Atlantic: Great Sea Battles, Heroic Discoveries, Titanic Storms

  pollution and international, 358

  Titanic disaster and maritime, 321

  United Nations Law of the Sea, 372n

  Lazarus, Emma, 177

  Leaves of Grass (book), 195

  Leif Eriksson Day, 89

  Leofric, 154

  le Roy, Alphonsus, 118–19

  Les Îles Purpuraires, 67

  Lewis, Cudjoe, 238

  Liberia, 239, 418–19

  Lifeboats, 321

  Lighthouse at the End of the World (book), 128, 445

  Lighthouses, 5–6, 8, 128, 191n, 441, 444–47

  “Limits of Oceans and Seas” publication, 102, 142–43, 409n

  Lincoln, Abraham, 239, 303

  Lindbergh, Charles, 338

  Line-of-battle tactic, 241–42

  Lines and liners, shipping, 299–300

  Lippmann, Walter, 19–20

  Literature, 199–206. See also Poetry

  Liverpool, England, 1–3, 175 f

  Lloyd’s of London, 322–23

  Lofoten Islands, 160–61, 280–81, 369 f

  Loire River, 146

  London, England, 415–16

  London Convention of 1972, 358

  Longboats, Viking, 70–71, 213–14

  Long-lining, 363, 386

  Loop Current, 425

  Lorrain, Claude, 167

  Lothbrok, Ragnar, 213–14

  Louisiana, 419–22

  Lovelock, James, 432

  Lufthansa, 277n

  Lusitania (ship), 262–63

  Macintyre, Angus Campbell, 451, 457–58

  Maelstrom, Lofoten islands, 160–61

  Magazines, 293

  Magellan, Ferdinand, 112–14

  Magellanic penguins, 418, 445

  Magnus, Olaus, 161

  Mail, transatlantic, 291–93

  Malay Peninsula, 447

  Maldive Islands, 412

  Mandela, Nelson, 182

  Manhattan Island, 166n, 179–80

  Maps

  Carta Marina, 161

  first, of New World of America and Atlantic Ocean, 48, 91–97

  of Gulf Stream, 117 f

  Gulf Stream, 141–42

  International Hydrographic Organization, 100–104, 142–43

  Marsden squares on, 322

  M. F. Maury’s, 129–33

  phantom islands on, 134

  Ptolemy’s, 72

  of Viking settlements in Newfoundland, 76–80

  Marconi, Guglielmo, 311–14

  Marean, Curtis, 57–60

  Mare Atlanticus name, 49

  Mare Glaciale name, 72, 79, 96

  Marias River, 147

  Marine Stewardship Council, 362–63

  Maritime cartography. See Cartography; Maps

  Maritime meteorology, 121. See also Weather patterns

  Maritime trade. See Trade

  Markham, Beryl, 338

  Marsden, William, 322

  Marsden squares, 322

  Marsh, John, 452

  Marshall, Benjamin, 293–99

  Marshall, Thomas, 235–36

  Martinique, 436

  Martyr, Peter, 115

  Mary Celeste (ship), 327

  Masefield, John, 64–65

  Mass extinctions, 40, 44. See also Endangered species

  Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 126–33, 304–5

  Mayans, 162–63

  McKay, Donald, 314–15

  McLean, Malcom, 350–52

  Mediterranean Sea, 62–69, 100–101, 217–18

  Meinig, D. W., 19

  Mellon, Paul, 76

  Melville, Herman, 195, 288–89

  Mendelssohn, Felix, 194

  Mercator, 96–97

  Mercury pollution, 357–58

  Merrimack (ship), 248

  Meteorology, maritime, 121. See also Weather patterns

  Mexico City, 219

  Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 46, 48, 131, 140n, 143, 304–5, 433, 442

  Middle Passage, 199–200, 221, 227–39

  Midgard Serpent, 160

  Migrants, 13, 177, 316–21

  Military navies. See Naval warfare

  Milton, John, 169–70

  Minoans, 62–63, 66

  Miquelon Island, 372–73

  Mississippi River, 146–47

  Missouri River, 146–48

  Moby-Dick (book), 288

  Moctezuma, 219–20

  Moitessier, Bernard, 205–6

  Monaco, 99–104

  Monet, Claude, 196

  Monitor (ship), 249–50

  Monroe, James, 239n, 419n

  Monrovia, Liberia, 239n, 419n

  Monsters, 160–61

  Mont Blanc (ship), 265n

  Monterey Bay Aquarium, 361–62

  Montevideo, Uruguay, 257–60

  Mont Pelée, 436

  Montserrat, 436–37

  Mooney, Chris, 423

  Moors, 215–16

  Morgan, Edward, 225

  Morocco, 43–44, 51–53, 100–101, 105–6, 108n

  Morse, Samuel, 304

  Mount Everest, 333–34, 412

  Mundus Novus (book), 93–95

  Murex snails, 51–53, 66–68

  Muscovy Company, 286–87

  Music, 192–96, 445

  Mykines Island, 30–33, 36, 73

  Naglfar vessel, 160

  Namibia, 451–52

  Naos (ships), 112

  Napalm, 326

  Napoléon, 123, 187, 190–91, 243, 253

  Nares, George, 136

  National Audubon Society, 361

  National Environmental Trust (NET), 361–62

  National Maritime Day, 300–301

  National Oceanography Centre, 140

  National Weather Service, 420–21, 425

  Native Americans, 90–91, 162–63

  Natural Resources Defense Council, 361

  Nature of the Siren, The (poem), 158

  Naval warfare, 207–71. See also Ships

  American Civil War and ironclad ships, 247–50

  British antisubmarine, and founding of Israel, 268–71

  Falklands War, 207–11, 266–68

  Graf Spee battle and World War II, 257–60

  New World, 215–23

  Norman invasion of England, 214–15

  piracy and, 221–30

  Roman, 211–12

  slave trade and, 227–39

  steel ships and World War I Battle of Jutland, 250–57

  submarines and World War II, 261–66

  tactics of, and Trafalgar battle, 240–46

  Viking, 212–15

  War of 1812, 246–47

  Navies. See Naval warfare

  Navigation, celestial, 110

  Navigation charts, 101–4

  Navigatio Sancti Brendanis Abbatis (book), 72–73

  Nazi Germany. See Germany

  Necho II (pharoah), 67n

  Nelson, Horatio, 243–45

  Neolithic period, 61

  Nepal, 412

  Netherlands, 164, 166–67, 241–42, 413–15

  New Brunswick, 43

  Newfoundland

  air traffic control center in, 342–43

  John Cabot landing in, 92

  collapse of Grand Banks cod fishery of, 363–78

  commercial fishing near, 283–90

  earthquake in, 434

  Viking settlement in, 75–84

  Virgin Rocks of, 8–9

  wireless communication from, 311–14

  New Orleans, Louisiana, 419

  Newspapers, 180, 293

  Newton, Isaac, 121

  Newton, John, 231, 233

  New World

  discovery of, by Christopher Columbus, 85–90

  first mapping and naming of, as America, 91–97

  Spanish conquest and warfare in, 215–23

  Viking settlement in, by Leif Eriksson, 75–85

  warfare against pirates in, 221–29

  New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company, 305–
10

  New York City, 166n, 175 f, 177–81, 291–92, 416–17

  Niagara (ship), 132, 306–8

  Nicolson, Harold, 259

  Nicotine, 84n, 90

  Niger River, 146

  Nightingale Island, 437–38

  1984 (book), 160n

  Norman invasion of England, 214–15

  Norsemen, 70–71, 158–61. See also Norway; Vikings

  North America, 96

  North Atlantic Drift, 123, 142

  North Atlantic Ocean. See also Atlantic Ocean

  air traffic control centers, 338, 342–43

  collapse of Grand Banks cod fishery of, 364–78

  commercial fishing in, 280–90

  delineation of, 143–45

  explorations of, 70–73

  global warming and changing ice patterns in, 395–402, 409–10

  literature about, 149–61

  North Brazil Current, 439

  Northcliffe, Lord, 335–37

  Northeast Passage, 401

  North Equatorial Current, 108–9, 115

  North Sea, 145, 253–55, 413–14

  Northumberland (ship), 191n, 387–88

  Norway, 47n, 369 f, 383. See also Norsemen; Vikings

  Nowell Codex, 155

  Nuclear waste, 355–57

  Obama, Barack, 228, 229 f

  Ocean boundaries, 100–104

  Oceanography. See also Scientific investigations

  early development of, 120–23

  institutions of, 140–45

  M. F. Maury and American, 126–33

  Oceanology, 120

  Ocean Passages for the World (book), 5–6

  Ocean Sea name, 96

  Oceanus Occidentalis name, 72, 96

  O’Connor, Frank, 154

  O’Higgins, Bernardo, 174

  Oil fuel, 252n

  Oil spills, 145, 323–26 f, 358, 403

  Okeanos Aethiopikos name, 96n

  Old English poetry, 158

  Old Hag whirlpool, 160

  Old Ironsides (ship), 246–47

  Olsen, Rob, 430

  Omai (Tahitian boy), 125n

  Oman, 62

  Omeros (poem), 34

  Operas, 194

  Oppenheimer, Robert, 265n

  Orange River, 146

  Ordovician period, 39

  Orkney Islands, 204–5, 253–56

  Ortelius, 134

  Orwell, George, 160n

  Otello (opera), 194

  Ottoman Turks, 215–16

  Outhwaite, Leonard, 20–21

  “Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (poem), 195

  Ovando, Nicolas de, 218

  Overfishing, 358–78. See also Fisheries; Fishing

  collapse of Grand Banks cod fishery, 364–78

  consequences of, 389–92

  environmental movement and, 358–63

  management of South Atlantic fishery to prevent, 378–89

  Överhogdal tapestry, 160

  Owen, David, 25

  Oxygen, cyanobacteria and, 429–32

  Ozone depletion, 346, 438–40

  Pacific Ocean, 34, 107, 146, 333, 356n, 408–9, 423n, 433

  Packet ships, 290–301

  Pack ice, 395–98, 410

  Paintings, 196–99

  Paleogeography, 442

  Paleotempestologists, 423n

  Palsson, Bjorn, 398n

  Pan-Atlantic Steamships company, 352

  Pangaea, 40–42, 442

  Pangaea Ultima, 442–43

  Panthalassa Sea, 40–42

  Paradise Lost (book), 169–70

  Parker, Isaac, 235–36

  Parliamentary democracy, first, 273–75

  Passenger transport

  accidents and casualties of, 322–27

  by air transport (see Air transport)

  development of, 314–21

  by passenger liners, 11–12, 186, 296–301

  submarines and passenger ships, 261–62

  Patagonia, 125–26, 444

  Patagonian toothfish (Chilean sea bass), 362–63, 378, 384–86, 389

  Pelagic fish, 281

  Penguins, 384, 418, 445

  Penis, sperm whale, 289

  Permian period, 40

  Pessoa, Fernando, 107

  Peter Grimes (music), 195

  Pettersson, Otto, 355

  Pew Trusts, 362n

  Phantom islands, 134

  Pharmacological pollution, 358

  Phoenicians, 51–53, 62–69, 172, 174

  Photosynthetic cyanobacteria, 429–32

  Physical Geography of the Sea and Its Meteorology, The (book), 129 f

  Pieces of eight, 87n

  Pierce, Franklin, 305

  Pillars of Hercules, 35, 53, 63–64, 68

  Pinnacle Point, 56–60

  Pipier Alpha North Sea oil drilling platform, 403

  Pirates

  warfare against fishing, in South Atlantic, 386–89

  warfare against New World, 221–29

  Pirates of Penzance, The (opera), 194

  Plate tectonics, 40–49, 140n, 441–49. See also Seismic activity

  Plays, 24–27, 149–52, 168–69

  Poetry, 24–27, 65n, 149–59, 167–70, 205

  Polders and Polder Model, 413–15

  Pollution, 345–58

  Rachel Carson’s writing about, 353–58

  chemical, 357–58, 390

  from commercial air transport, 345–48

  from commercial cargo shipping, 350–53

  radioactive, 355–57

  Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 358

  Pompeii, 173n

  Pond, Atlantic Ocean as the, 15, 332

  Póo, Fernando, 112

  Portsmouth Point (music), 195

  Portugal, 92, 93n, 109–14, 237, 373, 434

  Postal service. See Packet ships

  Pound, Ezra, 156–57

  Pre-Columbian peoples, 90–91, 162–63

  Preservation, fish, 282–83

  Prestwick, Scotland, 342–43

  Prince of Wales (ship), 17–18

  Princess Alice (ship), 142

  Principality of Monaco, 99–104

  Privateers, 225. See also Pirates

  Prize Warfare, 261–62

  Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, 429–32

  Professor Baranov (ship), 370

  Protocontinents, 37

  Ptolemy, 72, 95

  Puffins, 30 f, 32–33

  Purple dye, 51–53, 66–68

  Pytheas, 69

  Quakers, 289–90, 293–95

  Radar, 250

  Radio, 311–14

  Radioactive pollution, 256, 355–57

  Radiological Dating Laboratory, 82

  Raffles Lighthouse, 447

  Raleigh, Sir Walter, 168

  Ransome, Arthur, 203

  Read, Albert Cushing, 337

  Read, Mary, 225–26

  Red list, Greenpeace, 362–63

  Red Sea, 21, 62

  Rennell, James, 122–23

  Rhine River, 146

  Right whales, 285–87

  Riley, James, 238–39

  Ringmann, Matthias, 93–96

  Rivers, 146–48

  Roaring Forties, 49, 289, 438–39

  Robben Island, 182, 185

  Roberts, Bartholomew, 225, 227–30

  Rocky Point, 456

  Romans, 66, 69–70, 172–74, 211–12

  Roosevelt, Franklin, 17–18, 43, 314

  Rowing Home (painting), 198

  Royal African Company of England, 227, 233

  Royal Mail Ship (RMS) designation, 186

  Ruddigore (opera), 194

  Rules of engagement, 261–64

  Rumann son of Colmán, 153–54

  Rumford fireplace, 118n

  Ruskin, John, 196

  Russia, 167, 356n, 370, 383–85

  Safina, Carl, 204

  Saga of Erik the Red, 158–59

  Sagas, 158–59

  S
ailing Alone Around the World (book), 201–3

  Sailing vessels, 62, 247, 250, 353

  St. Brendan, 72–73, 158, 161

  St. Columba, 153

  St. Elmo’s fire, 151

  St. Helena, 123, 175 f, 186–92, 253

  St. Helena (ship), 186–87

  St. Lawrence River, 145–46

  St. Pierre Island, 372–73

  Sakhalin Island, 356n

  Salinity, 121, 439–40

  Sands, African, 108n

  San Salvador, 87

  Santo Domingo, Hispaniola, 175–77

  Sargasso Sea, 429 f–30

  Satellites, 388

  Savannah (ship), 300–301

  Scania, Sweden, 280

  Scapa Flow, 253–56

  Scarba Island, 160

  Schooners, 365–66

  SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) device, 349

  Scientific investigations, 99–148. See also Climate change; Global warming

  American vs. British, 123–24

  British Challenger survey expedition, 135–40

  Cape Bojador obstacle and development of celestial navigation and current sailing, 104–14

  Charles Darwin and HMS Beagle expedition, 124–26

  development of oceanography, 120–23 (see also Oceanography)

  early misconceptions and, 132–35

  hydrography and cartography of International Hydrographic Organization, 99–104, 142–45

  mapping of Atlantic currents and Gulf Stream, 114–20

  M. F. Maury and American cartography and oceanography, 128–33

  oceanographic institutions and, 140–45

  rivers as Atlantic Ocean sources, 146–48

  United States Exploring Expedition, 126–28

  Scoresby, William, 398

  Scoresbysund fjord, 395–401

  Scotese, Christopher, 442, 447

  Scotland, 357, 370, 390–92, 435

  Scott, C. P., 269

  Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 140

  Sea Around Us, The (book), 204–5, 354–56

  Sea barriers, 414–17, 419

  Seabirds, 30 f, 32–33, 138, 386

  Sea boundaries, 100–104

  Sea Drift (music), 195

  Seafarer, The (poem), 155–58

  Seafloor spreading, 45–49, 143, 442–43

  Seafood, 55–58, 358–63. See also Fisheries; Fishing; Overfishing

  SeaKLIM, 348n

  Sea levels, 58n, 402, 405–18

  Sealing, 126–27, 384

  Sea Monster, The (painting), 164

  Sea monsters, 160–61

  Sea of Japan, 21, 143n

  Sea Pictures (music), 195

  Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 361

  Sea Symphony (music), 195

  Sea temperatures, hurricanes and, 425–26. See also Global warming

  Sea Venture (ship), 151–52

  SeaWeb, 361

  Second World War, 257–66, 449–52

  Seine River, 146

  Seismic activity, 40–43, 432–38. See also Plate tectonics

  Seismology, 434n

  September 11 terrorist attacks, 343n

  Settlements, first human coastal, 23–24, 56–60

  Seven Ages (anthology), 25