The Reformation

  Portuguese, 195

  Indies, Caribbean, 194

  individualism of belief, 473, 475

  indulgencies, 11, 13, 22–24, 34, 37, 164, 199, 237, 326, 346, 348, 405, 503, 627, 933 (1517), 337–340, 406

  abuses, quoted, 932

  Indulgencies, Disputation for Clarification of the Power of (Luther), 340

  “Indulgencies and Grace, A Sermon on” (Luther), 345

  industrial arts, 155

  industrial economy, 14, 15

  Industrial Revolution, 242, 269

  industry, progress, 15, 38, 65, 109, 294

  infantry, 63, 65

  Strieltsi, 654

  Swiss, 147

  Turkish, 708

  infidels, 208

  inflation, 493, 659, 755–756

  influenza, 874

  informers, 521

  Ingolstadt, Germany, 356, 391

  inlay, gold and silver, 677

  Innocent III, Pope (1198–1216), 6, 12

  Innocent VII, Pope (1404–1406), 9

  Innocent VIII, Pope (1484–92), 13, 233

  inns, 114, 754

  Innsbruck, Germany, 455

  Diet (1518), 763

  Inquisition, 24, 33, 72, 85, 148, 153, 206, 225, 233, 302, 324, 332, 423, 483, 484, 505, 516, 521, 634, 639, 640, 641, 735, 845, 862

  Caroline, 635

  methods, 208–213

  Portuguese, 732–733

  progress (1480–1516), 213–216

  rules, quoted, 925

  Inquisition in Spain, History of the (Lea), 917*

  insane asylums, 245

  instincts, man’s natural, 373

  Institutes (Calvin), 460, 462, 467, 472, 477, 481, 521, 785

  insurance, 17, 198, 573

  Insurrection and Rebellion, Exhortation against (Luther), 365

  interdict, abuse of, 24

  interest rates, 15, 110,111, 198, 422, 475, 573, 728, . 755

  interlude, play, 46, 76

  intolerance, 208, 230

  investiture, papal right, 15

  Iraq, 663, 673, 678

  Ireland, 57, 569–570

  universities, 236

  iron cages, imprisonment in, 90

  Iron Maiden, 304

  irrigation canals, 674

  Isabella, Queen of Castile (1474–1504), 15, 92, 202, 203, 204–208, 213, 217, 221, 222, 226, 228, 260, 261, 263, 264, 268

  Isabella, Queen of England (1292–1358), 27, 61, 231

  Isabella, Queen of England (1396–1401), 56–57

  Isabella, sister of Charles V, 380, 382

  Isabella of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385–1422), 70

  Isabella of Portugal (1503–39), 511, 636

  Isabelle, Duchess of Lorraine (1410?-53), 87

  Isambart (Augustinian monk), 86

  Isen, Germany, monastery, 310

  Isfahan, Persia, 672, 684–685, 700

  Friday Mosque, 685, 686

  Ishaq, Abu (d. 1352), 667

  Islam, 16, 157, 181, 183, 190, 192, 203, 251, 676, 738

  Afranic, 695–698

  Isma’il I, Shah (1500–24), 676, 681, 698–699, 701

  Israel, Consolation for the Sorrows of (Usque), 742

  Israeli, Isaac, the Younger (1320), 743

  Isserles, Moses (1520–72), 739

  Istanbul, Turkey, 189

  see also Constantinople Italy: barbarian inundation, 5

  culture (1378), 48

  economic development, 58

  French invasions, 93–95, 506–510, 522, 525

  German invasions, 300, 512

  Jews, 218, 721, 734–735

  medical knowledge, 243

  music, 776

  Oriental trade, 192, 195

  Protestant reformers, 891–895

  universities, 788

  lulius exclusus (Erasmus), 278–281

  Ivan I, Prince of Vladimir (1328–41), 651

  Ivan II, Grand Prince (1353–59), 651

  Ivan III, the Great (1462–1505), 650, 652, 653, 661

  Ivan IV, the Terrible (1533–84), 653–662, 700

  Ivan, History of (Kurbski), 657

  Jacques Bonhomme, nickname, 67

  Jadwiga, Queen of Poland (1384–99), 173

  Jaén, Granada, 201

  Jagatai, Mongol Emperor (d. 1242), 671

  Jagatai tribes, 672

  Jagello, Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–86). see Ladislas II of Poland

  Jakoubek of Strzibo (1412), 168

  Jamaica, 267

  James I, King of Scotland (1406–37), 603,

  604; Kings Quair, The, 604

  James II, King of Scotland (1437–60), 605

  James III, King of Scotland (1460–88), 605

  James IV, King of Scotland (1488–1513), 605, 771

  James V, King of Scotland (1513–42), 603, 605

  Jami, Ghiyath ad-Din, 702

  Jami, Nuru’d-Din Abd-er-Raman (1414–92), 682

  quoted, 683–684

  Jamnitzer, Wenzel (1508–85), 835

  Janissaries, 709

  Jannequin, Clément (1530), 776, 809

  Janssen, Johannes (1829–91), quoted, 329–330

  Japan, 216, 259, 914

  Jean de Poitiers, 519

  Jeanne, daughter of Louis X, 61

  Jeanne de France (wife of Louis XII), 94–95

  Jednota Bratrska, Church of the Brotherhood, 171–172

  Jehan à la Barbe, see Sir John Mandeville

  Jena, Germany, 242, 457

  Jenkinson, Anthony (1560), 655, 700

  Jerome, Saint (340?-420), Vulgate, 225

  Jerome of Prague (1360?-1416), 74, 164, 165, 166

  quoted, 167

  Jerusalem, 60, 721, 737, 907

  jesters, 114

  Jesuits, 209, 631, 911–916, 933

  Jew of Malta (Marlowe), 722

  jewelry, 768

  Jewesses, 722

  Jewry, 738

  baptized, 201, 207–208, 209–210, 213, 214, 215, 217–218, 219

  badge, 735, 737–738

  Dispersion, 720, 734–737

  expulsion, 206, 217–219, 717, 731, 732

  persecution, 60, 61, 65, 72, 200, 727–734

  Sephardic, 736, 739

  Spanish, 200–201

  Jews, History of the (Graetz), 738

  Jews and Their Lies, Concerning the (Luther), 727

  Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg (1535–71), 440, 445, 454, 930

  Joachim of Floris (1145?-?1202), 25

  Joan (wife of Black Prince: 1328–85), 33, 44

  Joan of Arc (1412–31), 79, 81–88, 97, 111

  Joan of Valois (1340), 62

  Jodelle, Étienne (1532–73), 808, 815

  Cléopatre captive, 811

  Joffre, Jean (1409), 245

  John VIII, Pope, supposititious, 165

  John XXII, Pope (1316–34), 7, 8, 148, 149, 150, 154, 231, 232, 234, 249, 252, 780

  John XXIII, anti-pope (1410–15), 9–10, 164, 165

  John I, King of Aragon (1387–95), 224

  John, King of Bohemia (1310–46), 60, 71, 151, 161–162

  John I, King of Castile (1379–90), 191

  John II, King of Castile (1406–54), 204, 224

  John V, Palaeologus, Eastern Roman Emperor (1355–76), 178, 179

  John VI, Cantacuzene, Eastern Roman Emperor (1347–55), 176, 177, 179

  John VII, Palaeologus, Eastern Roman Emperor (1390; 1398–1412), 181

  John VIII, Palaeologus, Eastern Roman Emperor (1425–48), 176, 182

  John, King of England (1199–1216), 30, 32

  John II, King of France (1350–64), 28, 65, 66, 68, 126, 252

  John I, King of Portugal (1385–1433), 192

  John II, King of Portugal (1481–95), 194, 218, 219, 259, 260, 263, 264

  John III, King of Portugal (1521–57), 733, 740

  John, Duke of Berry (1340–1416), 68, 80

  John II, Duke of Bourbon, 102

  John, Elector of Saxony (1525–32), 380, 384, 3
91, 422, 424, 439, 446, 450, 454

  John Alexander of Bulgaria (d. 1365), 179

  John Frederick, Elector of Saxony (1332–47), 439

  John of Augsburg, 328

  John of Capistrano, Saint (1386–1456), 713, 721, 725, 729, 731

  John of Gaunt, English prince (1340–1399), 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 48, 57

  John of God, Saint (1495–1550), 900

  John of Jandun (d. 1328), 149, 252

  John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford (1389–1435), 70, 85

  John of Ley den (1509–36), 398, 399, 400, 401, 633

  John of Luxembourg (1430), 85

  John of Salisbury (d. 1180), 254

  John of Stresa (1360), 162

  John of the Cross, St. (1542–91), 904

  John Shishman (1392), 180

  John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (1404–19), 126

  Joinville, Jean de (1224?-1317), 99

  Joris, David (1501?–56), 484

  Joseph of Écija, 200

  Jouenneaux, Guy (1503), 20

  Juan de Quintana, 479

  Juan de Tavera, Cardinal, 847

  Juana la Loca, Queen of Castile (1504–1506), 225, 226, 301, 637, 638, 639

  Juana of Portugal (1462–1530), 204, 205

  Jour s’endort, Le (Dufay), 775

  journeymen, 59, 755, 756

  Joyeuse Entrie, 142

  Jud, Leo (1482–1542), 409, 413, 423

  Judaism, 422, 425, 466, 722, 723, 726, 747, 850

  Judaizing, 726

  Judenspiegel (Pfefferkorn), 323

  Julian calendar, reform, 238

  Julius II, Pope (1503–13), 13, 19, 23, 76, 199, 215, 275, 276, 278, 281, 287, 290, 300, 331, 332, 337, 404, 536, 539, 722, 922

  Julius III, Pope (1550–55), 743, 922, 925, 930–931

  Junkers, 144

  Jürgen, Johann (1533), 753

  Jurischitz, Nicholas (1532), 705

  jurisprudence, 254, 759, 791

  justification by faith, 172, 641, 920, 926

  Justinian Code, 759

  Justus van Ghent (c. 1433–0. 1481), 137, 223

  Juvénal des Ursins (1460), 80

  “Kaiser Sigismund’s Reformation,” 145

  Kalkar, Jan Stefan van (c. 1499–1550), 870, 871

  Kalmar, Sweden, 146

  Kalonymos ben Kalonymos (1286-c, 1329). 723–724

  Kansas, discovery, 865

  Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 248, 251

  Kappel, Switzerland, 413

  Peace of (1529), 411

  Karo, Joseph (1488–1575), 739

  “Karstans,” pamphlet, 382

  Kashan, Persia, 688, 698

  Kaspi, Joseph (c. 1280–0. 1340), 744

  Kassa, Poland: Privilege of (1374), 173

  school of artists, 189

  Katechismus, Kleiner (Luther), 447

  Katherine of Valois, wife of Henry V of England (1401–37), 70

  Kazan, Russia, 652, 655, 660

  Keiserberg, Geiler von (1500), 305

  Kemény, Simon (d. 1442), 185

  Kempis, Thomas à (1380–1471), 129, 250

  Kent, England, uprising (1381), 41–42

  Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630), 862

  Kermis, feast, 305, 728

  Ket, Robert (1549), 581, 582, 583

  Khair ed-Din, see Barbarossa II

  Khalil Pasha, Vizier, 182

  Khoja Ilias (1361), 671, 672

  Khurasan, Persia, 676, 678, 698, 699

  Khurrem, wife of Suleiman (d. 1558), 717

  Khwandamir, quoted, 688

  Kiev, Russia, 173, 653

  Kildare, Earl of, see Gerald Fitzgerald

  Kilkenny, Statute of (1366), 569

  “King of the Romans,” 147

  kings: divine right, 448, 457, 881

  medieval function, 145

  King’s Council, 27, 29, 43

  king’s courts, 30

  Kings Quair, The (James I), 604

  Kingston, Lady, 560

  Kingston, Sir William, 542

  Kirkaldy, Sir James, 606

  Kirman, Persia, 698

  Kitazato, Shibasaburo (1852–1931), 64

  Knight, William, 539

  knights: German, 299

  Livonian, 161

  revolt, 380

  Knights of Rhodes, 674

  Knights of St. John, 180, 703, 704, 718

  Knox, John (1505?–72), 152, 489, 607–615, 616- 620, 849

  quoted, 609, 611–614

  Exhortation, A Brief, 615

  Faith, Confession of, 618–619

  God’s Truth in England, A Faithful Admonition to, 611

  Reformation of Religion in Scotland, 607

  Scotland, Appellation to the Nobility and Estates of, 613

  Women, .... Monstrous Regiment of, 612

  Knox, Margaret Bowes, 609

  Knutsen, Kark (1435–70), 146

  Koberger, Anton, 320, 768

  Koberger, Johann (1510), 159

  Kobilich, Milosh (d. 1389), 180

  Kolozsvari, Nicholas (1370), 184

  Königshofen, Germany, 391

  Konya (Iconium), Asia Minor, 678

  Koran, 708

  Kosovo, 180, 181, 182, 186, 679, 680

  Kraft, Adam (1460?-1508), 308–309

  Krell, Ostwolt, 314

  Kromer, Bishop (1581), 863

  Kruja, Albania, 187

  Kublai Khan (1229–94), 664

  Kunovitza, 182

  Kurbski, Andrei (1528?-83), 656

  History of Ivan, 657

  Kurfürstentag, Diet of Electors, 147, 148

  Kutna Hora, Treaty of (1485), 171

  Kyng, Margaret, 121

  La Boétie, Étienne de (1530–68), 882–883;

  quoted, 882

  La Bruyère, Jean de (1645–96), 807

  Labé, Louise (1526–66), 808

  labor: bargaining power, 64–65

  conscription, 39

  passage of, 15

  regulation of conditions, no, 198

  revolts, 110–111

  Labourers, Statute of, 40, 110

  Labrador, 194, 258

  Labyrinth, The (de Mena), 224

  Laccaria, Antonio (1502–39), 899

  lace, Spanish, 847

  Ladies Peace (1529), 513

  La Goletta, 697, 698

  Ladislas I, King of Bohemia (1452–7)

  Ladislas V, King of Hungary (1446–52), 185–186

  Ladislas II, King of Bohemia (1471–1516), 171

  Ladislas II, King of Hungary (1490–1516), 190

  Ladislas, King of Naples (1386–1414), 164

  Ladislas I, King of Poland (1306–33), 172

  Ladislas II, King of Poland (1386–1434), 173

  Laetus, Julius Pomponius (1428–98), 919

  La Fontaine, Jean de (1621–95), 807

  La Hire (Gascon soldier; 1429), 86

  quoted, 83

  Lais, Les (Villon), 102

  Lambert, John, 571

  Lambeth, England, 21

  Lamentations of Jeremiah (Palestrina), 782

  La Mettrie, Julien (1709–51), 939

  land: accumulation by Church, 17

  inheritance by women, 61*; rental, 40

  Landino, Francesco (c. 1325–97), 771

  Lang, Matthias, Archbishop of Salzburg (1525), 389

  Langeais, castle, 97

  Langenstein, Heinrich von (1381), 9

  Langland, William (c. 1332–0. 1398), 30

  Piers the Plowman, 46–47

  language: Burgundy, 130

  England, 45, 54

  France, 92

  Germany, 301, 369

  Greek, 5

  Hebrew, 323

  Jüdisch, 738

  Latin, 5, 6, 45, 235, 369

  Latin America, 269

  literature, 92, 99

  Spain* 815–816

  Sweden, 625

  Turks, 678

  vernacular, 886

  Languedoc, 58, 69, 71

 
Languet, Hubert (1518–81), 873, 891, 892

  Lanzarote, Captain (1444), 193, 194

  Lark, Song of the (Jannequin), 776

  La Rochelle, France, 506, 520

  La Salle, Antoine de (c. 1398–0. 1462), Cent nouvelles nouvelles (c. 1460), 75, 90

  Las Casas, Bartolomé de (1474–1566), 817

  Lascaris, John (1445?-1535), 790

  Laski, Jan (1499–1560), 580, 599, 630

  Lasso, Orlando di (c. 1530–94), 776–777, 779

  Last Supper, The (da Vinci), 132

  Lateran, Fifth Council, 16, 924

  Latimer, Hugh (1485?-1555), 532, 534, 565, 572, 581, 589, 596, 597–598

  Latimer, William (c. 1460–1545), 123

  Latin mysteries (1182), 46

  Latium, Papal State, 8

  Laudibus legum Angliae, De (Fortescue), 115

  Lausanne, Switzerland, 469

  Lautrec, Vicomte de (1485–1528), 494, 512

  La Valette, Jean Parisot de (1494–1568), 718

  law: Christian state, 472

  obeying, 377

  Ottoman codes, 708

  secular, 15

  law schools, 254

  Lawbook of Czar Dushan, 179

  lawlessness, 112

  Laws, The (Pletho), 176

  lay chalice, 168

  lay conduct, regulating, 473–474

  lay morality, 765

  lay priests, 36

  Laynez, Diego (1512–65), 910, 911, 913, 928, 929

  Lazar I, King of Serbia (1371–89), 180

  Leamington, England, 119

  “learned ignorance,” 255

  learning: pre-Christian, 16

  Protestant derogation, 426

  leather, Spanish, 847

  Leclerc, Jean, 503, 506

  Leclerc, Pierre, 506

  Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques (1450?-1530), 468, 499, 502, 504, 505

  legacies, 17

  Leinberger, Simon (1470), 306

  Leipheim, Germany, 388

  Leipzig, Germany, 339*, 356

  theological debate, Eck and Carlstadt, 349–350

  Leith, Scotland, 617

  Le Jay, Claude (1534), 910, 928

  Lenten fasts, 406

  Leo III, Pope (795–816), 148, 149, 923

  Leo X, Pope (1513–21), 14, 19, 23, 25, 225, 283, 285, 287, 291, 324, 325, 327, 332, 557–556, 346–350, 355, 358, 362, 363, 406, 425, 429, 431, 492, 507, 520, 525, 526, 621, 681, 722, 771, 858, 918

  quoted, 20, 286

  Exsurge Domine, 352, 420, 426

  Leo Africanus (1550), Deseriptio Africae, 864

  León, Castile, 197, 221

  Leoni, Leone (1509–90), 845

  Leonor de Cisneros, 640

  Leonora Telles de Menesco (regent of Portugal, 1383–86), 191

  leprosy, 72, 245, 874

  Lérida, Spain, 221

  Leroux, Roland (1493), 96, 830

  Lesage, Alain (1668–1747), 818

  Lesbos, Greece, 187

  Lescot, Pierre (1510?-78), 827, 848

  “Fountain of the Innocents,” 830

  Leslie, Norman (d.1554), 606

  Letters of Obscure Men to the Venerable Master Ortuinus Gratius, 324–325, 426