Sea of Slaughter

  Bowen, W.D., 490

  bowhead whale, 284, 289–306

  in Arctic, 286, 458

  extermination of, 130, 299–305, 311, 518

  boycotts, 433, 488, 492–96, 501–6, 508–9, 512, 520

  Brandsson, Jon, 43

  brant goose, 92

  Bras d’Or Lake, 247

  Brereton, John, 233

  Brewster, William, 73

  Brion Island, 116, 402

  British Columbia, 197–98, 220

  British Columbia Fish and Wildlife Service, 198, 201

  British Columbia Fishing Association, 505

  brown-back. See dowitcher

  Brummett, Tony, 197–201

  Bruner, Lawrence, 69

  brush wolf. See coyote

  Bryde’s whale, 308

  buff, 166–71. See also leather

  buffalo, 165–78

  Bulmer, Ron, 508

  Bureau, Yvon, 503

  Burgeo Islands, 335, 392

  Burger King, 504

  buteo hawks, 105

  Buterus, 257, 264–67

  Cabot, John, 115, 205, 207

  Cabot, Sebastian, 115

  Cabot Strait, 27, 188

  Cabot Whaling Company, 314

  Cahalane, Victor, 190, 191

  Cameron, Silver Donald, 482–85

  Camperdown, 459

  Camp Island, 421

  Campobello Island, 164

  Canada. See also governments; specific government departments

  offshore limits of, 212, 483, 486

  and seal hunt, 428, 464–67, 470–72, 475–76, 480–81, 491–92, 495

  and whaling industry, 306, 338–43, 356

  and white bear, 132–34

  Canada goose, 92, 93

  Canadian Armed Forces, 498

  Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 471

  Canadian Coast Guard, 466, 489, 498, 510

  Canadian Nature Federation, 198–99

  Canadian Sealers Association, 503, 506

  Canadian Wildlife Federation, 198–201, 490

  Canadian Wildlife Service, 154, 198

  and seabirds, 49, 59

  and white bears, 126, 133

  canneries, 228, 251, 355

  Canso Strait, 344, 348

  Cape Breton Island, 6, 247, 249

  animals in, 147–48, 151–52, 185, 193

  birds in, 31, 99, 105

  cod at, 208, 209

  seals on, 411, 430

  walrus on, 392

  whales at, 264, 352

  Cape buffalo, 166

  Cape Cod, 346

  fish at, 235, 245

  grey seals at, 414, 422

  shorebirds on, 81–82, 83–84, 86

  whales at, 261–62, 287, 368

  capelin, 36, 218–21, 308

  extermination of, 58–59, 221–22, 517

  Cape Ray, 436

  Cape St. Mary’s, 46

  Caribbean Sea, 411n

  caribou, 143, 144, 174, 184, 198

  Carino Company, 496–97, 504

  Carson, Rachel, 105

  Cartier, Jacques, 115–16, 392, 410

  on fish, 205, 237

  and great auk, 21–22, 24

  on marine animals, 233, 345, 350

  Cartwright, George, 226

  on bears, 121–24, 140

  on birds, 37, 64, 80

  on foxes, 188, 190

  on fur-bearing animals, 151, 153

  Casco Bay, 232

  Caspian tern, 52

  cats, 167, 179–87. See also whitecoats

  Chaleur Bay, 72, 225–27, 267, 352, 392, 401

  Champlain, Samuel de, 120, 171–72, 188

  on birds, 27, 80, 82, 101

  on fish, 234–35, 237

  on great auk, 24, 27

  on marine animals, 345, 350, 396, 411

  Chancewell, 394

  Chaney John. See bottlenose whale

  Chapel Arm, 370

  Chappell, Lieut., 215

  Charlevoix, Pierre de, 168, 180, 209

  on birds, 24–25, 100

  on marine animals, 351–52, 413

  Chateau Bay, 294, 298

  Chedabucto Bay, 27, 392

  Chefd’ostel, 386–88

  Cherub, 301

  Chesapeake Bay, 36, 183, 239

  Chester, 497–98

  Chukchee people, 259

  Chukchi Sea, 277, 300–301, 305, 404

  Churchill, 77

  whales at, 287–88, 354, 369

  white bear at, 111–12, 134

  clams, 246, 247–48, 378

  Cobb Island, 80

  cod, 205, 206–12, 347

  extermination of, 207–11, 517

  predators of, 119, 488

  cod-worm, 424–25

  Cody, William Frederick (“Buffalo Bill”), 177

  Coffin Island, 406

  Cole, John, 238–39

  Columbier Island, 55

  Comeau, Napoleon, 103, 223, 346

  commercial fishing, 206–23, 517–18. See also fishing boats; overfishing; whaling industry; specific nations and types of fish

  bears and, 120–23

  and cod-worm, 424–25, 432

  decline of, 487–88, 493, 517

  government policy and, 210–17, 221–23

  international involvement in, 221–22, 241–42, 487

  nets used in, 55–56, 230–31

  of plankton, 254, 518

  and porpoises, 346–47

  and seabirds, 45–48, 51, 55–57, 515

  and seal hunt, 475–76, 484–86, 492–93, 496–97, 500–509, 511–12

  and seals, 417–19, 424–26

  wastage in, 213, 217, 218, 251, 346

  and whaling, 342, 350–53

  commercial hunting, 131–32, 144–45, 183

  of birds, 64–65, 70, 79, 95–97, 100–102

  Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, 357

  Conception Bay, 219, 445, 451

  conservation. See conservationists; protection of species; sanctuaries, wildlife

  Conservation and Protection Branch. See Environment Canada

  conservationists, 100–101, 134, 332–33, 515, 516. See also animal welfare organizations; protests

  and seal hunt, 422–23, 433, 476, 487, 492, 510

  and wolves, 199, 202

  Conservative Party of Canada, 509

  Cooper’s hawk, 105

  cormorants, 30, 46–47, 50–51, 115, 382

  Corte Real, Gaspar, 115, 382

  Coues, Eliot, 64

  cougar, 179–82

  Courtemanche, Sieur de, 30–31, 120, 172, 226, 414

  on whales, 262, 266–67

  Cousteau, Jacques, 203, 430

  Cow Head, 26, 396

  Cox, Steven, 143

  coyote, 191–93, 516–17

  crab, 517–18

  cranes, 100

  cross fox. See red fox

  cruelty, 186, 215

  to birds, 35–36, 38, 46–48, 50, 85–86

  in seal hunt, 447–48, 460, 468, 471–75, 477, 492

  to walrus, 398–400

  in whaling, 275–76, 371

  Cumbrian, 302

  curlew berry, 63, 72, 77

  curlews, 61, 75–78. See also Eskimo curlew

  Danforth, Stuart, 85

  Davies, Brian, 473–76, 479, 482–83, 487, 492, 501–4

  Davis, Jack, 340, 478–79,
480–81

  Davis Strait, 290, 297, 298, 302, 435, 458

  DDT, 57, 105, 156, 230

  Deadman Island, 416, 422

  de Bané, Pierre, 431, 494–511

  deer, 145, 516

  defoliants, 156, 230

  Delaware River, 236

  Denmark, 132, 229, 425, 475

  Denys, Nicolas

  on birds, 35, 45, 91, 99

  on fish, 208, 225, 235, 244

  on fur-bearing animals, 153, 247

  on marine animals, 346, 352

  on seals, 412

  Department of Fisheries and Oceans. See also Environment Canada

  and fish, 221–23, 243, 245

  and seabirds, 43, 56, 59

  and seal hunt, 470–73, 476, 477–78, 485–87

  and seals, 408, 421–33, 518–20

  and whales, 275, 339–42, 357

  Department of Trade, 509

  Department of Transport, 506

  de Visser, John, 477

  de Vries, David, 285–86

  DeWitt, Captain, 3–4

  Diana, 459

  Diereville, Sieur de, 412

  Dildo, 339, 364–65, 370–71

  Disco Island, 302

  dogs, 148, 180, 187, 193

  wild, 187–202

  dolphins, 262, 345–48, 427. See also porpoises

  Dorset culture, 435

  dotar. See harbour seal (dotar)

  double-crested cormorant, 51

  dovekie, 15

  dowitcher, 84

  ducks, 4, 34, 56, 91–97, 515. See also eider duck

  Du Creux, François, 233

  Dudley, Paul, 281

  dugong, 232

  dunlin, 84

  Durham, Floyd, 305

  Eagle River, 121–23, 226

  eagles, 104–5, 515

  eastern buffalo, 167, 170–74

  eastern elk, 174

  East Siberian Sea, 408

  Eclipse, 361

  Edwards, Everett, 272

  egging, 31–34, 38–39, 77, 79–80, 96–97

  egret, 98

  eider duck, 4, 34, 36–37, 96, 427

  Eldey Island, 41–43

  elk, 45, 172

  Ellesmere Island, 131, 405

  Elliott, John, 198–201

  Elton, C.S., 139–40, 143

  Englee, 436

  English, 35

  and buffalo, 169–71

  and fishing, 207–9, 225–68

  and seal hunt, 411, 443–49, 495, 501–3

  and walrus, 393–95, 404

  and whaling, 280, 295–97, 301–2, 311, 332, 404, 458–59

  English Channel, 380, 393

  The English Pilot, 39

  environmental movement. See conservationists

  Environment Canada. See also Department of Fisheries and Oceans

  and seal hunt, 479–81, 485–92

  seal killing by, 420–33, 494

  and whaling, 340

  Erik, 453, 460

  ermine weasel, 125, 150

  Eskimo curlew, 14, 61–74, 88

  Europe

  seal products market in, 490, 492–96, 500

  walrus in, 379–82

  whale products market in, 260–61, 364, 365

  whales in, 260, 367–68

  European Economic Community (EEC), 490, 493–95, 500–501, 505, 508

  Europeans, 30, 118, 127. See also specific nations

  on Atlantic seaboard, 8, 15, 45–46, 409–12, 440

  in cod fishery, 211

  and seal hunt, 414, 440–43, 472, 490, 493–96

  and walrus, 381–82, 390

  and wolf, 194–96

  and wolverine, 158–60

  Europgroup for Animal Welfare, 495

  Exploits Bay, 153

  exploration, 23, 130–31

  explosives, 196

  in whaling, 271–72, 275–76, 278, 303–6, 312, 313, 518–19

  factory ships

  in fishing, 211, 215

  in whaling, 279, 328–29, 331, 365

  Faeroe Islands, 362, 380

  Fagundes, João Alvares, 386, 390–92

  Falkland Islands, 274, 326

  Farley, Frank, 111

  feather hunting, 34, 36–39, 52, 92, 93, 96–97, 102

  Ferdinando, Simon, 171

  fin whale, 4, 308, 309, 319, 334–36

  extermination of, 314, 324, 332, 337–43

  killing of, 321–24

  as oil source, 330

  survival of, 335–37

  firearms. See also explosives

  and buffalo, 171–73

  and cougars, 180

  and grizzly bear, 144

  and ice seals, 440, 443, 455, 465, 468, 473

  and porpoises, 346

  and seals, 421, 426–27, 450–51, 461, 476, 520

  and walrus, 400, 402, 405

  and whales, 354–55, 518

  First International Scientific Meeting on the Polar Bear, 132

  fish, 216, 223–24. See also salt fish; specific species

  as seal food, 424–25, 487

  uses of, 217–22, 518

  fisher. See pekan (fisher); sea mink (fisher)

  Fisher, Dean, 408, 420

  Fisheries Council of Canada, 508

  Fisheries Products Limited, 339

  Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 425

  fishermen, 245–47, 342, 432

  and endangered species, 35, 117–19, 152, 153, 234–35

  fishing. See commercial fishing; fishing boats; net fishing; sport fishing

  fishing boats. See also seiners

  deep-sea freezer vessels, 241

  draggers, 211, 213–14, 215

  long-liners, 242, 244

  purse seiners, 241, 242, 243

  trawlers, 211–13, 214, 242–43

  fish oil. See train oil

  flatfish, 215–16, 517

  Florida, 28, 181

  flounder, 206, 215–16

  Flowers Cove, 26

  Fogo Island, 38, 443

  Food and Agriculture Organization, 482

  Forbush, Edward, 88

  forest industry, 106, 155–56, 514

  Fort Chimo, 141–43

  Fort Nascapie, 141

  Fort Nelson, 197–98

  Fortune Bay, 26

  Foundation for North American Sheep, 199

  Foxe Basin, 284, 290

  foxes, 19, 189–91

  Foyn, Svend, 312–14

  Franz Joseph Land, 290, 404

  French, 29–31, 120, 162, 180, 440

  and buffalo, 168–69, 170–71

  and cod, 207, 209, 255

  fishing by, 223–25, 234–35, 296–99

  in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 21–22, 392–96

  and seal hunt, 412–13, 429, 440–43, 495

  and walrus, 386–88

  and whales, 261, 350–52

  Freydis Eriksdottir, 434

  Friends of the Earth, 495

  fulmars, 15, 47

  Funk Island, 22–23, 24, 25, 32, 35–40, 42–43, 115

  fur trade, 150–57, 159–63, 185, 189–90, 516. See also seals

  and bears, 120, 128–29, 131, 133–34, 139–45, 147

  and buffalo, 168–69, 170–72, 174–75

  Gama, Vasco da, 166

  game birds, 84, 102–4, 515–16

  Gannet Rock, 17

  gannets, 5, 15, 18, 49–50

 
extermination of, 32, 46

  Gaspé, 5, 148, 155, 181–82

  gaspereau (alewife), 218

  geese, 5, 91–95, 515

  George River, 141, 142, 143

  Germany, 197, 235, 328, 472

  Gilbert, Humphrey, 30, 161, 170, 207, 233, 411

  Globe and Mail, 431, 503

  Godbout River, 103, 223–24

  godwit, 78–79

  golden eagle, 104

  golden plover, 88–90

  Goldsmith, Oliver, 404

  Goodman, Dan, 431

  governments. See also specific provinces and countries

  and bears, 132, 145, 148

  and buffalo, 174

  and commercial fishing, 212–16, 221–23

  and fur trade, 157, 185

  and natural resource industries, 211–17, 252–54

  pesticide use by, 156–59, 230

  and seabirds, 39, 51, 56, 59

  and seal hunt, 428–29, 465–66, 471–73, 475–76, 478–81, 487, 492–95, 504–5, 507–8

  and seals, 419–33

  and whaling, 306, 333, 339–42, 354–57

  and wolves, 197–98

  Grace, 207

  grampus. See orca (killer whale)

  Grand Banks

  fish on, 205–15, 221–22, 461

  seabirds on, 15, 38–39

  whales on, 203–84

  Grand Manan Islands, 27, 346

  Gray, David, 361

  great auk, 14, 15–44

  extermination of, 17, 36–39

  native cultures and, 18–20

  rookeries of, 22–28, 29–35

  as scapegoat, 41, 42–43

  great blue heron, 99, 101, 407

  Great Britain. See English; Scotland

  great cormorant, 47, 51

  greater yellowlegs, 86

  great grey owl, 105

  Greeb, William, 177

  Green Island, 26

  Greenland

  fishing in, 55, 230

  hunting in, 54, 405

  seal hunt in, 450, 463–64, 465, 521

  walrus in, 310, 404, 405

  whaling in, 302, 306, 357, 362

  white bear in, 114–15, 129–32, 133

  Greenland Sea

  ice seals in, 436, 458

  whales in, 295–97, 301–2

  Greenpeace, 485, 495, 502, 509

  Gregory Island, 26

  grenadier fish (rat-tail), 215

  Grenfell, Wilfred, 454, 457

  grey seal (horsehead), 161, 376, 408–31, 440

  extermination of, 417, 420–23, 432–33, 486, 494, 511

  killing of, 412, 416, 426–27

  as scapegoat, 423–26

  survival of, 519–20

  white bear and, 119, 125

  grey whale (otta sotta), 259–60, 269, 270, 277–87, 311

  extermination of, 260, 285–87, 326

  migration of, 259–60, 277–78, 282–86

  grey wolf, 191, 194