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    How to Change Your Mind

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      and grand unified theory of mental illness, 385

      and quieting of default mode network, 313–14, 316–20

      and spectrum of cognitive states, 313, 315, 385

      and value of psychedelics, 313–14, 315, 385

      environment, attitudes toward, 315–16, 359

      environment, personal, 372–73

      environment of psychedelic experiences

      and bad trips, 152

      and criticisms of psychedelic therapy, 207–8

      Hubbard’s role in, 164, 169–70, 190

      and Osmond and Hoffer’s research, 151, 152, 163–64

      and “set and setting” concepts, 14, 53, 151, 190, 207–8

      ergot, 22–23, 84

      Esalen Institute, 47–48, 49–51

      European Medicines Agency (EMA), 376–77

      Evergreen State College, 101, 102

      evolution, role of psilocybin in, 115–16

      existential distress, 8, 78–79, 218, 223, 336–37, 353

      expectancy effects

      and Cohen’s ambivalence about LSD, 158

      and expectations of therapist, 347

      and Griffiths’s psilocybin research, 62–63, 64

      and Huxley, 143–44, 161–62

      and LSD therapy for alcoholism, 150

      Exxon Valdez disaster, 88

      Fadiman, James

      and Alpert (later Ram Dass), 177

      and Council on Spiritual Practices, 49

      and creative dose of LSD, 184

      and Hubbard, 172

      at International Foundation for Advanced Study, 177–78, 183, 184

      and Jesse, 43–44, 46, 49

      as pioneer in field, 43–44

      The Psychedelic Explorer’s Guide, 229

      and research approval revoked by FDA, 57, 217–18

      on Schuster, 50

      and underground therapists, 228

      Fahey, Todd Brendan, 165, 166, 181

      fasting, 306

      Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 164

      Feilding, Amanda

      background of, 297–99

      and Carhart-Harris, 296, 297, 299

      cerebral circulation theory of, 298, 299, 305n

      and research funding, 299, 300

      Fischer, Roland, 97

      5-HT2A receptors, 292–93, 354n

      5-MeO-DMT (The Toad), 272–90, 291–92

      flashbacks, 3, 209

      Flashbacks (Leary), 139, 187, 190n

      flight instructions

      and cancer patient research at NYU, 338, 341

      and Hopkins’s psilocybin research, 63, 64, 72

      and Pollan’s psychedelic journeys, 246, 259–60

      Fomes fomentarius, 87

      Food of the Gods (McKenna), 115

      forests, mycelial networks in, 91, 91n

      Frankl, Viktor, 352n

      Freud, Sigmund, 155, 294, 297, 307, 312, 314, 389

      fungi

      Claviceps purpurea, 84 (see also LSD)

      Cordyceps, 89, 96–97

      and forests, 91, 91n

      Galerina autumnalis, 94

      mycelial networks of, 84n, 90–91, 118, 122

      and mycoremediation, 88

      Stamets’s advocacy for, 87–90

      See also Psilocybes

      Fungi Perfecti operation of Stamets, 86n, 126

      Gaia hypothesis, 359

      Galerina autumnalis, 94

      Gates, Bill, 175

      Ginsberg, Allen, 193–94, 203, 205

      Gitlin, Todd, 216

      God experiences, 71, 343, 344, 345, 371–72

      Goldsmith, George, 398–99, 400–401

      Good Friday (Marsh Chapel) Experiment, 45–46, 60, 80–81, 191–92

      Gopnik, Alison, 323–28, 329

      Gottlieb, Sidney, 172n

      Grant, Cary, 157

      Graves, Robert, 107

      Grey, Alex, 125

      Griffiths, Roland

      on applications for well people, 404–5

      on authenticity questions, 76, 348–49

      on authority of experiences, 365

      awakening of, 33

      background of, 31–34

      career success of, 78

      commitment to research, 77

      on death, 79–80

      and depression research, 375–76

      and Jesse, 38, 51–52

      on longterm changes in openness, 319–20

      on meaning associated with psychedelic experiences, 75

      mushroom medallions of, 82–83

      mysteries and uncertainties embraced by, 75, 79, 80

      on preparing volunteers for trials, 64

      “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” 10–11, 29–30

      and psilocybin trials at Hopkins, 60, 62, 65, 79, 360

      on research at Spring Grove, 56

      and Richards, 53

      on Schuster, 50

      spiritual emphasis of, 62

      on “threats” of psychedelics, 59

      Grinker, Roy, 208, 211

      Grob, Charles

      on “applied mysticism,” 207, 334

      on first wave research, 333

      and MDMA trials, 48

      and shamanic paradigm, 208, 334

      Grof, Stanislav

      on American values, 58–59

      on amplification effects of psychedelics, 159

      on birth experiences, 155

      and California Institute of Integral Studies, 232

      at Esalen Institute, 47

      and guides, 225, 230, 240

      Realms of the Human Unconscious, 297

      and Richards, 53

      at Spring Grove, 57, 218

      and terminal patients, 339

      group settings, psychedelics in, 405

      Guatemala, 114–15

      guides

      and bad trips, 405

      code of ethics, 229

      and future of psychedelics, 402–3

      guidelines and protocols of, 226–27, 230, 230n

      and integration of journey, 250–52, 269–71, 282, 364, 402, 405–6

      interviews with, 231–35

      personal experiences with psychedelics, 227

      in Pollan’s psychedelic journeys, 237–41, 242, 254–57, 272–74

      in psychedelic underground, 223–30

      qualifications of, 224

      risks assumed by, 224–25

      role of, 215, 242, 364–65, 405–6

      and second wave of research, 227

      shrines or altars of, 231–32, 245–46, 254–55

      training of, 225, 402

      website for, 228–30

      Guss, Jeffrey, 335, 352, 354, 369

      habits, 360–64. See also smoking cessation

      hacker community, 184

      hallucinations, 310, 317

      hallucinogens (term), 18

      Harman, Willis

      ambitions of, 181

      and Hubbard, 166

      and International Foundation for Advanced Study (IFAS), 177

      and Jesse, 46, 49

      and psychedelics in Silicon Valley, 176–77

      research on creative problem solving, 179

      and reunion of first wave figures, 219

      at Stanford Research Institute, 180–82

      Harvard Psilocybin Project

      controversy surrounding, 194–97

      criticisms of, 46, 76, 195

      misperceptions of, 140

      nature of experiments in, 189

      and research of previous decade, 140, 185

      researchers’ consumption of drugs in, 189, 195
    br />
      and Weil, 201

      Harvard University

      and Concord Prison Experiment, 46, 190–91, 190n, 195

      and Good Friday (Marsh Chapel) Experiment, 45–46, 60, 191–92

      and James, 188, 196

      Leary’s employment at, 140, 186–87, 201–3

      and Leary’s psychedelic seminar, 188–89

      and Schultes, 107

      Hayes, John, 70, 72–73

      Heard, Gerald, 174, 176

      Heffter Research Institute, 48–49, 228

      Helms, Richard, 172n

      Hendricks, Peter, 373

      hierarchies, psychedelics’ ability to overturn, 315

      High Priest (Leary), 187–88

      Hinduism, 16

      hippies of the sixties, 203–4, 315

      history, personal, 372–73

      Hitchcock, Billy, 203

      Hoffer, Abram

      and Commission for the Study of Creative Imagination, 174

      and Hubbard, 168, 170, 174

      and Leary, 198

      and LSD therapy for alcoholism, 147–52, 170

      and psychotomimetic model, 159–60

      and role of environment, 151

      Hofmann, Albert

      birthday celebration for, 21–22

      creation of LSD-25, 1–2, 22–23

      and Hubbard, 167

      isolation of psilocybin and psilocin, 113

      and mushroom conferences, 103

      psychedelic experiences of, 23–25, 113, 142

      on reconnection with nature, 25–26

      and Stamets, 97, 103

      and synthetic psilocybin, 83, 113

      Holland, Julie, 402

      Hollywood celebrities, 156–57, 171

      holotropic breathwork, 242–44, 245, 245n, 306

      honeybees and colony collapse disorder, 89, 128

      Hoover, J. Edgar, 168

      hospice, psychedelic, 401

      Huautla de Jiménez in southern Mexico, 2, 108, 110, 112, 113–14

      Hubbard, Al

      advocacy for psychedelics, 167–68

      ambitions of, 167–68, 173, 181, 194, 198n

      background of, 164–67

      and Bay Area community, 171, 175–78, 180–83

      Captain Trips nickname, 171

      and CIA, 166, 171–72

      and Commission for the Study of Creative Imagination, 174–75

      contradictions in life of, 164, 169

      and counterculture, 181, 181n, 200

      and environment of psychedelic experiences, 164

      and guides, 225, 230

      and Huxley, 172–74

      and leading researchers, 170–71

      and Leary, 199–200, 219, 220

      LSD experiences of, 167

      and mescaline, 169, 173

      and Osmond, 168–69, 200

      and Osmond/Hoffer’s research, 170

      and psychedelic therapy paradigm, 160, 164, 169–70, 171, 207

      and reunion of first wave figures, 219, 220

      and Sandoz LSD, 167, 170

      at Stanford Research Institute, 180–82

      on therapeutic value of psychedelics, 169

      and Wasson, 170

      Human Be-In in San Francisco, 203–4

      Humboldt, Alexander von, 126–27, 128, 134

      Huxley, Aldous

      ambitions of, 194, 198n

      Brave New World, 160

      and Commission for the Study of Creative Imagination, 174

      death of, 338

      The Doors of Perception, 25, 143, 160, 162, 201, 253

      on ego, 253, 289

      and expectancy effects, 143–44, 161–62

      and Hubbard, 172–74

      imprint on modern psychedelic experiences, 111, 143–44, 162

      and Leary, 198

      LSD experiences of, 173–74

      mescaline experience of, 144, 151, 160–62

      and “Mind at Large” state, 264, 315, 389

      and Osmond, 160, 174

      Perennial Philosophy concept of, 162, 232

      and psychedelic therapy paradigm, 160, 207

      and “psychedelics” term, 160, 162–63

      “reducing valve” concept of, 161–62, 289, 307, 313, 322, 353

      and terminal patients, 338

      Huxley, Laura, 172

      Hyams, Joe, 157

      hypnagogic consciousness, 252

      ibogaine, 369n

      imagination, 308

      Imperial College London’s Centre for Psychiatry, 295–96. See also Carhart-Harris, Robin

      industrial waste, mycoremediation of, 88

      ineffability of mystical experiences, 40, 54, 69, 251, 270, 285

      Insel, Tom, 335, 383, 388n, 398, 401

      interconnectedness

      and addiction treatment, 362–63

      Alcoholics Anonymous’s emphasis on, 370

      and cancer patient research, 351

      and default mode network (DMN), 305

      and depression pilot study, 379

      in mystical experiences, 285, 305

      and overview effect, 359

      and Pollan’s Psilocybes experience, 134

      Stamets on, 125

      International Federation for Internal Freedom (IFIF), 197, 198, 199, 203

      International Foundation for Advanced Study (IFAS)

      and Brand, 183

      closure of, 180

      Fadiman’s work at, 43–44

      and Leary, 198

      research approval revoked by FDA, 44, 217–18

      research conducted at, 177–79

      Inuit people, 13n

      Jagger, Mick, 114

      James, William

      on consciousness, 16–17, 136, 137, 244, 407

      on four hallmarks of mystical experiences, 69–72

      on judging mystical experiences, 347

      and mystical experience survey, 282

      on noetic quality of mystical experiences, 41, 69–70, 275

      and questions of veracity, 76–77

      research at Harvard, 188, 196

      and reunion of first wave figures, 219

      The Varieties of Religious Experience, 69

      Janiger, Oscar

      and celebrities in LSD therapy, 156–57

      and Hubbard, 171, 172

      and LSD therapy, 156

      and West Coast research hub, 153

      Jesse, Bob

      background of, 38–40, 42–43

      behind-the-scenes work of, 37

      and betterment of well people, 45, 51, 401–2, 404

      cabin of, 37–38

      and Council on Spiritual Practices, 43, 49–51, 228

      and Doblin’s ambitions, 36

      early psychedelic experiences of, 39–40

      and elders of psychedelic community, 43–44

      and Esalen Institute, 48, 49

      and first-wave of psychedelic research, 44–45, 46–47

      and Griffiths, 38, 51–52

      and John Hopkins experiment, 81

      and MDMA, 51

      and “medicalization” concerns, 51, 400

      and psilocybin trials at Hopkins, 10, 60

      on “recreational use” term, 38, 400

      and Richards, 52

      role of, in second-wave research, 34–35

      spiritual emphasis of, 51

      Jobs, Steve, 175

      Johanson, Chris-Ellyn, 50

      John Hopkins’s psychedelic research

      and astronaut/ground control metaphor, 65

      with cancer patients, 8, 10–11, 332–33, 349

      controlling for expectancy effects in, 62, 64

      and hallmarks of mystical states, 69–72
    />
      landmark psilocybin paper, 10–11, 29–30

      launch of trial, 60–61

      preparing volunteers in, 63–65, 67

      recruitment of volunteers for, 61

      replication of Good Friday experiment, 192

      and sitters, 63–64, 74

      and Stamets, 92

      on therapeutic applications, 78–79

      volunteers’ accounts of, 63, 65–69, 70–71, 72–75

      Johnson, Matthew

      background of, 360

      on banal insights, 364

      and ego’s control, 388

      and “mental reboot,” 366, 384

      and personal history/environment, 372–73

      on reactions to powerful experiences, 406

      and smoking cessation study, 360, 364

      on value of psychedelics, 366–68

      Jung, Carl, 7, 73, 232, 389

      Kaelen, Mendel, 384–85

      Kaiser Hospital in Oakland, 186

      Kalliontzi, Krystallia, 338, 340, 342

      Katz, Sidney, 148, 154

      Kelly, Kevin, 183

      Kelman, Herbert, 187, 195–96

      Keltner, Dacher, 373–74, 375

      Kennedy, Robert F., 217

      Kerouac, Jack, 193

      Kesey, Ken, 102, 184, 206–7

      Kessler, David, 383

      Kleber, Herbert D., 29–30

      Kleiman, Mark, 49

      Kubrick, Stanley, 156

      Kurland, Albert, 218

      Laing, R. D., 223

      League for Spiritual Discovery, 203

      Leary, Timothy

      arrests and sentences of, 138, 204

      candor of, 213–14

      and concerns of research community, 198–201

      and Concord Prison Experiment, 46, 190–91, 190n

      and congressional hearings, 217

      on consciousness-expansion, 322

      and counterculture, 203–4, 205

      criticisms of research, 46, 191, 194–97

      and cultural upheaval of the sixties, 205–7

      deemed “most dangerous man in America,” 58

      desire to effect social changes, 173, 192, 194, 198n, 199, 213

      do-it-yourself approach of, 200, 215

      and Eastern influences, 143–44

      exuberance of, 187–88, 192

      Flashbacks, 139, 187, 190n

      and Ginsberg, 193–94, 205

      and Good Friday (Marsh Chapel) Experiment, 191–92

      government’s pursuit of, 204

      and guides, 225, 230

      at Harvard, 140, 186–87, 201–3

      High Priest, 187–88

      and Hubbard, 199–200, 219, 220

      impact on psychedelic research, 9, 185–86, 190, 198–99, 212, 219–20, 403

      and International Federation for Internal Freedom, 197, 198, 199, 203

      and moral panic provoked by psychedelics, 185, 205

      and Osmond, 198–99

      post-Harvard life of, 203–6

     
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