The Age of Louis XIV

  Puy de Dôme, 56

  Pyrenees, the, 41

  Peace of the (1659), 3, 11, 97, 129, 164, 200, 446, 448

  Pyrrho (365?–275? B.C.), 64, 611, 612

  quadrature of a cycloid, 57

  of a circle, 499, 500, 562

  Quakers, 194, 196–99, 253, 255–56, 273, 351, 590

  and quietism, 83, 209

  Penn’s colony of in America, 255, 256

  and royal declarations of toleration, 253, 255, 278, 289, 292, 301

  in Germany, 255, 416

  Quatre Amis (Four Friends), 126, 144, 146

  Queen Anne’s Bounty, 352

  Queen Mab (Shelley), 657

  Queen’s Theatre, 313

  Quercy, France, 708

  Quesnay, François (1694–1774), 690

  Quesnel, Pasquier (1634–1719), 69

  quietism, 83, 416, 429–30, 690

  Quinault, Philippe (1635–88), 33, 125

  Rabelais, François (1494?–1553), 27, 130, 146, 153, 207

  Racan, Honorat de Bueil, Marquis de (1589–1670), 147

  Racine, Jean Baptiste (1639–99), 85, 98, 128, 129, 132–44, 153, 162, 312, 618

  and Boileau, 135, 142, 146–49

  passim; classicism of, 131, 135, 142, 143–44, 149, 529

  and Corneille, 132, 134–36

  passim, 138, 139, 142–44

  passim; death of, 142

  and Dryden, 323, 326

  and Mile, du Parc, 134–35, 137, 140

  and Mme. Henrietta, 35, 132, 135

  Louis XIV’s support of, 12, 130, 133, 140–42

  passim, 720

  and Molière, 126, 133, 134, 137

  and Port-Royal, 61, 69, 132, 133–34, 139“42 passim

  Radcliffe, John (1650–1714), 354

  Rainaldi, Carlo (1611–91), 434

  Rainaldi, Girolamo (fl. 1655), 434

  Rákóczy, Francis II (1676–1735), 426

  Rákóczy, George II, Prince of Transylvania (r. 1631–48), 421

  Ramazzini, Bernardino (1633–1714), 525

  Rambouillet, Catherine de Vivonne de Savelli, Marquise de (1588–1665), 30–31, 109, 155

  Rambouillet, Hôtel de, 30–31, 75, 108, 109, 150, 155

  Rameses II, King of Egypt (r. 1292–1225 B.C.), 338

  Ramillies, battle of (1706), 708

  Ramsay, David (fl. 1630), 517

  Raneé, Armand Jean Le Bouthillier de (1626–1700), 47, 79

  Randolph family, in America, 183

  Ranke, Leopold von (1795–1886), 431

  Raphael (Rafaelo Sanzio: 1483–1520), 90, 94, 96, 143, 250, 434, 435, 437

  Rastatt, Treaty of (1714), 714

  Rathmines, Ireland, 186

  Ratisbon, see Regensburg

  Ray, John (1628–1705), 497, 519, 524

  Ready and Easy Way, The (Milton), 232–34

  Reasonableness of Christianity as Delivered in the Scriptures, The (Locke), 589

  Reason of Church Government Urged against Prelaty, The (Milton), 220

  Redi, Francesco (1626–99), 520

  Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning (Wotton), 491

  Réflexions sur le métier de roi (Louis XIV), 15*

  Réflexions morales sur le Nouveau Testament (Quesnel), 69

  Réflexions sur les divers génies du peuple romain (Saint-Évremond), 161

  Reformation, 69, 104, 366, 399, 463, 469, 681

  Regency, French (1715–23), 86, 99, 604, 690

  Regensburg (Ratisbon), 419, 511

  Truce of (1684), 45, 425

  Regii Sanguinis Clamor ad Coelum Adversus Parracidas Anglicanos (Moulin), 229–32

  Rehearsal, The (Buckingham), 270, 323, 325

  Rehnskjoll, Carl (fl. 1709), 387

  Reinken, Jan (1623–1722), 419

  Relapse, The (Vanbrugh), 317

  Relation de l’île de Borneo (Fontenelle), 617

  Religio Laid (Dryden), 327

  religion: cuius regio principle, 71

  importance of, in 17th cent., 69, 194

  and morality, 79–80, 269, 344, 345, 584, 591, 606–7, 613, 628, 660

  Pascal’s defense of, 55, 61–65

  and philosophy, see under philosophy

  and science, 509, 523, 529, 542–43, 546, 566

  Religious Courtship, The (Defoe), 337

  religious freedom: Bayle’s advocacy of, 607–8, 610, 613

  Bossuet on, 70, 79–80, 666

  cuius regio principle, 71

  in England, 194, 252–56, 289, 292, 293, 295, 301–2, 311, 330, 351, see also England, religious issues

  in France, 5, 69, 457, see also Huguenots and Nantes, Edict of

  in Germany, 483, 660, 665–67

  Harrington’s advocacy of, 565

  Hobbes’s opposition to, 559

  in Hungary, 423

  in Italy, 456–57, 484

  Locke’s advocacy of, 578–579, 588–90

  in New Jersey constitution, 256

  Penn’s advocacy of, 255–56

  in Poland, 374

  Pufendorf’s advocacy of, 659

  in Russia, 379

  Swift’s opposition to, 351

  in United Provinces, 167–68, 458, 483–84, 620, 622

  Religious Wars (France, 1562–94), 50, 75, 87, 485, 566

  Remarks on a Late Discourse of Freethinking (Bentley), 492, 572

  Rembrandt Harmensj van Rijn (1606–69), 89, 165, 169, 170, 171, 459

  Renaissance: French, 75, 681

  Italian, 88, 104, 143, 163

  Renati Des Cartes Principia Philosophiae more geometrico demonstrata (Spinoza), 625

  Reni, Guido (1575–1642), 434

  Republic (Plato), 657

  Retz, Jean François Paul de Gondi de, Cardinal (1614–79), 4, 6–7, 8, 10–11, 98, 151, 160

  Reubeni, David (C.1490–C.1536), 471

  Revel, 403

  Review, The (periodical), 313, 336, 338, 339

  Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723–92), 266

  Rhine river: Dutch control mouth of, 41, 175, 411

  French crossing of, 97, 176

  French power extending to, 41–45, 661, 714

  Leibniz’ plan for defending, 661

  Marlborough’s crossing of, 704

  Rhineland, see Palatinate

  Rhode Island colony, 253

  Rhone river, 25

  Ribera, José (1588–1652), 435, 436

  Ricci, Sebastiano (1659–1734), 433–34

  Riccioli, Giovanni Battista (1598–1671), 502

  Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis de, Cardinal (1585–1642), 4, 5, 9, 54, 56, 155, 416, 691

  absolutism of, 15, 20, 563

  and Academy, 130

  arts, letters, theater encouraged by, 56, 87, 104–5, 110’ 129, 162

  economic policies of, 6, 22, 25

  French dominance achieved by, 3, 8, 11, 41

  portraits, bust of, 95

  tolerance of, 69, 70

  Richer, Jean (1630–96), 503

  Richmond, Charles Stuart, 3d Duke of Richmond (1639–72), 249

  Riga, 366, 375, 380, 384, 386

  Rigaud, Hyacinthe (1659–1743), 89, 99, 103, 405, 717

  Rights of Man, Declaration of (1789), 583

  Rijnsburg, 623, 624, 625

  Riley, John (1646–91), 265

  Rimini, Italy, 439

  Riquet, Pierre Paul de (1604–80), 25

  Ritterakademien, 485

  Roannez, Duc de (fl. 1670), 62

  Roberval, Gilles Personne de (1602–75), 496, 498, 500

  Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 337, 360

  Rob Roy (Scott), 337

  Rochefort, 24

  Rochemont, Sieur de (fl. 1665), 119–20

  Rochester, John Wilmot, 2d Earl of (1647–80), 270–71, 315, 324, 566

  Rochester, England, 206, 297

  Rocroi, battle of (1643), 3, 4, 7, 129, 448

  Rodogune (Corneille), 131

  Roemer, Olaus (1644–1710), 496, 513

  Rogers, James Edwin Thorold (1
823–90), 258

  Roldan, Pedro (1624–1700), 450

  Roldana, Luisa (1656–1704), 450

  Roman comique (Scarron), 39

  Romania, 425

  Romano, Giulio (1492–1546), 94, 96

  Romanov, house of, 375, 394

  Rome: arts in, 434–35

  Christina’s sojourn and salon in, 439, 441–42

  cultural life of, 438

  Jews in, 456–57

  opera in, 444

  plague in, 528

  population of, 502

  right-of-asylum dispute, 432

  sanitation in, 528

  satire on, 616

  Romodanovsky, Prince Feodor (fl. 1690), 393

  Ronsard, Pierre de (1524–85), 136

  Rosa, Salvator (1615–73), 435

  Rosicrucians, 661

  Roskilde, Peace of (1658), 367

  Rostand, Edmond (1868–1918), 600

  Rotterdam, 168, 458, 484, 494, 605, 608, 609, 612

  Rouen, 56, 57, 89, 95, 614, 697

  Parlement of, 482

  Roullé, Pierre (fl. 1664), 115

  Roussillon, 11

  Rousseau, Jean Baptiste (1671–1741), 160

  Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78), 66, 122, 614, 651

  Fénelon’s educational theories reflected in, 82, 487

  Locke’s educational theories reflected in, 488, 490, 582

  and political philosophy, 555, 659

  Shaftesbury influence on, 590, 593

  Roxana (Defoe), 337

  Royal Library, Vienna, 426

  Royal Society of London, 382, 496–97, 499, 504, 507, 512, 514, 516, 529, 594, 625

  accused of irreligion, 575

  Charles II’s interest in, 250, 496, 504

  and Greenwich Observatory, 504

  Hooke’s work in, 506, 607

  Leeuwenhoek’s association with, 520

  Leibniz’ membership in, 662

  members’ work in alchemy, 532

  members’ work in anatomy, 522, 523, 524

  members’ work in biology, 518, 519, 520

  members’ work in medicine, 526

  Newton’s work in, 532, 534, 535, 537, 539, 544, 545

  Pepys’s presidency of, 335, 495

  Swift satire on, 497

  Wren membership in, 264

  Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640), 87, 89, 165

  Rudbeck, Olof (1630–1702), 522

  Rueil, 7

  Ruisdael, Jacob van (1628?–82), 169, 171

  Ruisdael, Salomon van (1600–70), 170

  Rupert, Prince, Count Palatine of the Rhine (1619–82), 314

  Russell, Admiral Edward, Earl of Orford (1653–1727), 296

  Russell, William Lord (1639–83), 283, 285, 286, 296

  Russia, 375–83, 391–410

  access to West, 366, 369, 375, 379, 397

  army, 377, 379, 382–383, 385, 397, 410

  commerce and industry, 383, 400–2, 409

  and the Cossacks, 366, 370–71, 375, 379, 383, 385–86

  government of, 400, 402–3, 677

  massacre of Jews, 467

  navy, 378, 379–80, 383, 397, 410

  war with Persia, 409

  war with Poland, 370–71, 383

  war with Sweden, 374, 375, 383–87, 389

  war with Turks, 377, 379, 383, 388

  Westernization of, 375–76, 378–79, 381, 383, 397–405, 409–10

  Russian Academy, 405

  Russian Orthodox Church, 370, 375, 376, 382, 393, 398–99, 403, 404, 406–7

  Ruyter, Michel Adriaanszoon de (1607–76), 14, 171, 172, 174, 176, 179, 276

  “Rye House Plot,” 286

  Ryswick, Treaty of (1697), 699, 705

  Sabbatai Zevi (1626–76), 332, 471–74

  Sablé, Magdelaine de Souvré, Marquise de (1599–1678), 156, 598

  Sacchetti, Giulio, Cardinal (fl. 1663), 430

  Sacy, Isaac Louis de, 52

  Sacy, Louis Isaac Lemaistre de (1613–84), 59, 68

  safety valve, 517

  Sagrada Forma (painting by Coello), 451

  St.-Cloud, 36, 92, 95

  St.-Cyr, 50, 54, 83, 140–41, 151, 405, 486, 685, 689, 697, 719

  Saint-Cyran, M. de, see Duvergier de Hauranne, Jean

  St.-Denis, Abbey of, 36, 44, 77, 90, 719

  Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (1804–69): on Louis XIV, 13–14

  on Pascal, 63*, 65

  on Port-Royal nuns, 51*

  Ste.-Marie-de-Chaillot, convent of, 37

  St.-Étienne-du-Mont, Church of, 67

  Saint-Evremond, Charles de Marquetel, Seigneur de (1615?–1703), 30, 39, 85, 161, 251, 312

  St. Francis Xavier, Church of, Naples, 436

  St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, 266

  St.-Germain, 7, 35, 91, 93, 114, 302

  St.-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of (1679), 44

  St.-Gervais, Church of, Paris, 34

  St.-Gobain, France, 23

  St. Gotthard, see Szentgotthárd

  St. Helena, 505

  St. Ignatius, Church of, Rome, 435

  St. James Park, London, 275

  St. James’s Palace, Westminster, 260, 491

  St. John, Henry, see Bolingbroke, Viscount

  St. John, Church of, Prague, 418

  St. Lawrence river, 26

  St.-Lazare, Monastery of, Paris, 76

  St. Louis, Church of, Rome, 432

  St.-Louis-des-Invalides, Church of, Paris, 90

  St. Michel, Elizabeth, wife of Pepys, 332, 335

  St. Nicholas, Church of, Prague, 418

  St.-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet, Church of, Paris, 85

  St.-Omer, France, 44, 164, 280

  St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin, 356, 362

  St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, 263, 264–65, 462

  St. Paul’s School, London, 212

  St. Peter’s, Rome, 423, 428, 434, 436, 442

  St. Petersburg, Russia (“Petersburg”), 385, 387, 390, 396–97, 401, 404, 406, 408

  Saint-Pierre, Charles Castel, Abbé de (1658–1743), 715

  St.-Quentin, France, 717

  St.-Roch, Church of, Paris, 90

  Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675–1755), 32, 160

  on Fénelon, 81

  on Ninon de Lenclos, 29

  on Louis XIV, 12, 13, 14, 710

  on Louis’ children, 716

  on Mme. de Maintenon, 41, 686, 687

  on Mme. de Montespan, 37

  on Racine, 141*

  on Revocation, 74

  on Vauban, 709

  on wartime conditions, 710, 712

  St. Sophia’s, Constantinople, 423

  St.-Sulpice, Church of, Paris, 85

  Salamanca, Spain, 450

  University of, 452

  Salem, Massachusetts, 254

  Salisbury, England, 297

  Salle du Petit Bourbon, Louvre, Paris, 107, 110

  Sallust (86–35 B.C.), 99

  Salm, Count (fl. 1692), 694

  Salmasius, Claudius (Claude de Saumaise: 1588–1653), 227–29, 230–32

  passim , 491

  Salonika, 455, 472

  salons, 30–31

  Salvi, Giovanni Battista (“II Sassoferrato”: 1605–85), 434

  Salzburg, archbishopric of, 427

  Samson Agonistes (Milton), 238, 240, 241–42

  Sandwich, Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of (1625–72), 333

  San Esteban, Church of, Salamanca, 450

  San Filippo, Church of, Turin, 433

  San Giovanni in Laterano, Church of, Rome, 434’ 444

  San Giovanni Battista, Cathedral of, Turin, 433

  San Martino, Certosa of, Naples, 437

  Sant’ Agnese, Church of, Rome, 434

  Santa Maria della Pace, Church of, Rome, 434

  Santa Maria della Salute, Church of, Venice, 433

  Santa Maria in Campitelli, Church of, Rome, 434

  Santa Maria Ia Nuova, Church of, Naples, 436

  Santerre, Jean Baptiste (1658–1717
), 98

  Sappho, see Scudéry, Madeleine de

  Santiago, Archbishop of, 449

  San Tomás, Church of, Madrid, 450

  Saragossa cathedral, 449

  Sardinia, 432, 438, 700

  Sarpi, Paolo (1552–1623), 48

  Sartor Resartus (Carlyle), 348

  Satires (Boileau), 129, 147

  Saumaise, Claude de, see Salmasius, Claudius

  Sauveur, Joseph (1653–1716), 513

  Savery, Thomas (1650–1715), 517–18

  Savoy, Duke of, see Charles Emanuel II (r. 1638–75)

  Victor Amadeus II (r. 1675–1732)

  Savoy, duchy of, 433, 693, 699, 702, 704, 706, 710, 714

  Saxe, Maurice, Comte de (1696–1750), 415

  Saxony, Electorate of, 369, 374, 389, 413

  Scandinavia: Lutheranism in, 483

  relationship of forces in, 365

  unification of, 368

  Scaramouche, see Fiorelli, Tiberio

  Scarborough, Earl of (fl. 1688), 296

  scarlatina, 527

  Scarlatti, Alessandro (1659–1725), 441, 445

  Scarlatti, Domenico (1683–1757), 445

  Scarron, Paul (1610–60), 30, 38–39, 141*

  Scarron, Widow, see Maintenon, Marquise de

  Sceptical Chymist (Boyle), 515

  Scheele, Karl Wilhelm (1742–86), 516

  Scheldt river, 164, 175

  Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von (1759–1805), 593

  Schleiermacher, Friedrich (1768–1834), 656

  Schloss Berlin, 418

  Schloss Charlottenburg, 414, 418

  Schlüter, Andreas (1664–1714), 374, 418

  Schomberg, Friedrich Hermann, later Frederick Herman, Duke of Schomberg (1615?–1690), 74, 302, 303

  Schonbrunn Palace, 426

  Schooneveldt, Zeeland, 179

  Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860), 644, 656, 670

  Schott, Kaspar (fl. 1672), 511

  Schuller, Georg Hermann (1651–79), 635–36

  Schweinfurt, 495

  Schynvoet, Dutch architect (fl. 1697), 381

  Scone, Scotland, 188

  Scotland, 186, 187–89 , 190, 194, 203, 259, 336, 485

  Anglican episcopacy in, 252, 277, 301

  Kirk of, 188, 189

  parliamentary union of with England, 308, 311

  revolt of against Commonwealth, 183, 185, 187–89

  witchcraft persecution in, 482

  Scott, Sir Walter (1771–1832), 326

  scrofula, and the king’s touch, 481, 525

  Scroggs, Sir William (1623?–83), 283, 284

  Scrutinium pestis (Kircher), 526

  Scudéry, Georges de (1001–67), 150

  Scudéry, Madeleine de (“Sappho”: 1607–1701), 31, 39, 56, 142, 147, 149–51, 312

  sculpture: English, 265

  Flemish, 165

  French, 88, 90, 99–103, 163

  German, 418

  Italian, 88, 432, 434–35

  Polish, 374

  Russian, 381, 404

  Spanish, 450