The Extended Phenotype

  Craig, R. (1980). Sex investment ratios in social Hymenoptera. American Naturalist 116, 311–323.

  Crick, F. H. C. (1979). Split genes and RNA splicing. Science 204, 264–271.

  Croll, N. A. (1966). Ecology of Parasites. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

  Crow, J. F. (1979). Genes that violate Mendel’s rules. Scientific American 240 (2), 104–113.

  Crowden, A. E. & Broom, D. M. (1980). Effects of the eyefluke, Diplostomum spathacaeum, on the behaviour of dace (Leuciscus leuciscus). Animal Behaviour 28, 287–294.

  Crozier, R. H. (1970). Coefficients of relationship and the identity by descent of genes in Hymenoptera. American Naturalist 104, 216–217.

  Curio, E. (1973). Towards a methodology of teleonomy. Experientia 29, 1045–1058.

  Daly, M. (1979). Why don’t male mammals lactate? Journal of Theoretical Biology 78, 325–345.

  Daly, M. (1980). Contentious genes. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 3, 77–81.

  Darwin, C. R. (1859). The Origin of Species. 1st edn, reprinted 1968. Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin.

  Darwin, C. R. (1866). Letter to A. R. Wallace, dated 5 July. In James Marchant (1916), Alfred Russel Wallace Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 1, pp. 174–176. London: Cassell.

  Davies, N. B. (1982). Alternative strategies and competition for scarce resources. In Current problems in sociobiology (ed. King’s College Sociobiology Group), pp. 363–380. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Dawkins, R. (1968). The ontogeny of a pecking preference in domestic chicks. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 25, 170–186.

  Dawkins, R. (1969). Bees are easily distracted. Science 165, 751.

  Dawkins, R. (1971). Selective neurone death as a possible memory mechanism. Nature 229, 118–119.

  Dawkins, R. (1976a). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Dawkins, R. (1976b). Hierarchical organisation: a candidate principle for ethology. In Growing Points in Ethology (eds P. P. G. Bateson & R. A. Hinde), pp. 7–54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Dawkins, R. (1978a). Replicator selection and the extended phenotype. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 47, 61–76.

  Dawkins, R. (1978b). What is the optimon? University of Washington, Seattle, Jessie & John Danz Lecture, unpublished.

  Dawkins, R. (1979a). Twelve misunderstandings of kin selection. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 51, 184–200.

  Dawkins, R. (1979b). Defining sociobiology. Nature 280, 427–428.

  Dawkins, R. (1980). Good strategy or evolutionarily stable strategy? In Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/Nurture? (eds G. W. Barlow & J. Silverberg), pp. 331–367. Boulder: Westview Press.

  Dawkins, R. (1981). In defence of selfish genes. Philosophy, October.

  Dawkins, R. (1982). Replicators and vehicles. In Current Problems in Sociobiology (ed. King’s College Sociobiology Group), pp. 45–64. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

  Dawkins, R. & Brockmann, H. J. (1980). Do digger wasps commit the Concorde fallacy? Animal Behaviour 28, 892–896.

  Dawkins, R. & Carlisle, T. R. (1976). Parental investment, mate desertion and a fallacy. Nature 262, 131–133.

  Dawkins, R. & Dawkins, M. (1973). Decisions and the uncertainty of behaviour. Behaviour 45, 83–103.

  Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J. R. (1978). Animal signals: information or manipulation? In Behavioural Ecology (eds J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies), pp. 282–309. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

  Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J. R. (1979). Arms races between and within species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 205, 489–511.

  Dilger, W. C. (1962). The behavior of lovebirds. Scientific American 206 (1), 89–98.

  Doolittle, W. F. & Sapienza, C. (1980). Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature 284, 601–603.

  Dover, G. (1980). Ignorant DNA? Nature 285, 618–619.

  Eaton, R. L. (1978). Why some felids copulate so much: a model for the evolution of copulation frequency. Carnivore 1, 42–51.

  Eberhard, W. G. (1980). Evolutionary consequences of intracellular organelle competition. Quarterly Review of Biology 55, 231–249.

  Eldredge, N. & Cracraft, J. (1980). Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press.

  Eldredge, N. & Gould, S. J. (1972). Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In Models in Paleobiology (ed. T. J. M. Schopf), pp. 82–115. San Francisco: Freeman Cooper.

  Emerson, A. E. (1960). The evolution of adaptation in population systems. In Evolution after Darwin (ed. S. Tax), pp. 307–348. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

  Evans, C. (1979). The Mighty Micro. London: Gollancz.

  Ewald, P. W. (1980). Evolutionary biology and the treatment of signs and symptoms of infectious disease. Journal of Theoretical Biology 86, 169–171.

  Falconer, D. S. (1960). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. London: Longman.

  Fisher, R. A. (1930a). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  Fisher, R. A. (1930b). The distribution of gene ratios for rare mutations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 50, 204–219.

  Fisher, R. A. & Ford, E. B. (1950). The Sewall Wright effect. Heredity 4, 47–49.

  Ford, E. B. (1975). Ecological Genetics. London: Chapman and Hall.

  Fraenkel, G. S. & Gunn, D. L. (1940). The Orientation of Animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Frisch, K. von (1967). A Biologist Remembers. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

  Frisch, K. von (1975). Animal Architecture. London: Butterworths.

  Futuyma, D. J., Lewontin, R. C., Mayer, G. C., Seger, J. & Stubblefield, J. W. (1981). Macroevolution conference. Science 211, 770.

  Ghiselin, M. T. (1974a). The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  Ghiselin, M. T. (1974b). A radical solution to the species problem. Systematic zoology 23, 536–544.

  Ghiselin, M. T. (1981). Categories, life and thinking. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4, 269–313.

  Gilliard, E. T. (1963). The evolution of bowerbirds. Scientific American 209 (2), 38–46.

  Gilpin, M. E. (1975). Group Selection in Predator-Prey Communities. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

  Gingerich, P. D. (1976). Paleontology and phylogeny: patterns of evolution at the species level in early Tertiary mammals. American Journal of Science 276, 1–28.

  Glover, J. (ed.) (1976). The Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Goodwin, B. C. (1979). Spoken remark in Theoria to Theory 13, 87–107.

  Gorczynski, R. M. & Steele, E. J. (1980). Inheritance of acquired immunological tolerance to foreign histocompatibility antigens in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 77, 2871–2875.

  Gorczynski, R. M. & Steele, E. J. (1981). Simultaneous yet independent inheritance of somatically acquired tolerance to two distinct H-2 antigenic haplotype determinants in mice. Nature 289, 678–681.

  Gould, J. L. (1976). The dance language controversy. Quarterly Review of Biology 51, 211–244.

  Gould, S. J. (1977a). Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

  Gould, S. J. (1977b). Caring groups and selfish genes. Natural History 86 (12), 20–24.

  Gould, S. J. (1977c). Eternal metaphors of palaeontology. In Patterns of Evolution (ed. A. Hallam), pp. 1–26. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

  Gould, S. J. (1978). Ever Since Darwin. London: Burnett.

  Gould, S. J. (1979). Shades of Lamarck. Natural History 88 (8), 22–28.

  Gould, S. J. (1980a). The promise of paleobiology as a nomothetic, evolutionary discipline. Paleobiology 6, 96–118.

  Gould, S. J. (1980b). Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging? Paleobiology 6, 119–130.

  Gould, S. J. & Calloway, C. B. (1980). Clams and brachiopods–ships that pass in the night. Paleobiology 6, 383–396.

  Gould, S. J. & Eldredge, N. (1977). Pun
ctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology 3, 115–151.

  Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 205, 581–598.

  Grafen, A. (1979). The hawk-dove game played between relatives. Animal Behaviour 27, 905–907.

  Grafen, A. (1980). Models of r and d. Nature 284, 494–495.

  Grant, V. (1978). Kin selection: a critique. Biologisches Zentralblatt 97, 385–392.

  Grassé, P. P. (1959). La réconstruction du nid et les coordinations interindividuelles chez Bellicositermes natalensis et Cubitermes sp. La théorie de la stigmergie: essai d’interpretation du comportement des termites constructeurs. Insectes Sociaux 6, 41–80.

  Greenberg, L. (1979). Genetic component of bee odor in kin recognition. Science 206, 1095–1097.

  Greene, P. J. (1978). From genes to memes? Contemporary Sociology 7, 706–709.

  Gregory, R. L. (1961). The brain as an engineering problem. In Current Problems in Animal Behaviour (eds W. H. Thorpe & O. L. Zangwill), pp. 307–330. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Grey Walter, W. (1953). The Living Brain. London: Duckworth.

  Grun, P. (1976). Cytoplasmic Genetics and Evolution. New York: Columbia University Press.

  Gurdon, J. B. (1974). The Control of Gene Expression in Animal Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Hailman, J. P. (1977). Optical Signals. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

  Haldane, J. B. S. (1932a). The Causes of Evolution. London: Longman’s Green.

  Haldane, J. B. S. (1932b). The time of action of genes, and its bearing on some evolutionary problems. American Naturalist 66, 5–24.

  Haldane, J. B. S. (1955). Population genetics. New Biology 18, 34–51.

  Hallam, A. (1975). Evolutionary size increase and longevity in Jurassic bivalves and ammonites. Nature 258, 493–496.

  Hallam, A. (1978). How rare is phyletic gradualism and what is its evolutionary significance? Paleobiology 4, 16–25.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1963). The evolution of altruistic behavior. American Naturalist 97, 31–33.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1964a). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7, 1–16.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1964b). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7, 17–32.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1967). Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156, 477–488.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1970). Selfish and spiteful behaviour in an evolutionary model. Nature 228, 1218–1220.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1971a). Selection of selfish and altruistic behavior in some extreme models. In Man and Beast: Comparative Social Behavior (eds J. F. Eisenberg & W. S. Dillon), pp. 59–91. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1971b). Addendum. In Group selection (ed. G. C. Williams), pp. 87–89. Chicago: Aldine, Atherton.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1972). Altruism and related phenomena, mainly in social insects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3, 193–232.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1975a) Innate social aptitudes of man: an approach from evolutionary genetics. In Biosocial Anthropology (ed. R. Fox), pp. 133–155. London: Malaby Press.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1975b). Gamblers since life began: barnacles, aphids, elms. Quarterly Review of Biology 50, 175–180.

  Hamilton, W. D. (1977). The play by nature. Science 196, 757–759.

  Hamilton, W. D. & May R. M. (1977). Dispersal in stable habitats. Nature 269, 578–581.

  Hamilton, W. J. & Orians, G. H. (1965). Evolution of brood parasitism in altricial birds. Condor 67, 361–382.

  Hansell M. H. (1984). Animal architecture and building behaviour. London: Longman.

  Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science 162, 1243–1248.

  Hardin, G. (1978). Nice guys finish last. In Sociobiology and Human Nature (eds M. S. Gregory et al.). pp. 183–194. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  Hardy, A. C. (1954). Escape from specialization. In Evolution as a Process (eds J. S. Huxley, A. C. Hardy & E. B. Ford), pp. 122–140. London: Allen & Unwin.

  Harley, C. B. (1981). Learning the evolutionarily stable strategy. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 89, 611–633.

  Harpending, H. C. (1979). The population genetics of interaction. American Naturalist 113, 622–630.

  Harper, J. L. (1977). Population Biology of Plants. London: Academic Press.

  Hartung, J. (in press). Transfer RNA, genome parliaments, and sex with the red queen. In Natural Selection and Social Behavior: Recent Research and New Theory (eds R. D. Alexander & D. W. Tinkle). New York: Chiron.

  Harvey, P. H. & Mace, G. M. (1982) Comparisons-between taxa and adaptive trends: problems of methodology. In Current Problems in Sociobiology (ed. King’s College Sociobiology Group), pp. 343–361. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Heinrich, B. (1979). Bumblebee Economics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

  Hickey, W. A. & Craig, G. B. (1966). Genetic distortion of sex ratio in a mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Genetics 53, 1177–1196.

  Hinde, R. A. (1975). The concept of function. In Function and Evolution of Behaviour (eds G. Baerends, C. Beer & A. Manning), pp. 3–15. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Hinde, R. A. (1981). Animal signals: ethological and game theory approaches are not incompatible. Animal Behaviour 29, 535–542.

  Hinde, R. A. & Steel, E. (1978). The influence of daylength and male vocalizations on the estrogen-dependent behavior of female canaries and budgerigars, with discussion of data from other species. In Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 8 (eds J. S. Rosenblatt et al.), pp. 39–73. New York: Academic Press.

  Hines, W. G. S. & Maynard Smith, J. (1979). Games between relatives. Journal of Theoretical Biology 79, 19–30.

  Hofstadter, D. R. (1979). Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. Brighton: Harvester Press.

  Hölldobler, B. & Michener, C. D. (1980). Methods of identification and discrimination in social Hymenoptera. In Evolution of Social Behavior: Hypotheses and Empirical Tests (ed. H. Markl), pp. 35–57. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie.

  Holmes, J. C. & Bethel, W. M. (1972). Modification of intermediate host behaviour by parasites. In Behavioural Aspects of Parasite Transmission (eds E. U. Canning & C. A. Wright), pp. 123–149. London: Academic Press.

  Howard, J. C. (1981). A tropical volute shell and the Icarus syndrome. Nature 290, 441–442.

  Hoyle, F. (1964). Man in the Universe. New York: Columbia University Press.

  Hull, D. L. (1976). Are species really individuals? Systematic Zoology 25, 174–191.

  Hull, D. L. (1980a). The units of evolution: a metaphysical essay. In Studies in the Concept of Evolution (eds U. J. Jensen & R. Harré). Brighton: Harvester Press.

  Hull, D. L. (1980b). Individuality and selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11, 311–332.

  Huxley, J. S. (1912). The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Huxley, J. S. (1932). Problems of Relative Growth. London: McVeagh.

  Jacob, F. (1977). Evolution and tinkering. Science 196, 1161–1166.

  Janzen, D. H. (1977). What are dandelions and aphids? American Naturalist 111, 586–589.

  Jensen, D. (1961). Operationism and the question ‘Is this behavior learned or innate?’ Behaviour 17, 1–8.

  Jeon, K. W. & Danielli, J. F. (1971). Micrurgical studies with large free-living amebas. International Reviews of Cytology 30, 49–89.

  Judson, H. F. (1979). The Eighth Day of Creation. London: Cape.

  Kalmus, H. (1955). The discrimination by the nose of the dog of individual human odours. British Journal of Animal Behaviour 3, 25–31.

  Keeton, W. T. (1980). Biological Science, 3rd edn. New York: W. W. Norton.

  Kempthorne, O. (1978). Logical, epistemological and statistical aspects of nature-nurture data interpretation. Biometrics 34, 1–23.

/>   Kerr, A. (1978). The Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, Plant Pathology and Bacteriology, Angers, 101–108.

  Kettlewell, H. B. D. (1955). Recognition of appropriate backgrounds by the pale and dark phases of Lepidoptera. Nature 175, 943–944.

  Kettlewell, H. B. D. (1973). The Evolution of Melanism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Kirk, D. L. (1980). Biology Today. New York: Random House.

  Kirkwood, T. B. L. & Holliday, R. (1979). The evolution of ageing and longevity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 205, 531–546.

  Knowlton, N. & Parker, G. A. (1979). An evolutionarily stable strategy approach to indiscriminate spite. Nature 279, 419–421.

  Koestler, A. (1967). The Ghost in the Machine. London: Hutchinson.

  Krebs, J. R. (1977). Simplifying sociobiology. Nature 267, 869.

  Krebs, J. R. (1978). Optimal foraging: decision rules for predators. In Behavioural Ecology (eds J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies), pp. 23–63. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.

  Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. (1978). Behavioural Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.

  Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Kurland, J. A. (1979). Can sociality have a favorite sex chromosome? American Naturalist 114, 810–817.

  Kurland, J. A. (1980). Kin selection theory: a review and selective bibliography. Ethology & Sociobiology 1, 255–274.

  Lack, D. (1966). Population Studies of Birds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Lack, D. (1968). Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds. London: Methuen.

  Lacy, R. C. (1980). The evolution of eusociality in termites: a haplodiploid analogy? American Naturalist 116, 449–451

  Lande, R. (1976). Natural selection and random genetic drift. Evolution 30, 314–334.

  Lawlor, L. R. & Maynard Smith, J. (1976). The coevolution and stability of competing species. American Naturalist 110, 79–99.

  Lehrman, D. S. (1970). Semantic and conceptual issues in the nature-nurture problem. In Development and Evolution of Behavior (eds L. R. Aronson et al.), pp. 17–52. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.