, 63, 64, 77, 82, 83, 91, 95, 104, 108, 110, 114, 115, 126, 128–32, 133, 159, 160, 162, 201–2, 204, 224, 241, 257, 263, 276, 319

  Mexico City, 20, 29, 69, 143

  Mézières, Athanase de, 32–33

  Milam, Fort, 137

  Miles, Nelson A., 79, 275–77, 303

  Military Division of the Missouri, 262

  Milky Way, Chief, 203, 290

  Miller family, 303–4

  Minnesota, 211–12, 216

  missions, Spanish, 13, 20, 55, 58, 61, 62–67, 82, 87–88

  Mississippi rifles, 168

  Missouri, 123, 129

  Missouris, 28, 210

  Modocs, 210

  Monterrey, Mex., 58

  Moore, John, 78–82, 84, 85, 100, 136, 137, 140

  Morgan, T. J., 301–2

  Mormons, 166

  Mule Creek, 153, 155, 174, 181, 195

  mules, 9, 34, 100, 105, 109, 110–11, 201, 202, 241, 262, 318

  Murrah, Fort, 213

  muskets, 33, 133, 160, 168, 204, 217, 223, 232–33, 245, 269

  Muskogees, 77

  mustangs, 26, 28, 30–31, 34, 56, 110, 133

  Nacogdoches, Tex., 120

  National Geographic Magazine, 190–91

  Native American Church, 314

  Native Americans:

  agricultural programs for, 27–30, 31, 47, 55, 57, 77, 164, 210, 228, 229–33, 240–41, 286

  alcoholism of, 262, 266

  annuities for, 163, 226, 231–32, 240, 241, 288–89

  assimilation of, 54, 55, 62–66, 69, 76–77, 89–90, 111, 164, 281, 301–4, 311, 313, 318, 319

  battle tactics of, 238–39

  “civilized tribes” of, 76–77, 90, 162, 209–11, 230–31

  Confederate vs. Union, 210–11

  dances of, 27, 199, 201, 202, 215, 216, 224, 227, 259, 266, 286, 299–300

  diseases contracted by, 6, 54, 89, 91, 92, 103, 112–13, 116, 126, 164

  eastern tribes of, 4–5, 26–27, 113, 133, 228

  extermination of, 3, 23, 74, 75–77, 79, 83–88, 112–13, 209–10, 262, 273, 274–87

  federal policy on, 75, 82–88, 107, 109, 116, 129–30, 158, 159–65, 208–9, 218, 220, 221, 222–34, 240–41, 255, 256–57, 308–10

  food supplies for, 231–32, 288–89, 290, 291–92, 294, 339n

  as hostages, 83–88

  leadership of, 7–11, 12, 13, 21, 42–43, 49, 50–52, 84–88, 91–92, 107–8, 113–16, 142, 229; see also specific leaders

  peace policy for, 2, 82–88, 159–65, 218, 220, 221, 222–34, 238, 240–42, 309

  population of, 37, 60, 104, 204, 251, 258–60, 274, 339n

  religious conversion of, 55, 62–66, 69

  on reservations, 162, 164–65, 167, 169, 171, 204, 209–10, 212, 214, 226–33, 240–41, 251, 252, 256, 257, 266–67, 273, 274–75, 284–319, 339n

  territories of, 3, 74–78, 164–65

  treaties with, 6, 24, 49, 59, 62–66, 69, 71–72, 74, 75–77, 82–88, 107, 114–15, 133, 159–65, 170–71, 209, 222–34, 240–41, 283, 295–96, 309

  villages of, 74–78, 92, 100–101, 111, 117, 142, 152–53, 159, 167–70, 174–76, 202, 215–21, 242–49, 254–57, 276–77, 280–82

  see also specific tribes

  Nautdah (Cynthia Ann Parker), 7–8, 12–22, 36, 37–38, 47, 74, 102–18, 120, 125–27, 135, 151–53, 157, 174, 177–93, 194, 196, 197, 200, 286–87, 290–91, 300, 316–17, 318

  Navajos, 69, 71, 196–97, 213, 214–15, 229

  Nebraska, 14, 24, 32, 274

  Neeley, Bill, 337n

  Neighbors, Robert, 49, 116, 126, 162, 164, 165

  Nermernuh (People), 27, 28, 35, 48, 92, 96, 113, 131, 152, 209, 213, 215–16, 256, 258, 259, 263

  New Mexico, 14, 19, 23, 24, 29–30, 35, 50–63, 69–70, 71, 75, 122, 128, 196–97, 200–201, 207, 214, 215, 223, 252, 253, 292, 295, 305

  New Spain, 28–29, 59–60, 63, 67, 69, 70

  New York Times, 307

  98th meridian, 78, 129, 158–59, 201, 308

  Nixon, L. D., 18

  Nixon, Sarah Parker, 16

  Nixon, Tom, 260

  Nokoni Comanches, 37–38, 49, 50, 89, 93, 104, 118, 122, 158, 196–97, 203, 209, 229, 241, 251, 256, 265–66, 267, 290

  Nolan, Nicholas, 292–93

  nomads, 5–6, 21, 24–25, 27, 35, 46, 56–57, 78, 105–17, 152, 164, 195–97, 198, 233, 259–60, 318

  Nooki, 255

  Northern Arapahoes, 274

  Northern Cheyennes, 274, 305

  “northers,” 39–40, 143, 175, 196, 247–49

  North Fork, 254–57, 278, 294–95

  Nuevo León State, Mex., 115

  Nye, W. S., 26

  Office of Indian Affairs, U.S., 158, 161–62, 224, 230–34

  Oglala Sioux, 44, 238–39

  O-ha-ma-tai, Chief, 281

  Oklahoma, 5, 14, 23, 25, 49, 56, 58, 59, 76, 108, 113, 117, 155, 165, 196, 200, 209, 230, 274, 297, 312

  Oklahoma City, Okla., 25, 38

  Old Bear, 205–6

  Old Owl, Chief (Mopechucope), 88, 107, 115, 328n

  Omahas, 28

  Oñate, Don Juan de, 29

  One Thousand Things Worth Knowing, 189

  Opothle Yahola, Chief, 211

  O’Quinn, J. R., 191, 192, 316

  Oregon Trail, 5, 129, 224

  Ortiz, Polonio, 252–54

  Osages, 19, 21, 24, 26, 28, 59, 68, 210, 239

  Otos, 210

  Ottawas, 210

  Outdoor Pastimes of the American Hunter (Roosevelt), 313