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    The Reformation

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      King’s College, 235

      King’s College Chapel (1447), 119, 839

      camera obscura, 744

      Camoëns (Camöes), Luis (1524–80), 191, 814

      Campeggio, Lorenzo, Cardinal (1474?-1539), 382, 430, 443, 539, 540

      Campin, Robert (1375?-1444), 133

      Canada, 865

      Canary Islands, 261

      Canisio, Egidio, 899

      Canisius, Peter (1521–97), 928

      cannon, 63*, 182, 241, 671

      Cano, Giambattista (1515–79), 872

      Cano, Juan Sebastian del (d. 1526), 866

      Cano, Melchior (1509–60), 641

      canon, clergyman, 856*

      canon, fugue, 775

      canon law, 759

      Canterbury, Archbishop of, III

      Canterbury, England, 42, 119

      Christ Church Priory library, 157

      St. Thomas à Becket shrine, 275, 567

      Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 47

      quoted, 50–54

      Canton, China, 195

      cantons, Swiss, 146–147

      Canzoniere (Petrarch), 811

      Cao, Diogo (fl. 1480–86), 194

      Cape Breton Island, 268

      Cape of Good Hope, Africa, 194

      Cape Verde Islands, 194, 264, 866

      capital offenses, 758

      capitalism, 59, 475, 573, 590, 707, 755, 757, 763

      capitalization, companies, 381

      Capito, Wolfgang Fabricius (1478–1541), 439, 443. 479

      Capitoline Museum, 14

      Capo Blanco, Africa, 193

      Capuchins, 893, 900

      Caradosso, Ambragio Foppa (c. 1452–1526), 188

      Caraffa, Carlo (d. 1561), 891, 923

      Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro, see Paul IV

      caravansaries, 707

      Carcassonne, France, 60

      Cardan, Jerome (1501–76), 791, 850

      cardinals: absentee, 31

      selection, 18

      Cardinals, College of, 926

      Careless by Necessity, 614

      Carew, Sir Nicholas, 843

      Carew, Sir Peter, 592, 593

      Carinthia, Germany, 144, 147, 294

      Carlos, Don (1545–68), 872

      Carlstadt (Andreas Bodenstein: 1480?-1541), 349–350, 364, 365, 356, 367, 383, 396, 423, 426, 453, 627, 786

      Libellus, De canonicis scripturis, 352

      Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), Past and Present, 578

      Carmelites, 19, 901, 903

      Discalced, 903, 904, 905

      Carnesecchi, Pietro (1508–67), 893

      Carpaccio, Vittore (c, 1455-c. 1526), 138–139

      Carranza, Bartolomé de (1503–76), 640–641

      cartels, 295

      Cartesianism, 747

      Carthusians, 20, 21, 549

      Cartier, Jacques (1494?-1553), 865

      cartography, 240, 743

      carving, 677

      Casale, Giovanni, 539

      Casimir III, King of Poland (1333–70), 172, 725

      Casimir IV, King of Poland (1447–92), 171, 173, 725

      Casimir, Markgraf of Alsace, 392

      Casimir of Brandenburg, 380

      Casimir, Statutes of, 172

      Cassel, France, 59

      Castellain, Georges, 130

      Castellio, Sebastian (1515–63), 485–486, 614

      writings, 487

      Castiglione, Baldassare (1478–1529), The Courtier, 500, 742, 767, 816

      Castile, 191–192, 197, 205, 214, 224, 228

      Castilho, Joao de (c. 1500), 196

      Castillon, France, 88

      Castro, Inés de (1320–55), 191

      Catalan Grand Company, 177

      Catalonia, Aragon, 197

      Cateau Cambrésis, Treaty of (1559), 522

      Catechism (Calvin), 469

      Catechumens, House of, 735

      caterpillars, excommunicating, 850

      Cathay, Khan of, 261

      Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536), 526, 535–540, 546, 547, 548, 558

      quoted, 559

      Catholic League, 410, 444

      “Catholic Sovereigns, The,” 207*, 532

      Catbolica De concordantia (Nicholas of Cusai, 256

      Catholicism, 148, 216, 409, 473, 489, 606, 631, 641, 806, 928, 929, 936–937

      Cauchon, Pierre (d. 1442), 85, 86

      cavalry, 63, 70, 708

      cave paintings, 223

      Caxton, William (1422?-91), 120–121

      Cebu, island, 866

      Cecil, William (1520–98), 617

      celestial motion, 861

      Celestial Orbs, On the Revolutions of the (Copernicus), 860

      Celestina, La (de Rojas), 225

      celibacy, clerical, 13, 21, 22, 30, 116, 440, 625

      Cellini, Benvenuto (1500–71), 496, 822, 823, 827, 829, 919

      Celtes, Conradus (1459–1508), 301, 305, 321–322, 404

      censorship, 24, 393, 423, 424, 474, 563, 595, 630, 633, 639, 740, 923–927

      Cent nouvelles nouvelles (La Salle), 75, 90

      Centiloquium Theologicum (Ockham), 249

      Centum Gravamina (Hundred Grievances), 17

      Cepeda, Alonzo de, 900

      ceramics, 688, 829

      Cerceau, Jacques A. de (1505–85), 826

      Cerdagne, Spanish possession, 92, 94, 227

      Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547–1616), 216, 225, 905

      Cervini, Cardinal (1545), 928

      Cesarini, Cardinal Giuliano (1398–1444), 13, 185, 186

      Cesena, Michael (1324), 148

      Cesi, Cardinal (1534), 897

      Ceuta, Morocco, 192

      Chalcondyles, Demetrius (1424–1511), 123

      Châlons, France, 506

      Chambers, Dr. John, 843

      Chambiges, Pierre (d. 1544), 825

      Chambord, France, 496

      Gothic chateau, 825

      Chambord, Treaty of (1552), 455, 521

      chambre ardente, le, 521

      Champagne, France, 58

      Chandos, Sir John (d. 1370), 29, 112

      Chancellor, Richard (d. 1556), 655

      chansons, 773, 774

      Chantilly, France, Condé Museum, 80

      chantries, 115, 568

      Chapuys, Eustace, 531, 542, 548, 561

      charitable bequests, 304

      charity, 763

      Charlemagne (King of Franks, 768–814

      Emperor of the West, 800–814), 148, 149, 232, 923

      Charles I, King of England (1625–49), 839

      Charles IT, King of England (1660–85), 840

      Charles IV, King of France (1322–8), 61, 62

      Charles V, King of France (1364–80), 66, 67, 68–69, 76, 80, 157, 234, 252

      Charles VI, King of France (1380–1422), 69–76, 107, 126, 224, 232

      Charles VII, King of France (1422–61), u, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87–88, 89, 97, 519

      Charles VIII, King of France (1483–98), 93–94, 96, 98, 99, 260, 300, 771

      Charles IX, King of France (1560–74), 518

      Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1347–78), 148, 151–152, 155, 162, 171, 237, 726, 730

      Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–56), 18, 100, 142, 216, 221, 226, 228, 255, 283, 286, 287, 296, 317, 318, 338, 351, 352, 357–363, 380, 382, 393, 397, 412, 413, 428–430, 438, 441–444, 446, 450, 453–457, 461, 504, 507, 516, 521–522, 526, 527, 538, 539, 555, 558, 591, 593, 631–643, 697, 705, 706, 733, 919, 921

      quoted, 636

      Charles I, King of Hungary (1308–42), 184

      Charles II, King of Navarre (1349–87), 66, 68

      Charles I, King of Spain (1516–56), see Charles V, Emperor

      Charles, Count of Angoulême, (d. 1496), 491

      Charles IV, Due d’Alençon (1489–1525), 497, 498

      Charles, Duke of Berry, brother of Louis XI (1446–72), 91

      Charles, Duke of Bourbon (1505–27), 492, 507–508, 510, 512, 513, 519

      Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1467–77), 90, 91, 99, 127, 134–136, 142, 300, 403

      Charles, Duke of Orléans (13
    91–1465), 94, 102, 491

      quoted, 77–78

      Charles of Lannoy, 508, 510, 512

      Charles of Lorraine (1524–74), 520

      Charles of Valois, Dauphin, see Charles V of France

      Charles Robert of Anjou, see Charles I, King of Hungary

      charms, 850

      Charolais, Charles, Count of, see Charles the Bold

      Charpentier (Carpenterius), Jacques 565), 886

      Chartier, Alain (1385?-after 1434). 77

      Chartres, France, 68, 96

      Chartreuse de Champmol, 130, 131

      chapel, 131

      chastity, 21, 648, 932

      chastity belt, 303

      Chateaubriand, Edict of (1551), 521

      Chateaubriand, Françoise de Foix, Comtesse de (1475–1537), 492, 512

      Châteaudun, France, château (1464), 74, 97

      châteaux, 74, 96–99, 824–825

      Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1340–1400), 30, 38, 47–56, 112, 114

      Book of the Duchess (c. 1371). 49

      Canterbury Tales (1387?), 50–54

      House of Fame (1363), 49

      Legend of Good

      Women (1385), 40

      Parliament of Fowls (1381), 49

      Troilus and Criseyde (1385), 49–50

      Chaucer, John, 48

      Chaucer, Philippa Roet, 48

      “Chaucer, Prayer of,” 56

      Chauliac, Guy de (c. 1300–c. 1370), 231, 243, 244

      Chaumont, France, Chateau, 97

      Chaumpaigne, Cecelia, 48

      Chauvin, Gérard, 459

      Chčlcicky, Peter (1390–1460), 170, 171, 395

      chemistry, 242

      chemotherapy, 876

      Cherbourg, France, 69

      Chermoye, Philippe (1455), 101

      Chernigov, Russia, 173

      Cheseman, Robert, 843

      Chester mysteries (1328), 46

      Chevalier, Étienne (1460), 81

      child labor, 756

      China, 259, 261, 655, 664

      Chinon, France, 82, 84, 97

      Chirurgia (Mondeville), 244

      Choir, Sistine Chapel, 779, 781

      Chora monastery, 176

      Christ, The Imitation of (Thomas à Kempis), 20, 250

      Christian I, King of Denmark (1448–81); of Norway (1450–81), 146, 521

      Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway (1513–23, d. 1559), 621, 622, 623, 624, 627–628

      Christian III, King of Denmark (1534–59), 628

      Christian Brothers, Association of, 533

      Christian Liberty, A Treatise on (Luther), 356

      Christian Nobility, Open Letter to the (Luther), 420

      Christian Religion, The Principles of the (Calvin), 460–461

      Christianae fidei brevis et clara expositis (Zwingli), 413

      Christianity, 3–6, 12, 170, 182, 229, 333, 371, 502, 635

      Christianity, The Restitution of (Servitus), 481

      Christians, medieval, beliefs, 208

      Christine of Savoy, 449

      Christliche Einleitung, Eine kurze (Zwingli), 408

      Christopher II, King of Denmark (1320–26; 1330–32), 145

      Christus, Petrus (1420?-73), 133

      Dionysius the Carthusian (N. Y., Jules S. Bache Collection)

      Chronicle (Tschudi), 44

      Chronique des ducs de Bourgogne (Castellain), 130

      chronology, methods of, 736, 743

      chronometry, 241

      Chrysoloras, Manuel (1355?–1415), 123

      Church: administration, 933

      case against, 17–25

      disendowment, 33, 34, 35, 40

      corruption, 603

      English, royal supremacy over, 115

      Germany, 320, 328–333

      one hundred grievances against, 381

      patronage of scholarship and art, 12, 123, 157, 225

      ruler of Russia, 659

      Spain, 199, 207, 639, 845

      state supremacy, 377, 577, 626, 639

      Switzerland, 403

      trinitarian creed, 10

      university funds, 237

      see also clergy

      Church, On the (Huss), 406

      Church of England, 547, 548, 579, 590

      Church of the Brotherhood, 171–172

      Church organization, 246

      Church Unity, In Defense of (Pole), 562

      Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 B.C.), 234, 289, 291, 856

      Ciceronians, 791

      Cimabue, Giovanni (c. 1240-c. 1302), 177

      Ciompi (1378), 69

      Cisneros, Don Garcia de, 909

      city halls, 96, 130

      Ciudad Real, Castile, 214

      civic buildings, 96

      civilization, Ottoman, 707–716

      class distinctions, 37–38

      class war, 40, 62, 144, 756

      Claude of France, wife of Francis I (1499–1524), 95, 491, 495, 496, 519

      clavichord, 772

      Clavijo, see Gonzalez de Clavijo

      Clement V, Pope (1305–14), 177, 233

      Clement VI, Pope (1342–52), 7, 62, 151, 722, 730, 744

      Clement VII, Pope (1523–34), 8, 9, 382, 412, 434, 438, 450, 504, 510, 512, 514, 518, 534, 535, 538–540, 625, 697, 705, 722, 732–733, 734, 740, 891, 918–919, 927

      Clement, John (1556), quoted, 584

      Cléopatre captive (Jodelle), 811

      clergy: abuses, 544–545

      exemption from state laws, 24

      Hussite rebellion, 169

      personal morality, 19–21, 30, 128, 199, 205, 404, 435–436, 529, 530–531, 603, 932

      rulers of England, 27

      secular, 15, 16, 530

      strikes, 65

      worldliness, 37

      see also Church

      Clerk, Roger (1382), 231

      Clerks Regular of St. Paul (Barnabites), 899–900

      Cleve, Cornells van (1520–67), 831

      Cleve, Joos van (d. 1540), 822, 831

      Eleanor of Portugal (Vienna), 831

      Francis I (Cincinnati), 822

      Cleves, duchy, 445, 515

      climate, English, 39

      clocks, 241, 242

      clothing, specified by law, 474

      clothing manufacture, 38, 136

      Clothworkers’ Guild, 756

      Clouet, François (1510?-?72), 848

      portraits, 830

      Henry II (Uffizi), 830

      Clouet, Jean (c. 1485–1545), 791, 822, 829, 848

      Francis I, 830

      coal-fields, British, 38

      Cobbett, William (1763–1835), 578

      Cochin China, 195

      Cochlaeus, Johannes (1479–1552), 383, 851

      quoted, 426

      code, Turkish, 713

      Codure, Jean (1534), 910

      Coecke, Pieter, 832

      Coelho, Duarte (1537-?79), 195

      Coello, Alonso, see Sanchez Coello

      Coeur, Jacques (1395–1456), 87–88

      House of (c. 1450), 74, 79

      coffee drinking, 713

      Cognac, League of (1526), 512

      Coimbra, Portugal, university, 237

      Colchester, England, 42

      Colet, Sir Henry, 124

      Colet, John (1407?-1519), 25, 123, 124, 125, 273, 275, 291, 428, 429, 524, 768

      quoted, 525, 530

      Coligny, Gaspard de (1519–72), 520, 522, 635

      Collège de France, 788, 791, 797

      Collège Royale, France, 788, 790

      Colloquies (Erasmus), 272, 275, 289, 805

      Colmar, Germany, 156, 297

      Cologne, Archbishop of (1326), 153–154

      Cologne, Germany, 7, 8, 69, 121, 135, 144, 147, 153, 156, 159, 297, 299, 305, 356, 400, 440, 454, 467

      cathedral, 154

      Rathaus, 155

      Reichstag, 297

      university, 232

      Colombe, Michel (c. 1431–1512), Easter Sepulcher (New York), 98

      Colombo, Matteo Realdo (1516?-?59), 871, 872

      Colonna, Giulia Gonzaga, 696

      Colonna, Cardinal Ottone, see Martin
    V

      Colonna, Sciarra (d. 1329), 149

      Colonna, Vittoria (1492-?1547), 508, 893, 900, 926

      Columbus, Bartolomé (1445?-?1514), 265, 266

      Columbus, Christopher (1446?-1506), 24, 157, 194, 195, 216, 239, 240, 258–268, 269, 299

      quoted, 262, 266, 267

      Columbus, Diego (1450?-?1515), 265, 269

      Columbus, Ferdinand (1488–1539), 259, 266

      comedies, 46, 815, 817

      Comenius, John (1592–1672), 172

      cometary astronomy, 239

      comets, 850

      Comines, Philippe de (1447?-?1511), 89, 100, 299

      Cronique (1495–8), 99

      Memoires (1489–91), 99

      quoted, 89, 92, 100, 108

      Commendone, Giovanni, 630

      commerce, expansion, 15, 90, 109, 118, 157, 294, 651

      commercial hegemony, 632

      commercial revolution, 269, 867

      commercialism, 304, 763

      Committee of Public Safety, 399

      commodities, controlled buying, 382

      Common Chest, Regulation of a (Luther), 764

      common law, 759

      commoner, English, 109

      Commons, House of (Lower House), 27–28, 550, 570–571

      communication, 753

      communism, 32, 41, 59, no, iii, 153, 169, 170, 175, 294, 390, 393, 633, 634, 635

      Anabaptists, 395–402

      community chest, 764

      Compañía de Jesú:, 911

      Compère, Jacques (1329), 131

      Compiègne, France, 84, 96

      Complutum (Alcalá), 225*

      conceptualism, 246, 250

      conciliar movement, 9

      Concordat, 502, 503, 520

      concubinage, 21–22, 199, 256, 400, 403, 440, 529, 603, 932

      Condé, Prince Louis de (1530–69), 521

      Confederation, Swiss, 146, 147

      confession, 35, 37

      Confession of Faith and Discipline (Farel), 469, 470

      “Confession of the Lady Mary, The,” 561

      confessional box, 933

      Conflans, treaty of (1465), 91

      Confraternità della Carità, 896

      Confutation, Catholic, 443, 444

      Congo River, Africa, 194

      Congregation of Jesus Christ, Lords of the, 615, 616–618

      quoted, 616–617

      conic sections, 855

      Consensus Tigurinus (1549), 413

      Constance, Germany, 300, 443

      Council of, 10–11, 22, 37, 73, 165–167, 168, 350, 774, 927, 928, 930

      Treaty of (1446), 147

      Constance Missal, 159*

      Constantine XI Palaeologus, Holy Roman Emperor (1448–53), 182–183

      Constantinople, Turkey, 12, 159, 177, 178, 182, 680, 709

      capture by Turks, 16, 157, 171, 183, 649

      last years (1373–1453), 181–184

      mosques, 686, 715–716

      sacking (1204), 175

      St. Sophia cathedral, 183

      siege (1402), 181

      (1452), 182–183, 186

      consubstantiation, 354, 376, 412

     
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