Shake Hands With the Devil

  meetings with French, 447–9, 473

  and refugees, 336, 367, 388, 471, 473, 475–7

  shelling of, 474

  U.S. aid to, 479–81, 497–9

  Gorillas in the Mist (movie), 68, 314

  Granta magazine, 400

  Grasshopper (code name), 178

  Great Lakes Region, Africa, 46–7, 212, 517–19

  Gueye, Moctar, 218

  Gulf War, 39, 71

  Gunther, Corporal Daniel, 41

  Habyarimana, Major General Juvénal, 47–8

  absence of, 104

  daughter, 206

  death of, 219, 221, 224, 330

  and death squads, 180

  description of, 77

  and France, 62, 450

  lists for transitional government, 132–3

  meetings with, 58, 76–7, 101, 109–10, 148, 201–2

  meeting with U.S., 211

  not in charge, 162

  peace talk beginnings, 48

  political impasse, 122, 193–4

  revelations from, 118–19

  Hallqvist, Per O., 99–100, 102, 107–8, 136, 175–6

  Hannay, Sir David, 374

  Hanrahan, Colonel Mike, 444, 487

  Hansen, Peter, 328–9, 337, 483

  Haque, Colonel Azrul, 201

  hard-liners, 79, 86–7, 105, 123, 169

  headquarters of UNAMIR. See also Amahoro (Peace) Stadium; Hôtel des Mille Collines

  under attack, 308–10, 334, 350–1, 361–2

  finding of, 106

  official opening, 109–10

  and RPF, 330

  Hein, Arturo, 365

  helicopters for mission, 85, 88, 199, 203, 207, 356

  arrived, 214, 217

  from Belgians, 154, 200

  no access to, 95

  heroism, 316–17, 323, 352

  HIV/AIDS, 325, 483, 512

  Holocaust, 12

  Homeward Bound, 481, 497, 517–18

  Hôtel des Mille Collines

  meeting room in, 75

  as shelter, 302, 304–5, 360, 382, 396, 409–10, 419–20

  temporary headquarters, 59, 98

  transfers from, 350–1

  humanitarian aid, 307, 311, 328–9, 337, 353, 365–7, 372n, 386, 413, 415

  Canadian field hospital, 491, 493

  and France, 425

  in Kigali, 468–9, 474–5

  and management of arms, 441–2

  not for Kigali, 479–80

  support of, 447

  of U.S. to Goma, 480–1

  Humanitarian Protection Zone (HPZ), 452, 454–5, 464, 472–3, 482

  Human Rights Rapporteur, 481–2

  hundred-day civil war. See civil war (Rwanda)

  Hutu Power, 115, 133, 137

  clan de Madame, 149

  on lists for transitional government, 139

  target Belgian troops, 143–4

  Hutus

  arming of, 363

  background of, 47

  fear of Tutsi hegemony, 163, 219

  killing of, 344

  killings of, 378

  moderates, 189

  political party splits, 115

  registration of, 198

  ties to Quebec, 61

  identity cards, 198, 281

  Ignatieff, Michael, 517

  Impuzamugambi militias, 211

  infiltrators and spies, 116, 143, 150, 202–3, 248

  information sources. See also intelligence gathering

  difficulties with Ugandan operations, 94–5

  in southern Rwanda, 113–14

  from U.S., 338

  Inkotanyi, 116

  intelligence gathering, 199–200. See also information sources

  dependent on goodwill, 90

  to find moderates, 121

  informants, 179 (See also Jean-Pierre)

  of militias, 165

  ordered to reveal information, 146–8

  and Security Council, 195

  Interahamwe. See also genocide

  description of, 129

  description of killings, 462

  and France, 210

  genocide, 420

  informant from, 179 (See also Jean-Pierre)

  lists of Tutsis, 142–3, 231, 243

  meetings with, 345–7, 369–70

  and PL, 140

  provoking of crowds, 179

  split of, 377

  interim government, 277, 288–9, 295, 324, 329–30, 333–4, 337–8, 340, 350. See also Crisis Committee

  and counteroffensive, 376–8

  and French intervention, 418

  location of, 443

  and meetings with Khan, 463–4

  and transfers, 445–6

  and withdrawal, 394

  international attitude to Rwanda, 51, 79–80, 89–90, 205, 220, 332, 364

  abandonment, 291

  and failure of missions, 514, 516–17

  International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, xii, xiii, 249

  International Monetary Fund (IMF), 74, 174

  International Red Cross. See Red Cross

  International Tribunal on the Rwandan Genocide, Arusha, 508

  Intore/warrior dancers, 65

  Inyenzi, 142, 186

  Islam, Colonel Nazrul, 176

  Italian foreign minister, 408–9

  Jean-Pierre (informant), 141–4, 149–51, 161, 240

  not offered sanctuary, 148

  Jeffords, Jim, 372n

  Jonah, Dr. James, 51, 122

  Kabgayi, Rwanda, 363, 404, 414, 419, 442–3

  Kabia, Dr. Abdul Hamid, 91–2, 105, 119, 147–8, 300

  Kadafi Crossroads, 397, 404–6, 424

  ambush, 192–3, 201

  Kagame, Major General Paul, 244–5. See also Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF)

  absence of, 104

  death of relatives, 396

  demilitarized zone planning, 170–2

  description of, 65–6

  meeting with, 214, 325–7, 341–4, 358, 410–11, 507–8

  meeting with U.S., 211

  the Napoleon of Africa, 67

  new vice-president, 475–7

  opinion of Booh-Booh, 355–6

  pace of peace, 153, 200–1

  preconditions for ceasefire, 250

  refugees in Rwanda, 154–6

  RPF site in Kigali, 127

  transfer disruptions, 406–7

  twenty-four-hour warning, 201, 291

  the victor’s map, 462

  warning from, 247

  Kagera, Tanzania, 199, 288, 292

  Kagera National Park, 453

  Kajuga, Robert, 346–7, 370

  Kambanda, Jean, 285, 288–9, 316, 329–30

  Kamenzi, Major Frank, 166, 300, 362, 423, 425, 440

  attack on, 173

  search of Franco-Africans, 435

  Kane, Mamadou, 172, 175, 300, 381

  Kangura, 133, 183

  Kanombe barracks, 187, 191

  Kanyarengwe, Colonel Alexis, 65, 130, 475

  Karamira, Froduald, 344, 347

  Katimavik (training program, Canada), 30

  Kavaruganda, Joseph, 161, 179–80, 212, 242–3

  Kayibanda, Grégoire, 47

  Keating, Colin, 298, 301, 319–20, 364, 374

  Kesteloot, Major Henry, 142, 193, 318

  Khan, Shaharyar, 437

  description of, 459–60, 463

  Opération Turquoise departure, 507

  The Shallow Graves of Rwanda, 461–2

  Khartoum (movie), 274

  KIBAT, 113

  Kibungo, Rwanda, 291

  Kibuye, Rwanda, 292

  Kigali hospital, 360–2, 468–9, 491

  Kigali International Airport Security Agreement, 285

  Kigali Weapons Secure Area (KWSA)

  as an excuse, 189

  description of, 87

  signing of, 124–7

  troops to support, 202–3

  violations of, 144, 148–9, 159–60, 165, 193, 226
r />   “Kigame Nine” declaration, 464, 469

  killings. See shootings and killings

  Kilometre 64, 125, 170

  King Faisal Hospital, 158, 270, 291, 302–3, 413, 419–20

  invasions of, 440–1

  locked ward, 461–2

  operational, 440n

  Kinihira, Rwanda, 102–3, 243, 365–6, 465

  Kinyarwanda, 44, 110, 158. See also languages in Rwanda

  Knights of Columbus, 14

  Kodjo, Captain Apedo, 237, 242

  Korea, 17, 26, 39, 71

  Kouchner, Bernard, 367–72, 380, 407, 412, 422, 425, 442, 495–6

  Kuroda, Katz, 297

  Lafourcade, General Jean-Claude, 439, 449–52. See also Opération Turquoise

  briefing SRSG, 463–4

  and Kagame, 465–6

  media relations, 459

  meeting with, 506–7

  meeting with Bizimungu, 473

  Lahr, Germany, 32

  Lancaster, Major Phil, 341, 362–3, 470, 494

  Dallaire’s leaving Rwanda, 501

  in Sierra Leone, 511

  language divisions in Canada, 13–14

  in the military, 17–18, 22–3, 34

  during the October Crisis, 26

  languages in Rwanda, 44, 218. See also Kinyarwanda

  and Bangladeshi troops, 176, 222, 228, 231–2

  difficulties in meetings, 72, 122, 170

  difficulties of, 230–1, 231n

  difficulties with troops, 112, 119, 457

  and Franco-Africans, 435

  importance of French-speakers, 472

  and political alliances, 118–19

  and saving lives, 158

  Swahili, 378, 469

  Laporte, Pierre, 24–5

  Lebrun, Regimental Sergeant Major, 490

  Lemaire, Captain, 290

  Léotard, François, 447

  LeRoy, Lieutenant Colonel, 112–13

  Lesage, Jean, 16–17

  Lévesque, René, 33, 60, 132

  Liberal Party (Canada), 14

  List, Major Bob, 35

  Lotin, Lieutenant Thierry, 258

  Ly, Amadou, 58–60, 98

  sourcing funds, 74, 110, 153, 153n4

  MacKenzie, Major General Lewis, 49

  MacNeil, Don, 350, 363, 406, 440–2

  Maggen, Major Peter, 232, 235, 256

  malaria, 68, 199, 322

  Malawi contingent, 483

  Mali contingent, 434–5

  MamaPapa One, 441–1n

  Mamiragaba, Bernard, 346–7, 370

  maps, 55, 75

  Marchal, Colonel Luc, 130, 190–1, 202

  court-martial of, xi, 6

  death of soldiers, 258

  departing, 308–9

  description of, 119–20

  enforcement of KWSA, 160, 215

  meeting with informant, 141–5

  mission profile, 196

  press conference, 197

  RPF convoy to CND, 128–30

  troop discipline, 193

  value of, 206

  witness to killings, 232

  Marlaud, Jean-Phillippe, 62–3, 76, 146–8

  Marsh, Howie, 37–8, 45

  Martin, Major Miguel, 46, 81–2

  massacres. See also genocide

  of children in Virunga Mountains, 115–18

  of former government agents, 378

  at Kabgayi, 414

  November 17–18 (1993), 110–12, 122, 159

  Sainte Famille church (RPF killers), 347–9

  at St. Paul church, 420

  threat of, 121

  matériel deficiencies, 91. See also equipment

  Matiwaza, Ben, 95

  Mazimhaka, Patrick, 83–4, 250, 410, 490

  Mbaye, Captain Diagne, 245–6, 400

  McComber, Major John, 363, 499

  medals, 445–6, 448, 453

  Médecins Sans Frontières, 297, 334, 367, 415, 440–0n

  and RTLM, 454

  media coverage, 197. See also Doyle, Mark; RTLM (hardline radio station)

  of Bangladeshi withdrawal, 323–4

  and BBTG, 139, 210–11

  and French, 447

  of Gatabazi assassination, 188

  of genocide, 419

  of killings, 110–12, 160, 348–9

  media casualty, 456

  of official events, 105, 110

  of Opération Turquoise, 455

  and orphan rescue, 367–71

  and political impasse, 122–3

  and request for UNAMIR-run radio, 167, 172

  of Rwandan delegate to UN, 84

  as selective, 477–8, 519

  of soldiers’ deaths, 400

  media relations, 332–3, 480

  during nationalist debate in Canada, 40

  transparency, 437

  by the UN, 48

  medical supplies, 199, 215, 264, 347, 413, 441. See also King Faisal Hospital

  Meech Lake Accord, 40

  Military Assessment of the Situation (MIR-19), 319

  military career (General Dallaire)

  “an emotional leader,” 26, 37

  child who haunts me, 1–4, 397, 510, 517

  commanding officer, 27, 29–30, 39–40, 56, 209

  consequences of decisions, 239–40, 428–9

  deciding to leave Rwanda, 470–1, 488, 499–501, 505, 507

  decision to join UN mission, 44–5

  doubts, 56, 82–3, 147, 491–4

  early postings, 22–7, 30–1, 33–4, 37–9

  education, 17–22, 34–5, 39

  honoured, 403–4, 445

  leaving Rwanda, 508–9

  operational command, 93

  personal dedication, 64

  promotion, 32–8

  showmanship, 103

  as a streamer, 28

  threats against, 338–9, 379–81

  as a vocation, 20–1

  military culture (Canada), 17, 20, 37

  military observers (MILOBs)

  arms imports, 156–7

  arrival of, 108

  function of, 82

  and identity cards, 198

  and mission profile, 196–7

  obstructed, 213

  Polish, 279–81

  and refugee camps, 114

  threatened, 316

  military pay, 12

  militias, 120–1, 211

  mysterious third force, 121, 143

  rumblings of, 59–60

  Mille Collines hotel. See Hôtel des Mille Collines

  minefields, 64–5, 95, 125–6, 151–2, 152n3, 175

  Mitterrand, President, 422, 450

  mob rule, 189–92

  moderates, 121, 189, 212–13, 232, 253–4, 266, 274, 292

  after fall of Kigali, 464

  Moen, Colonel, 228, 273

  Moigny, Major Victor, 269

  Montgomery, General Richard, 18

  Montreal, Quebec, 13, 18–20, 24

  morale. See also packages from home

  and funding for the military, 38

  of RGF recruits, 68–9

  of UNAMIR, 284, 308

  of UNAMIR 2, 484–5

  World cup soccer, 411

  Mount Kigali, 322

  Mount Nianza, 322

  Moustache, 231, 245–6

  Mouvement démocratique républicain (MDR), 57, 115, 132, 344

  Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement (MRND). See also Ngirumpatse, Mathieu

  absence of, 104

  and Arusha Peace Agreement, 54, 132

  and Habyarimana death, 227

  as independent from president, 162

  and political violence, 189–91

  possible split in, 149

  Mugenzi, Justin, 133, 140, 165–6

  Mulindi, Rwanda, 250

  Mulroney, Brian, 37, 40

  Munyazesa, Faustin, 190–1

  Murray, Admiral Larry, 403–4, 415

  Murray Hill bus drivers’ strike, 23

>   Museveni, Yoweri, 43, 94, 96, 155, 507

  Mwinyi, Ali Hassan, 77–8, 210

  Nairobi, Kenya, 415–19, 447

  National Assembly, Quebec City, 24–7

  National Council for Development. See Conseil national pour le développement (CND)

  National Defence Headquarters (Canada), 35, 37–8, 259

  Nayinzira, Jean-Népomucène, 132

  Ndasingwa, Landoald “Lando,” 61, 123, 132–3, 140, 161, 179–80, 212, 232, 242–3

  Ndiaye, Captain Babacar Faye, 1, 340, 343–4, 473

  Ndindiliyimana, Major General Augustin, 202, 292–3, 334

  death of Habyarimana, 222–5, 228

  description of, 70

  disappeared, 463

  enforcement of KWSA, 160

  meeting with, 77, 381–2

  response to mob violence, 189–91

  new world order, 50

  Ngirumpatse, Mathieu, 142–3, 149

  Ngondore refugee camp, 129

  Nix, Brigadier General Jack, 485

  Nkezabera, Ephrem, 346–7, 370

  non-governmental organization (NGO), 54, 173, 299, 354, 415, 447, 492–4

  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 17, 33, 38

  Nsabimana, Major General Déogratias, 68, 77, 148–9, 170–2, 202

  Ntagerura, André, 162–4

  Ntambyauro, Agnès, 133

  Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 224

  Ntwiragaba, Colonel, 169

  Nyamirambo, Rwanda, 413

  Nzamurambaho, Fréderic, 132

  Nzirorera, Joseph, 149

  Obote, Milton, 155

  Official Languages Act (Canada), 34

  Ogata, Sadako, 493–4

  Opération Amaryllis, 282

  Operation Clean Corridor, 126–7, 129–30

  Operation Silverback, 287

  Opération Turquoise, 427, 431–40

  ambush of, 444–5, 458

  colonial traditions, 451

  Dallaire’s assessment of, 433

  departure of, 507

  and humanitarian aid, 474, 483

  liaison team in Force HQ, 466

  main base, 448–9

  mandate, 450–2, 457–8

  neutrality of, 459

  Orbinski, Dr. James, 297, 413, 440, 454

  Organization of African Unity (OAU), 43, 77–9, 321, 436

  orphanages, 1–4, 412–13

  orphan rescue, 367–71, 383, 407, 413, 418, 442

  Oxfam, 333

  packages from home, 128, 353, 458, 488

  Pakistani Blue Berets, 147

  Parti libéral (PL), 61, 115, 123, 132–3, 139–40, 194

  Pazik, Major Marek, 279, 350

  PDC, 132

  PDI, 211

  peacekeeping missions (Canada), 40–2. See also chapter-six peacekeeping

  Pearson, Lester, 40–1

  Pédanou, Macaire, 55–6, 77–8

  Pelletier, Jean, 36

  Perry, William, 489

  Pescheira, Suzanne, 336

  Petrie, Charles, 402–3, 447, 449–52, 493

  Pinsky, Hélène, 61, 128, 140, 232

  PL. See Parti libéral (PL)

  Plains of Abraham, 45

  Plante, Major Jean-Guy, 304, 332, 363

  Polish Mission massacre, 279–81, 284, 310