Marie Antoinette: The Journey

  21 Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 306.

  22 Langlade, p. 41; Ribeiro, Art, pp. 74–5; Recollections of Léonard, pp. 139, 152.

  23 Higonnet, p. 297; Rice, p. 23; Oberkirch, p. 94.

  24 Goodden, p. 70; Bernier, “Eighteenth Century,” p. 118.

  25 Nouvion & Liez, pp. 1, 27; Oberkirch, pp. 145 et seq.; Garland, pp. 40–5; Bombelles, I, p. 302; Lettres, I, pp. 277 et seq.

  26 Langlade, p. 41; Léonard, I, passim; Léonard, III, pp. 5 et seq.

  27 Ségur, Marie-Antoinette, p. 92; Arneth & Geffroy, II, pp. 7–8.

  28 Browning, Despatches, pp. 66–7; Kertanguy, p. 107; Labourdette, p. 165.

  29 Younghusband, p. 330; Mansel, Ligne, p. 90.

  30 Bachaumont, II, p. 40; Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 162; Nolhac, Trianon, pp. 76 et seq.

  31 Nolhac, Trianon, p. 103.

  32 Campan, I, p. 108; II, p. 38; Bombelles, II, p. 105.

  33 Price, pp. 48–9; Hardman, Politics, p. 50–1; Hardman, p. 47.

  34 Haynin, pp. 92–4.

  35 Arneth & Geffroy, III, pp. 22, 30; Lettres, I, pp. 139–40.

  36 Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 31.

  37 Pimodan, p. 162.

  38 Croÿ, IV, pp. 11–13.

  39 Campan, I, p. 175.

  40 Arneth, Marie-Antoinette, p. 43; Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 443; Beales, p. 373; Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 86.

  41 Corti, p. 120.

  42 Bernier, p. 217.

  43 Arneth, Marie-Antoinette, pp. 4–18.

  44 Beales, p. 374.

  45 Nicolardot, p. 86.

  46 Christoph, pp. 164, 172, 176, 178, 180; Flammermont, p. 329.

  47 Flammermont, p. 103.

  48 Beales, p. 374; Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 80; Bernier, pp. 217–18.

  49 Beales, p. 375 note 66.

  50 Christoph, pp. 221, 234; Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 113.

  CHAPTER 11: YOU SHALL BE MINE . . .

  pp. 158–73

  1 Vergennes, pp. 252–3; Labourdette, p. 104.

  2 Christoph, p. 239.

  3 Wraxall, I, p. 302; Beales, pp. 338 et seq., pp. 386–8.

  4 Price, p. 22.

  5 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. xxxvii; Wraxall, I, pp. 352–3; Beales, p. 425.

  6 Lettres, p. 158 & note 1.

  7 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. xxxviii; Price, p. 22.

  8 Arneth & Geffroy, III, pp. 168, 181; Flammermont, p. 359.

  9 Haus-Archiv, Familien-Akten Sammelbä nde 55; Christoph, p. 246.

  10 Lettres, I, p. 165; Christoph, p. 251.

  11 Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 211.

  12 Lettres, I, p. 171.

  13 Lettres, I, p. 173.

  14 Lettres, I, p. 182; Campan, I, p. 188.

  15 Bessborough, p. 31.

  16 Lettres, I, p. 182.

  17 The daughters of Joseph II, Leopold II, Amalia, Maria Carolina, Ferdinand and Marie Antoinette.

  18 Anderson, I, p. 439; II, p. 541; Solomon, pp. 149–50; Beales, Mozart, p. 6, reports that Marie Antoinette “seems to have done nothing for the Mozarts during their stay in Paris in 1778,” without noting that it coincided with her first pregnancy.

  19 Anderson, II, p. 564.

  20 Gluck, pp. 134, 140, 161–3.

  21 Söderhjolm, pp. 51, 57.

  22 Söderhjolm, p. 58.

  23 Lever, Philippe Égalité, pp. 162–172, 177.

  24 Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 181.

  25 Campan, I, pp. 197 et seq.

  26 Lever, Louis XVI, p. 336; Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 278X.

  27 Tourzel, p. 286; Nicolardot, p. 44.

  28 Christoph, p. 341; Bombelles, I, p. 62; Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 340.

  29 Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 277.

  30 Croÿ, IV, p. 137; Campan, I, p. 201.

  31 Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 277.

  32 Fausselandry, I, p. 157; Bluche, p. 20.

  33 Rousseau, Émile, p. 5 note 1; Lettres, I, p. 189; Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 270.

  34 Lettres, I, p. 189; Nolhac, Trianon, p. 133.

  35 Dutens Papers, no. 566, box 921.

  36 Beales, p. 403.

  37 Labourdette, p. 86; Lettres, I, p. 190.

  38 Tussaud, p. 63; Léonard, I, p. 189; Guest, p. 143.

  39 Labourdette, p. 107; Lettres, I, p. 198.

  40 Lettres, I, pp. 195, 210.

  41 Christoph, p. 293.

  42 Christoph, p. 311.

  43 PRO, SP 102/9 149, 152.

  CHAPTER 12: FULFILLING THEIR WISHES

  pp. 174–88

  1 Solnon, p. 429; Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 164.

  2 Fausselandry, I, p. 80; Maza, “’Bourgeois,’” p. 41; Hüe, p. 466.

  3 Ribeiro, Dress, p. 153; Cradock, p. 64.

  4 AN, AE, I. 6 no. 2; Ribeiro, Fashion, p. 35.

  5 Bessborough, p. 91.

  6 Beales, pp. 172–3; Bombelles, I, p. 94.

  7 Grimm, I, p. 203; Johnson, pp. 209 et seq.

  8 Landgrave Louise, passim.

  9 Lettres, I, pp. 208–10; Ribeiro, Dress, p. 153.

  10 Lettres, I, p. 219.

  11 Lamorlière, pp. 239–40; Lafont d’Aussone, II, p. 61; Lucia Toñ giorgi Tomasi, An Oak Spring Flora, pp. 223–6, Upperville, Virginia, 1997; Mirault, p. 48; Nolhac, Trianon, p. 99; Nolhac, Autour, pp. 183–4; Corbin, p. 75.

  12 Guest, p. 35.

  13 Hemmings, pp. 226 et seq.; Nolhac, Trianon, p. 190.

  14 Hemmings, p. 172.

  15 Klinckowström, I, p. xxxiii; Söderhjolm, p. 69.

  16 Fausselandry, I, p. 154; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 265.

  17 Klinckowström, I, p. xxxvi; Farr, Fersen, pp. 72–3.

  18 Farr, Fersen, p. 73.

  19 Söderhjolm, pp. 69, 73; Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 417; Lindqvist, p. 62.

  20 Girouard, p. 144; Bacourt, I, p. 36.

  21 Fleischmann, Polignac, p. 32.

  22 Lettres, I, p. 158; Bachaumont, II, p. 376; Swinburne, II, p. 12; Guest, p. 66.

  23 Bombelles, I, p. 196.

  24 Price, p. 61.

  25 Hardman, pp. 63–4.

  26 Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 410.

  27 Arneth & Geffroy, III, pp. 482, 492–6.

  28 Lettres, I, p. 235.

  29 Vergennes, p. 296.

  30 Bombelles, I, p. 62; Landgrave Louise, pp. 20–1.

  31 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 32.

  32 Price, pp. 55–6.

  33 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 54; Darnton, “Lenoir,” p. 545 & note 1; Nolhac, Trianon, p. 157.

  34 Arneth & Flammermont, I, pp. 64, 66.

  35 Castelot, Queen, pp. 174 et seq.

  36 Lever, Louis XVI, p. 375.

  37 Bachaumont, II, p. 271.

  38 Platen, p. 111; Secher & Murat, pp. 18–19; Bombelles, I, p. 82.

  CHAPTER 13: THE FLOWERS OF THE CROWN

  pp. 191–211

  1 Lettres, II, p. 9; Campan, I, p. 210.

  2 Campan, I, p. 211.

  3 Haynin, pp. 94–5, 127.

  4 Morel, p. 230.

  5 Arneth & Flammermont, I, pp. 68–9; Guest, p. 176; Bluche, p. 120; Oberkirch, p. 130; Léonard, I, p. 192.

  6 Gluck, p. 192; Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 71.

  7 La Tour du Pin, p. 17; Ségur Memoirs, p. 184.

  8 Fleischmann, Polignac, fac. p. 160; Flammermont, pp. 434–6; Gutwirth, p. 137.

  9 Almeras, p. 322.

  10 Bombelles, I, p. 85; Bluche, p. 17.

  11 Nolhac, Marie-Antoinette, pp. 102 et seq.

  12 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 77; Hardman, p. 69.

  13 Price, p. 62; Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 83.

  14 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 290.

  15 Blanning, Joseph II, p. 135; Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 109; Langlade, p. 138; Haynin, p. 134; Campan, I, pp. 238–9.

  16 Bombelles, I, p. 127; Reitlinger II, pp. 32, 41.

  17 Grimm, I, pp. 361–74; Campan, I, p. 237.

  18 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 187 & note 1, p. 300; Bacourt, I, p. 29.

  19 Labourdette, p. 276.

  20 Lettres,
II, pp. 42–4 & note 1.

  21 Bombelles, I, p. 157; Lettres, II, p. 23; Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 151.

  22 Haynin, pp. 136 et seq., p. 139 note; Browne, pp. 28 et seq.

  23 Memoirs/Ségur, p. 116; Boigne, p. 52.

  24 Browne, p. 27.

  25 Arneth & Flammermont, I, p. 130.

  26 Besenval, p. 545 note; Browne, p. 35.

  27 Fleischmann, Polignac, p. 60; Bombelles, II, p. 77.

  28 Tilly, p. 127.

  29 Esterhazy Mémoires, p. 176.

  30 Bombelles, I, pp. 252, 271.

  31 Weber, I, pp. 71–2; Bombelles, I, p. 280; Cradock, p. 20; Lettres, II, p. 30.

  32 Bluche, p. 188; History Today, April 1987, p. 3.

  33 Tilly, p. 282; Léonard, I, p. 226.

  34 Boigne, I, p. 42; Foster, “Journal.”

  35 Söderhjolm, p. 8; Farr, Fersen, pp. 101 et seq.; Webster, Appendix I, pp. 522–3; Castelot, Queen, pp. 179–80.

  36 Söderhjolm, p. 386.

  37 Söderhjolm, p. 80; Proschwitz, p. 119.

  38 Söderhjolm, pp. 80–1.

  39 Lindqvist, p. 67.

  40 Söderhjolm, pp. 86–90.

  41 Mansel, “Militarisation.”

  42 Nolhac, Trianon, pp. 200, 212; Gutwirth, p. 180, p. 404 & note 103.

  43 Reiset, pp. 64–8, 70–1; Young, p. 70; Oberkirch, p. 196.

  44 Nolhac, Trianon, passim; Oberkirch, p. 159; Nicolardot, p. 44.

  45 Cronin, p. 129; Bombelles, I, p. 261.

  46 Wilberforce, pp. 40–4; Ehrman, p. 111; Blaikie, p. 133.

  47 Guest, p. 205; Haslip, p. 168.

  48 La Tour du Pin, p. 57; Seward, p. 57.

  49 Arneth-Geffroy, III, p. 114; Bauchart, pp. 227–32.

  50 Bauchart, pp. 256–7.

  51 Michon, pp. 245–59; Bauchart, p. 228.

  52 Lettres, II, p. 33; BL, Add. MSS 33, 966; information of Mlle. Cécile Coutin, Association Marie-Antoinette; Landon, II, pp. 599, 608.

  53 Bombelles, I, p. 327.

  CHAPTER 14: ACQUISITIONS

  pp. 212–28

  1 Bombelles, I, p. 327.

  2 Campan, I, p. 246; Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 274.

  3 Hezecques, p. 26; Boigne, I, p. 53; Vigée Le Brun, p. 44.

  4 Bombelles, I, pp. 208–9.

  5 Oberkirch, p. 464.

  6 Thrale, p. 206; Grimm, III, p. 167.

  7 Oberkirch, p. 304; Campan, I, p. 271; Kertanguy, pp. 128–9.

  8 Campan (1988), p. 179.

  9 Söderhjolm, pp. 101–2; MacDonogh, Reigning Cats, p. 49; Adams, pp. 213–14; Esterhazy Mémoires, p. xxxv, note 1.

  10 Lettres, II, pp. 39–41.

  11 Véri, II, p. i.

  12 Lindqvist, p. 248.

  13 Lettres, II, pp. 49–50 & note 1; Arneth, Marie-Antoinette, p. 48.

  14 Price, pp. 147–8; Augeard, p. 134; Blanning, Joseph II, p. 141–2.

  15 Labourdette, p. 293; Price, p. 194; Arneth, Marie-Antoinette, p. 43.

  16 Price, p. 32; Bombelles, I, p. 126; Bessborough, p. 108.

  17 Hardman, p. 78.

  18 Campan, II, p. 109; Hardman, p. 79.

  19 Price, p. 147.

  20 Verlet, p. 118; Modes: Éloffe, I, p. 2; Boyer, p. 39.

  21 Verlet, p. 19; Reitlinger II, p. 42.

  22 Verlet, pp. 39–40.

  23 Verlet, p. 27; Boyer, pp. 30–1.

  24 Reitlinger II, p. 41.

  25 Boyer, pp. 78–80.

  26 Campan, I, p. 152; Bachaumont, II, p. 147; Boyer, pp. 30, 83.

  27 Lettres, I, p. 37 & note; Campan, I, p. 152.

  28 Goodden, p. 38; Baillio, Vigée Le Brun, pp. 7–10; Vigée Le Brun, p. 37.

  29 Vigée Le Brun, p. 43.

  30 Malone, p. 13.

  31 Bombelles, II, p. 401; Hedley, p. 73.

  32 Haus-Archiv, Familien-Korrespondenz A55; Lettres, II, pp. 64, 66, 157; Stryiénski, p. 244.

  33 Almeras, pp. 324–5.

  34 Söderhjolm, p. 106.

  35 Mossiker, pp. 200 et seq.; Campan, II, pp. 3 et seq.

  36 Haynin, p. 196.

  CHAPTER 15: ARREST THE CARDINAL!

  pp. 229–45

  1 Haynin, pp. 167 et seq.

  2 Campan, II, pp. 10 et seq.; Georgel, IV, pp. 2 et seq.

  3 Pimodan, p. 226.

  4 Mossiker, p. 273; Bombelles, II, p. 25; Mansel, Ligne, p. 25.

  5 For example, to her cousin the Duchesse de Trémöille (1774), Lettres, I, p. 20; to Count Rosenberg (1775), BL, MSS Zweig 171; to the Comte d’Artois (1791), Lettres, II, p. 242.

  6 AN, K, 162.

  7 Oberkirch, pp. 116–17, 333, & note p. 528; Darnton, Mesmerism, p. 51.

  8 Vergennes, p. 376.

  9 Hardman, p. 82; Pimodan, p. 226.

  10 Nolhac, Trianon, p. 216.

  11 Maza, “Diamond Necklace,” p. 64, p. 85 note 7.

  12 Lettres, II, pp. 75–6, 77–8.

  13 Maza, Private Lives, p. 206 note 110; Maza, “Diamond Necklace,” p. 79.

  14 Campan, II, p. 19.

  15 AN, K, 162; Nolhac, Marie Antoinette, pp. 31–2.

  16 Versailles 1955, no. 483; Morel, pp. 209–10; Mossiker, pp. 584–5, 611.

  17 Delpierre, “Bertin,” p. 21; Langlade, p. 149; Bessborough, p. 106; Hezecques, p. 14.

  18 Lettres, II, pp. 89, 106; Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 3, 8, 12; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 725.

  19 Bombelles, II, p. 89; Söderhjolm, p. 107; Maza, “Diamond Necklace,” p. 74.

  20 Lettres, II, p. 88.

  21 Price, p. 176.

  22 RA, Add. MSS Geo/9.17.

  23 Mossiker, p. 461.

  24 Campan (1988), p. 196.

  25 Bessborough, pp. 108–9; Nicolardot, pp. 89 et seq.

  26 Bombelles, II, p. 149.

  27 Bombelles, II, p. 152.

  28 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 38.

  29 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 28.

  CHAPTER 16: MADAME DEFICIT

  pp. 246–62

  1 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 27; Arneth & Geffroy, III, pp. 340, 457; Lettres, II, pp. 85, 99.

  2 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 38; Nolhac, Trianon, p. 220; Nolhac, Marie-Antoinette, p. 199; Arizzoli-Clémentel, pp. 16–18; Bombelles, II, p. 155.

  3 Forrest, pp. 16 et seq.

  4 Besenval, p. 426.

  5 Ellis, p. 106; Hardman, pp. 87 et seq.

  6 Arneth & Flammermont, II, pp. 66, 75–6.

  7 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 80.

  8 Arneth & Flammermont, II, p. 85.

  9 Blanning, Joseph II, p. 137.

  10 Pimodan, pp. 233–4.

  11 Hardman, Politics, pp. 211 et seq.; Pimodan, pp. 231–2.

  12 Véri, II, p. i; Ellis, p. 106; Hezecques, p. 8.

  13 Flammermont, p. 120.

  14 Foreman, p. 195.

  15 Bacourt, I, p. 56; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 822.

  16 Hardman, p. 125.

  17 Hardman, Politics, p. 91; Manceron, p. 311; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 837.

  18 Besenval, p. 422; Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 822; Mansel, Court, p. 9; Solnon, p. 518.

  19 Ribeiro, Art, pp. 75–6; Baillio, “Marie-Antoinette,” passim; Goodden, p. 78.

  20 Modes: Éloffe, I, p. 110; Esterhazy Mémoires, p. xxi.

  21 “Modes et Révolutions,” p. 14; Aspinall, George III, p. 331; Nolhac, Marie-Antoinette, p. 204.

  22 Baillio, “Marie-Antoinette,” p. 52.

  23 Lettres, II, p. 106; Secher & Murat, p. 146.

  24 Campan, II, p. 42; Weber, II, p. 25.

  25 Almeras, p. 398.

  26 Lettres, II, pp. 108–9; Hardman, pp. 131–2.

  27 Bessborough, p. 72; Young, p. 80.

  28 Lettres, II, p. 115.

  29 Haus-Archiv, Familien-Korrespondenz A66; Lettres, II, p. 112.

  30 Dunlop, Palaces, pp. 163–73; Campan, II, pp. 163 et seq.

  31 Devonshire MSS, 5th Duke, 872; Lettres, II, p. 119.

  32 Nicolardot, p. 74; Nolhac, Trianon, p. 221; Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 274.

  33
Lettres, II, p. 115.

  CHAPTER 17: CLOSE TO SHIPWRECK

  pp. 263–78

  1 Manceron, p. 312.

  2 La Tour du Pin, p. 90.

  3 Bombelles, II, p. 217; Hezecques, p. 234.

  4 Bombelles, II, p. 219.

  5 Lettres, II, p. 121.

  6 Lettres, II, p. 217; Staël, Correspondance, p. 250 note 2.

  7 Hardman, p. 136; Staël, Correspondance, p. 255.

  8 Lettres, II, p. 127.

  9 Léonard, I, p. 257.

  10 Söderhjolm, p. 121; Farr, Fersen, p. 126.

  11 Higonnet, pp. 319–20.

  12 Bacourt, I, p. 56.

  13 Söderhjolm, p. 136.

  14 Dard, pp. 19 et seq.; Lindqvist, p. 112.

  15 Söderhjolm, p. 136.

  16 Bombelles, II, pp. 240–1.

  17 Saint-Priest, II, p. 80.

  18 Klinckowström, I, pp. xliv–xlv; Adams, p. 233.

  19 Bombelles, II, p. 269.

  20 Lettres, II, pp. 129–30.

  21 Browning, Despatches, II, pp. 138–40; Chinard, p. 53.

  22 Darnton, Best-Sellers, p. 225; Bombelles, II, pp. 276–7.

  23 Flammermont, p. 227.

  24 Schama, p. 326.

  25 Léonard, I, p. 260; Morris, I, p. 66.

  26 Morris, I, p. 67.

  27 Grouchy & Guillois, p. 88; Hezecques, p. 290.

  28 La Tour du Pin, p. 84; Morel, p. 204.

  29 Morel, p. 205.

  30 Manceron, p. 463.

  31 La Tour du Pin, p. 99.

  32 Hezecques, p. 293; O’Brien, p. 59; Bombelles, II, p. 307; Hardman, p. 147; Manceron, p. 463.

  33 Swinburne, II, p. 68; Nicolardot, pp. 41, 134.

  34 Morris, I, p. 145.

  35 Arneth, Marie-Antoinette, p. 239; Debriffe, p. 82.

  36 Secher & Murat, pp. 188 et seq.; Bombelles, II, pp. 303 et seq.; Bertin, pp. 200–2; Vigée Le Brun, p. 99.

  37 Bertin, p. 201.

  38 Nicolardot, p. 135.

  39 Secher & Murat, pp. 197–8.

  40 Louis-Philippe, p. 30; Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 313; Sorel, p. 175.

  41 Goodden, p. 77; Bombelles, II, pp. 331 et seq.; Hardman, p. 149.

  42 Young, p. 125; Dormois, p. 21.

  CHAPTER 18: HATED, HUMBLED, MORTIFIED

  pp. 279–98

  1 Young, p. 178; Almeras, p. 347; Fleischmann, pp. 134, 275–7; Cobb, Police, pp. 278 et seq.

  2 Almeras, pp. 348–52, 404; Thomas, p. 175 et seq.

  3 Almeras, pp. 343–5.

  4 Morris, I, pp. 130–1; Rigby, pp. 41–2.

  5 Hardman, p. 152; Grouchy & Guillois, p. 105.

  6 Chateaubriand, I, p. 205.

  7 Louis-Philippe, p. 30; Reiset, p. 165.

  8 Pimodan, p. 241.

  9 Hardman, p. 153.

  10 Couty, p. 21; Lettres, II, p. 138.