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    The Reformation

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      Portuguese, 195

      Indies, Caribbean, 194

      individualism of belief, 473, 475

      indulgencies, 11, 13, 22–24, 34, 37, 164, 199, 237, 326, 346, 348, 405, 503, 627, 933 (1517), 337–340, 406

      abuses, quoted, 932

      Indulgencies, Disputation for Clarification of the Power of (Luther), 340

      “Indulgencies and Grace, A Sermon on” (Luther), 345

      industrial arts, 155

      industrial economy, 14, 15

      Industrial Revolution, 242, 269

      industry, progress, 15, 38, 65, 109, 294

      infantry, 63, 65

      Strieltsi, 654

      Swiss, 147

      Turkish, 708

      infidels, 208

      inflation, 493, 659, 755–756

      influenza, 874

      informers, 521

      Ingolstadt, Germany, 356, 391

      inlay, gold and silver, 677

      Innocent III, Pope (1198–1216), 6, 12

      Innocent VII, Pope (1404–1406), 9

      Innocent VIII, Pope (1484–92), 13, 233

      inns, 114, 754

      Innsbruck, Germany, 455

      Diet (1518), 763

      Inquisition, 24, 33, 72, 85, 148, 153, 206, 225, 233, 302, 324, 332, 423, 483, 484, 505, 516, 521, 634, 639, 640, 641, 735, 845, 862

      Caroline, 635

      methods, 208–213

      Portuguese, 732–733

      progress (1480–1516), 213–216

      rules, quoted, 925

      Inquisition in Spain, History of the (Lea), 917*

      insane asylums, 245

      instincts, man’s natural, 373

      Institutes (Calvin), 460, 462, 467, 472, 477, 481, 521, 785

      insurance, 17, 198, 573

      Insurrection and Rebellion, Exhortation against (Luther), 365

      interdict, abuse of, 24

      interest rates, 15, 110,111, 198, 422, 475, 573, 728, . 755

      interlude, play, 46, 76

      intolerance, 208, 230

      investiture, papal right, 15

      Iraq, 663, 673, 678

      Ireland, 57, 569–570

      universities, 236

      iron cages, imprisonment in, 90

      Iron Maiden, 304

      irrigation canals, 674

      Isabella, Queen of Castile (1474–1504), 15, 92, 202, 203, 204–208, 213, 217, 221, 222, 226, 228, 260, 261, 263, 264, 268

      Isabella, Queen of England (1292–1358), 27, 61, 231

      Isabella, Queen of England (1396–1401), 56–57

      Isabella, sister of Charles V, 380, 382

      Isabella of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385–1422), 70

      Isabella of Portugal (1503–39), 511, 636

      Isabelle, Duchess of Lorraine (1410?-53), 87

      Isambart (Augustinian monk), 86

      Isen, Germany, monastery, 310

      Isfahan, Persia, 672, 684–685, 700

      Friday Mosque, 685, 686

      Ishaq, Abu (d. 1352), 667

      Islam, 16, 157, 181, 183, 190, 192, 203, 251, 676, 738

      Afranic, 695–698

      Isma’il I, Shah (1500–24), 676, 681, 698–699, 701

      Israel, Consolation for the Sorrows of (Usque), 742

      Israeli, Isaac, the Younger (1320), 743

      Isserles, Moses (1520–72), 739

      Istanbul, Turkey, 189

      see also Constantinople Italy: barbarian inundation, 5

      culture (1378), 48

      economic development, 58

      French invasions, 93–95, 506–510, 522, 525

      German invasions, 300, 512

      Jews, 218, 721, 734–735

      medical knowledge, 243

      music, 776

      Oriental trade, 192, 195

      Protestant reformers, 891–895

      universities, 788

      lulius exclusus (Erasmus), 278–281

      Ivan I, Prince of Vladimir (1328–41), 651

      Ivan II, Grand Prince (1353–59), 651

      Ivan III, the Great (1462–1505), 650, 652, 653, 661

      Ivan IV, the Terrible (1533–84), 653–662, 700

      Ivan, History of (Kurbski), 657

      Jacques Bonhomme, nickname, 67

      Jadwiga, Queen of Poland (1384–99), 173

      Jaén, Granada, 201

      Jagatai, Mongol Emperor (d. 1242), 671

      Jagatai tribes, 672

      Jagello, Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–86). see Ladislas II of Poland

      Jakoubek of Strzibo (1412), 168

      Jamaica, 267

      James I, King of Scotland (1406–37), 603,

      604; Kings Quair, The, 604

      James II, King of Scotland (1437–60), 605

      James III, King of Scotland (1460–88), 605

      James IV, King of Scotland (1488–1513), 605, 771

      James V, King of Scotland (1513–42), 603, 605

      Jami, Ghiyath ad-Din, 702

      Jami, Nuru’d-Din Abd-er-Raman (1414–92), 682

      quoted, 683–684

      Jamnitzer, Wenzel (1508–85), 835

      Janissaries, 709

      Jannequin, Clément (1530), 776, 809

      Janssen, Johannes (1829–91), quoted, 329–330

      Japan, 216, 259, 914

      Jean de Poitiers, 519

      Jeanne, daughter of Louis X, 61

      Jeanne de France (wife of Louis XII), 94–95

      Jednota Bratrska, Church of the Brotherhood, 171–172

      Jehan à la Barbe, see Sir John Mandeville

      Jena, Germany, 242, 457

      Jenkinson, Anthony (1560), 655, 700

      Jerome, Saint (340?-420), Vulgate, 225

      Jerome of Prague (1360?-1416), 74, 164, 165, 166

      quoted, 167

      Jerusalem, 60, 721, 737, 907

      jesters, 114

      Jesuits, 209, 631, 911–916, 933

      Jew of Malta (Marlowe), 722

      jewelry, 768

      Jewesses, 722

      Jewry, 738

      baptized, 201, 207–208, 209–210, 213, 214, 215, 217–218, 219

      badge, 735, 737–738

      Dispersion, 720, 734–737

      expulsion, 206, 217–219, 717, 731, 732

      persecution, 60, 61, 65, 72, 200, 727–734

      Sephardic, 736, 739

      Spanish, 200–201

      Jews, History of the (Graetz), 738

      Jews and Their Lies, Concerning the (Luther), 727

      Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg (1535–71), 440, 445, 454, 930

      Joachim of Floris (1145?-?1202), 25

      Joan (wife of Black Prince: 1328–85), 33, 44

      Joan of Arc (1412–31), 79, 81–88, 97, 111

      Joan of Valois (1340), 62

      Jodelle, Étienne (1532–73), 808, 815

      Cléopatre captive, 811

      Joffre, Jean (1409), 245

      John VIII, Pope, supposititious, 165

      John XXII, Pope (1316–34), 7, 8, 148, 149, 150, 154, 231, 232, 234, 249, 252, 780

      John XXIII, anti-pope (1410–15), 9–10, 164, 165

      John I, King of Aragon (1387–95), 224

      John, King of Bohemia (1310–46), 60, 71, 151, 161–162

      John I, King of Castile (1379–90), 191

      John II, King of Castile (1406–54), 204, 224

      John V, Palaeologus, Eastern Roman Emperor (1355–76), 178, 179

      John VI, Cantacuzene, Eastern Roman Emperor (1347–55), 176, 177, 179

      John VII, Palaeologus, Eastern Roman Emperor (1390; 1398–1412), 181

      John VIII, Palaeologus, Eastern Roman Emperor (1425–48), 176, 182

      John, King of England (1199–1216), 30, 32

      John II, King of France (1350–64), 28, 65, 66, 68, 126, 252

      John I, King of Portugal (1385–1433), 192

      John II, King of Portugal (1481–95), 194, 218, 219, 259, 260, 263, 264

      John III, King of Portugal (1521–57), 733, 740

      John, Duke of Berry (1340–1416), 68, 80

      John II, Duke of Bourbon, 102

      John, Elector of Saxony (1525–32), 380, 384, 3
    91, 422, 424, 439, 446, 450, 454

      John Alexander of Bulgaria (d. 1365), 179

      John Frederick, Elector of Saxony (1332–47), 439

      John of Augsburg, 328

      John of Capistrano, Saint (1386–1456), 713, 721, 725, 729, 731

      John of Gaunt, English prince (1340–1399), 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 48, 57

      John of God, Saint (1495–1550), 900

      John of Jandun (d. 1328), 149, 252

      John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford (1389–1435), 70, 85

      John of Ley den (1509–36), 398, 399, 400, 401, 633

      John of Luxembourg (1430), 85

      John of Salisbury (d. 1180), 254

      John of Stresa (1360), 162

      John of the Cross, St. (1542–91), 904

      John Shishman (1392), 180

      John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (1404–19), 126

      Joinville, Jean de (1224?-1317), 99

      Joris, David (1501?–56), 484

      Joseph of Écija, 200

      Jouenneaux, Guy (1503), 20

      Juan de Quintana, 479

      Juan de Tavera, Cardinal, 847

      Juana la Loca, Queen of Castile (1504–1506), 225, 226, 301, 637, 638, 639

      Juana of Portugal (1462–1530), 204, 205

      Jour s’endort, Le (Dufay), 775

      journeymen, 59, 755, 756

      Joyeuse Entrie, 142

      Jud, Leo (1482–1542), 409, 413, 423

      Judaism, 422, 425, 466, 722, 723, 726, 747, 850

      Judaizing, 726

      Judenspiegel (Pfefferkorn), 323

      Julian calendar, reform, 238

      Julius II, Pope (1503–13), 13, 19, 23, 76, 199, 215, 275, 276, 278, 281, 287, 290, 300, 331, 332, 337, 404, 536, 539, 722, 922

      Julius III, Pope (1550–55), 743, 922, 925, 930–931

      Junkers, 144

      Jürgen, Johann (1533), 753

      Jurischitz, Nicholas (1532), 705

      jurisprudence, 254, 759, 791

      justification by faith, 172, 641, 920, 926

      Justinian Code, 759

      Justus van Ghent (c. 1433–0. 1481), 137, 223

      Juvénal des Ursins (1460), 80

      “Kaiser Sigismund’s Reformation,” 145

      Kalkar, Jan Stefan van (c. 1499–1550), 870, 871

      Kalmar, Sweden, 146

      Kalonymos ben Kalonymos (1286-c, 1329). 723–724

      Kansas, discovery, 865

      Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 248, 251

      Kappel, Switzerland, 413

      Peace of (1529), 411

      Karo, Joseph (1488–1575), 739

      “Karstans,” pamphlet, 382

      Kashan, Persia, 688, 698

      Kaspi, Joseph (c. 1280–0. 1340), 744

      Kassa, Poland: Privilege of (1374), 173

      school of artists, 189

      Katechismus, Kleiner (Luther), 447

      Katherine of Valois, wife of Henry V of England (1401–37), 70

      Kazan, Russia, 652, 655, 660

      Keiserberg, Geiler von (1500), 305

      Kemény, Simon (d. 1442), 185

      Kempis, Thomas à (1380–1471), 129, 250

      Kent, England, uprising (1381), 41–42

      Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630), 862

      Kermis, feast, 305, 728

      Ket, Robert (1549), 581, 582, 583

      Khair ed-Din, see Barbarossa II

      Khalil Pasha, Vizier, 182

      Khoja Ilias (1361), 671, 672

      Khurasan, Persia, 676, 678, 698, 699

      Khurrem, wife of Suleiman (d. 1558), 717

      Khwandamir, quoted, 688

      Kiev, Russia, 173, 653

      Kildare, Earl of, see Gerald Fitzgerald

      Kilkenny, Statute of (1366), 569

      “King of the Romans,” 147

      kings: divine right, 448, 457, 881

      medieval function, 145

      King’s Council, 27, 29, 43

      king’s courts, 30

      Kings Quair, The (James I), 604

      Kingston, Lady, 560

      Kingston, Sir William, 542

      Kirkaldy, Sir James, 606

      Kirman, Persia, 698

      Kitazato, Shibasaburo (1852–1931), 64

      Knight, William, 539

      knights: German, 299

      Livonian, 161

      revolt, 380

      Knights of Rhodes, 674

      Knights of St. John, 180, 703, 704, 718

      Knox, John (1505?–72), 152, 489, 607–615, 616- 620, 849

      quoted, 609, 611–614

      Exhortation, A Brief, 615

      Faith, Confession of, 618–619

      God’s Truth in England, A Faithful Admonition to, 611

      Reformation of Religion in Scotland, 607

      Scotland, Appellation to the Nobility and Estates of, 613

      Women, .... Monstrous Regiment of, 612

      Knox, Margaret Bowes, 609

      Knutsen, Kark (1435–70), 146

      Koberger, Anton, 320, 768

      Koberger, Johann (1510), 159

      Kobilich, Milosh (d. 1389), 180

      Kolozsvari, Nicholas (1370), 184

      Königshofen, Germany, 391

      Konya (Iconium), Asia Minor, 678

      Koran, 708

      Kosovo, 180, 181, 182, 186, 679, 680

      Kraft, Adam (1460?-1508), 308–309

      Krell, Ostwolt, 314

      Kromer, Bishop (1581), 863

      Kruja, Albania, 187

      Kublai Khan (1229–94), 664

      Kunovitza, 182

      Kurbski, Andrei (1528?-83), 656

      History of Ivan, 657

      Kurfürstentag, Diet of Electors, 147, 148

      Kutna Hora, Treaty of (1485), 171

      Kyng, Margaret, 121

      La Boétie, Étienne de (1530–68), 882–883;

      quoted, 882

      La Bruyère, Jean de (1645–96), 807

      Labé, Louise (1526–66), 808

      labor: bargaining power, 64–65

      conscription, 39

      passage of, 15

      regulation of conditions, no, 198

      revolts, 110–111

      Labourers, Statute of, 40, 110

      Labrador, 194, 258

      Labyrinth, The (de Mena), 224

      Laccaria, Antonio (1502–39), 899

      lace, Spanish, 847

      Ladies Peace (1529), 513

      La Goletta, 697, 698

      Ladislas I, King of Bohemia (1452–7)

      Ladislas V, King of Hungary (1446–52), 185–186

      Ladislas II, King of Bohemia (1471–1516), 171

      Ladislas II, King of Hungary (1490–1516), 190

      Ladislas, King of Naples (1386–1414), 164

      Ladislas I, King of Poland (1306–33), 172

      Ladislas II, King of Poland (1386–1434), 173

      Laetus, Julius Pomponius (1428–98), 919

      La Fontaine, Jean de (1621–95), 807

      La Hire (Gascon soldier; 1429), 86

      quoted, 83

      Lais, Les (Villon), 102

      Lambert, John, 571

      Lambeth, England, 21

      Lamentations of Jeremiah (Palestrina), 782

      La Mettrie, Julien (1709–51), 939

      land: accumulation by Church, 17

      inheritance by women, 61*; rental, 40

      Landino, Francesco (c. 1325–97), 771

      Lang, Matthias, Archbishop of Salzburg (1525), 389

      Langeais, castle, 97

      Langenstein, Heinrich von (1381), 9

      Langland, William (c. 1332–0. 1398), 30

      Piers the Plowman, 46–47

      language: Burgundy, 130

      England, 45, 54

      France, 92

      Germany, 301, 369

      Greek, 5

      Hebrew, 323

      Jüdisch, 738

      Latin, 5, 6, 45, 235, 369

      Latin America, 269

      literature, 92, 99

      Spain* 815–816

      Sweden, 625

      Turks, 678

      vernacular, 886

      Languedoc, 58, 69, 71

     
    Languet, Hubert (1518–81), 873, 891, 892

      Lanzarote, Captain (1444), 193, 194

      Lark, Song of the (Jannequin), 776

      La Rochelle, France, 506, 520

      La Salle, Antoine de (c. 1398–0. 1462), Cent nouvelles nouvelles (c. 1460), 75, 90

      Las Casas, Bartolomé de (1474–1566), 817

      Lascaris, John (1445?-1535), 790

      Laski, Jan (1499–1560), 580, 599, 630

      Lasso, Orlando di (c. 1530–94), 776–777, 779

      Last Supper, The (da Vinci), 132

      Lateran, Fifth Council, 16, 924

      Latimer, Hugh (1485?-1555), 532, 534, 565, 572, 581, 589, 596, 597–598

      Latimer, William (c. 1460–1545), 123

      Latin mysteries (1182), 46

      Latium, Papal State, 8

      Laudibus legum Angliae, De (Fortescue), 115

      Lausanne, Switzerland, 469

      Lautrec, Vicomte de (1485–1528), 494, 512

      La Valette, Jean Parisot de (1494–1568), 718

      law: Christian state, 472

      obeying, 377

      Ottoman codes, 708

      secular, 15

      law schools, 254

      Lawbook of Czar Dushan, 179

      lawlessness, 112

      Laws, The (Pletho), 176

      lay chalice, 168

      lay conduct, regulating, 473–474

      lay morality, 765

      lay priests, 36

      Laynez, Diego (1512–65), 910, 911, 913, 928, 929

      Lazar I, King of Serbia (1371–89), 180

      Leamington, England, 119

      “learned ignorance,” 255

      learning: pre-Christian, 16

      Protestant derogation, 426

      leather, Spanish, 847

      Leclerc, Jean, 503, 506

      Leclerc, Pierre, 506

      Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques (1450?-1530), 468, 499, 502, 504, 505

      legacies, 17

      Leinberger, Simon (1470), 306

      Leipheim, Germany, 388

      Leipzig, Germany, 339*, 356

      theological debate, Eck and Carlstadt, 349–350

      Leith, Scotland, 617

      Le Jay, Claude (1534), 910, 928

      Lenten fasts, 406

      Leo III, Pope (795–816), 148, 149, 923

      Leo X, Pope (1513–21), 14, 19, 23, 25, 225, 283, 285, 287, 291, 324, 325, 327, 332, 557–556, 346–350, 355, 358, 362, 363, 406, 425, 429, 431, 492, 507, 520, 525, 526, 621, 681, 722, 771, 858, 918

      quoted, 20, 286

      Exsurge Domine, 352, 420, 426

      Leo Africanus (1550), Deseriptio Africae, 864

      León, Castile, 197, 221

      Leoni, Leone (1509–90), 845

      Leonor de Cisneros, 640

      Leonora Telles de Menesco (regent of Portugal, 1383–86), 191

      leprosy, 72, 245, 874

      Lérida, Spain, 221

      Leroux, Roland (1493), 96, 830

      Lesage, Alain (1668–1747), 818

      Lesbos, Greece, 187

      Lescot, Pierre (1510?-78), 827, 848

      “Fountain of the Innocents,” 830

      Leslie, Norman (d.1554), 606

      Letters of Obscure Men to the Venerable Master Ortuinus Gratius, 324–325, 426

     
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