Sapiens and Homo Deus: The E-Book Collection

  2. William T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1966), 324–7; H. J. Dyos and D. H. Aldcroft, British Transport – An Economic Survey From the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1969), 124–31; Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).

  3. For a detailed discussion of the unprecedented peacefulness of the last few decades, see in particular Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011); Joshua S. Goldstein, Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide (New York: Dutton, 2011); Gat, War in Human Civilization.

  4. ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf. For mortality rates in previous eras see: Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

  5. ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.

  6. Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), 21. See also Gat, War in Human Civilization, 129–31; Keeley, War before Civilization.

  7. Manuel Eisner, ‘Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence’, British Journal of Criminology 41:4 (2001), 618–638; Manuel Eisner, ‘Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime’, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 30 (2003), 83–142; ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, World Health Organization, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf; ‘World Health Report, 2004’, World Health Organization, 124, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.

  8. Walker and Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence’, 30.

  19 And They Lived Happily Ever After

  1. For both the psychology and biochemistry of happiness, the following are good starting points: Jonathan Haidt, The Happiness Hypothesis:Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic Books, 2006); R. Wright, The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1994); M. Csikszentmihalyi, ‘If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy?’, American Psychologist 54:10 (1999): 821–7; F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis and B. Keverne (eds.), The Science of Well-Being (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Michael Argyle, The Psychology of Happiness, 2nd edition (New York: Routledge, 2001); Ed Diener (ed.), Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener (New York: Springer, 2009); Michael Eid and Randy J. Larsen (eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-Being (New York: Guilford Press, 2008); Richard A. Easterlin (ed.), Happiness in Economics (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002); Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (New York: Penguin, 2005).

  2. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011); Inglehart et al., ‘Development, Freedom and Rising Happiness’, 278–81.

  3. D. M. McMahon, The Pursuit of Happiness: A History from the Greeks to the Present (London: Allen Lane, 2006).

  20 The End of Homo Sapiens

  1. Keith T. Paige et al., ‘De Novo Cartilage Generation Using Calcium Alginate-Chondrocyte Constructs’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 97:1 (1996), 168–78.

  2. David Biello, ‘Bacteria Transformed into Biofuels Refineries’, Scientific American, 27 January 2010, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bacteria-transformed-into-biofuel-refineries.

  3. Gary Walsh, ‘Therapeutic Insulins and Their Large-Scale Manufacture’, Applied Micro-biology and Biotechnology 67:2 (2005), 151–9.

  4. James G. Wallis et al., ‘Expression of a Synthetic Antifreeze Protein in Potato Reduces Electrolyte Release at Freezing Temperatures’, Plant Molecular Biology 35:3 (1997), 323–30.

  5. Robert J. Wall et al., ‘Genetically Enhanced Cows Resist Intramammary Staphylococcus Aureus Infection’, Nature Biotechnology 23:4 (2005), 445–51.

  6. Liangxue Lai et al., ‘Generation of Cloned Transgenic Pigs Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids’, Nature Biotechnology 24:4 (2006), 435–6.

  7. Ya-Ping Tang et al., ‘Genetic Enhancement of Learning and Memory in Mice’, Nature 401 (1999), 63–9.

  8. Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young, ‘Oxytocin, Vasopressin and the Neurogenetics of Sociality’, Science 322:5903 (2008), 900–904; Zoe R. Donaldson, ‘Production of Germline Transgenic Prairie Voles (Microtus Ochrogaster) Using Lentiviral Vectors’, Biology of Reproduction 81:6 (2009), 1,189–95.

  9. Terri Pous, ‘Siberian Discovery Could Bring Scientists Closer to Cloning Woolly Mammoth’, Time, 17 September 2012, accessed 19 February 2013; Pasqualino Loi et al, ‘Biological time machines: a realistic approach for cloning an extinct mammal’, Endangered Species Research 14 (2011), 227–33; Leon Huynen, Craig D. Millar and David M. Lambert, ‘Resurrecting ancient animal genomes: The extinct moa and more’, Bioessays 34 (2012), 661–9.

  10. Nicholas Wade, ‘Scientists in Germany Draft Neanderthal Genome’, New York Times, 12 February 2009, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/science/13neanderthal.html?_r=2&ref=science; Zack Zorich, ‘Should We Clone Neanderthals?’, Archaeology 63:2 (2009), accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.archaeology.org/1003/etc/neanderthals.html.

  11. Robert H. Waterston et al., ‘Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome’, Nature 420:6915 (2002), 520.

  12. ‘Hybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-MEMS)’, Microsystems Technology Office, DARPA, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Hybrid_Insect_Micro_Electromechanical_Systems_percent28HI-MEMSpercent29.aspx. See also: Sally Adee, ‘Nuclear-Powered Transponder for Cyborg Insect’, IEEE Spectrum, December 2009, accessed 10 December 2010, http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/nuclearpowered-transponder-for-cyborg-insect?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feedpercent3A+IeeeSpectrum+percent28IEEE+Spectrumpercent29&utm_content=Google+Reader; Jessica Marshall, ‘The Fly Who Bugged Me’, New Scientist 197:2646 (2008), 40–3; Emily Singer, ‘Send in the Rescue Rats’, New Scientist 183:2466 (2004), 21–2; Susan Brown, ‘Stealth Sharks to Patrol the High Seas’, New Scientist 189:2541 (2006), 30–1.

  13. Bill Christensen, ‘Military Plans Cyborg Sharks’, Live Science, 7 March 2006, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_shark_implant.html.

  14. ‘Cochlear Implants’, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx.

  15. Retina Implant, http://www.retina-implant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx.

  16. David Brown, ‘For 1st Woman With Bionic Arm, a New Life is Within Reach’, Washington Post, 14 September 2006, accessed 10 December 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/13/AR2006091302271.html?nav=E8.

  17. Miguel Nicolelis, Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines – and How it Will Change Our Lives (New York: Times Books, 2011).

  18. Chris Berdik, ‘Turning Thought into Words’, BU Today, 15 October 2008, accessed 22 March 2012, http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughts-into-words/.

  19. Jonathan Fildes, ‘Artificial Brain “10 years away”’, BBC News, 22 July 2009, accessed 19 September 2012, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm.

  20. Radoje Drmanac et al., ‘Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-Assembling DNA Nanoarrays’, Science 327:5961 (2010), 78–81; ‘Complete Genomics’ website: http://www.completegenomics.com/; Rob Waters, ‘Complete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing under $5000 (Update 1)’, Bloomberg, 5 November 2009, accessed 10 December 2010; http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aWutnyE4SoWw; Fergus Walsh, ‘Era of Personalized Medicine Awaits??
?, BBC News, last updated 8 April 2009, accessed 22 March 2012, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm; Leena Rao, ‘PayPal Co-Founder and Founders Fund Partner Joins DNA Sequencing Firm Halcyon Molecular’, TechCrunch, 24 September 2009, accessed 10 December 2010, http://techcrunch.com/2009/09/24/paypal-co-founder-and-founders-fund-partner-joins-dna-sequencing-firm-halcyon-molecular/.

  Index

  The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.

  Page numbers in italics indicate images.

  Abbasid caliphate 199, 364

  Aboriginal Australians 16, 25, 44, 59, 234, 277, 281, 301, 378

  Achaemenid Persian Empire 220–1

  Aché people 52–3

  Aemilianus, Scipio 188, 189, 263

  Afghanistan 169, 262, 314, 366, 369, 371

  Africa viii, 4, 5, 6, 8, 13–19, 15, 20, 21, 44, 48, 64, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, 77, 78, 98, 111, 135, 135, 140, 156, 167, 173, 174, 178, 194, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 214, 218, 222, 241, 275, 279, 280, 281, 284, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 296, 318, 330–1, 332, 333, 343, 371, 376, 378, 415

  Afro-Asian World 63, 64, 67, 72, 92, 153, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 184, 218, 223, 244, 263, 286

  Agricultural Revolution, The viii, 3, 39, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 51, 58, 59, 72, 74, 75–159, 174–5, 211, 212, 333, 341, 355, 377, 398

  Ahura Mazda 221

  Akhenaten, Pharaoh 217

  Akkadian Empire of Sargon the Great ix, 103, 129, 129n, 194, 195

  Alabama 141–2, 154

  Alamogordo, first atomic bomb detonated at, 1945 245, 249, 274

  Alaska 69, 70, 78, 194, 196, 296

  Alba (green fluorescent rabbit) 398–9

  Aldrin, Buzz 285

  Alexander the Great 112, 146, 157, 196, 290

  Algeria 156, 297, 369, 370, 371, 377

  ‘alpha male’ 25–6, 33, 34, 35, 115, 155, 171

  Altamira, cave art of 100

  Alyattes of Lydia, King 182

  Amazon 62, 70, 368

  America viii, ix, 30, 59, 63, 64, 67, 69–72, 77, 78, 98, 168, 170, 184, 198, 279, 284, 286–8, 289, 291–6, 304, 316–17, 325, 330 see also United States

  American Indians/Native Americans 71, 133, 151, 170, 171, 283, 285–6, 378

  Anatolia 103, 182

  Andean World 168, 196

  Angra Mainyu 221

  animals:

  biological engineering of 398–402, 400

  cruelty to 91–7, 94, 96, 341–6, 415

  domestication of viii, 45–6, 47, 51, 77–8, 91–7, 94, 96

  extinction of viii, ix, 65–74, 97, 305, 350, 351

  industrial agriculture and 341–6, 343, 350, 379

  Animism 54–5, 211–13, 218, 223

  Apollo II 64, 285, 287, 412

  Arab Empire 130, 194, 199, 201, 202, 203, 239, 241, 252, 262, 283, 284

  Arab Spring, 2011 240

  Arabian peninsula 14, 218

  Arabic numerals 130

  Arctic 36, 59, 67, 69, 70, 73, 317, 401

  Argentina 57, 70, 126, 168, 170, 371

  Aristotle 134, 136

  Armenians 192, 365

  arms race 243

  Armstrong, Neil 285, 304, 376

  Arthur, King 114, 164

  Aryan race 138, 139, 140, 232–6, 302–3

  Asia 6, 8, 14, 15, 21, 63, 65, 67, 71, 77, 140, 166, 167, 169, 170, 178, 184, 194, 209, 215, 218, 221, 222, 227, 279–80, 281, 282, 287, 288, 296, 299, 302, 315–16, 317, 318, 321, 369, 370 see also Afro-Asia

  Assyrian Empire 103, 153, 192, 194, 195, 354

  Atahualpa 295–6

  Athens, ancient 146, 149, 152, 190, 191, 290, 371

  Atman 214

  atomic bomb 245, 245, 249, 261–2, 274, 338, 372 see also nuclear physics

  Augustine, St 193, 393

  Augustus, Emperor 157

  Aurelius, Emperor Marcus 200

  Australia viii, 16, 21, 25, 44, 48, 59, 62, 63, 64–9, 72, 78, 98, 168, 234, 276–8, 281, 301, 304, 378,

  Australian World 168

  Australopithecus 5–6

  Aztec Empire 55, 153, 168, 173, 190–1, 215, 219, 284, 291, 292–5, 293, 374

  Babylon 105–6, 108, 115, 116, 376

  Babylonian Empire 103, 104, 105–7, 108, 111, 115, 116, 120, 193, 194, 195, 298, 299, 364, 376

  Bacon, Francis 259

  Banks, Joseph 276, 278, 301

  barbarians 171–2

  Barí Indians 41

  Battuta, Ibn 169

  Beagle, HMS 284–5

  bees 22, 25, 119–20, 171, 398

  Behistun Inscription 298

  Berbers 201, 202, 203

  Bernoulli, Jacob 256–7

  Bible 127, 145, 182, 223, 251, 252, 255, 266, 285, 287

  Big Bang 3, 252, 411

  Bin Laden, Osama 172, 262

  binary script 131, 132

  bio-dictatorships 401

  biofuel 249, 401

  biology:

  birth of viii, 3

  biological determinism 146–7

  biological engineering 398–402, 400, 403

  equality and 109–10

  gender and 146–50, 152, 153–4

  happiness and 380, 385–90, 391, 394, 395

  history of 37–9

  race and 134, 135, 136, 139, 140–1, 144, 145, 146, 232, 235, 236, 302–4

  bionic arms 405–6, 406

  biotechnology 315

  bonobos 33, 41, 56, 158

  Brahmins 135–6, 137, 143, 144

  brains 8–9, 10, 11, 12–13, 14, 20–1, 29, 40, 49, 78, 119–22, 127, 129, 131, 252, 262, 389, 403, 407, 409

  British East India Company 205, 325, 331–2

  British Empire 190, 192, 198, 199–200, 204–6, 205, 278–9, 297–302, 324–6, 368–70

  Buddhism ix, 10, 34, 127, 172, 198, 210, 223, 224–7, 225, 228, 229, 230, 238, 251, 349, 394–5, 396

  Buka 64

  Byron, Lord 326

  Byzantines 239, 262

  Caesar, Julius 157, 170

  Caledonian tribes 193–4

  Calgacus 193–4

  California 372–3, 373

  Caligula, Emperor 95–6

  capitalism ix, 112, 134, 168, 169, 198, 203, 208, 230, 240, 250, 254, 264, 274, 282, 283, 304, 305–33, 334, 347–9, 373–4, 377 see also money

  Caribbean Islands 71–2, 291, 292, 295 see also under individual island name

  Carthage 188, 190, 263, 290

  Çatalhöyük, Anatolia 103

  Catholic Church 27, 31, 34, 35, 137, 154, 156, 174, 179, 189, 216, 220, 318

  Celts 188, 189, 199, 220, 300, 302

  Central America 70, 78, 88, 126, 168, 196, 292

  Cervantes, Miguel de: The Siege of Numantia 189

  Chak Tok Ich’aak of Tikal, King 167

  chaotic systems 240

  Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc Cave, France 1, 100, 123, 376

  chemistry, beginning of viii, 3

  Chhatrapati Shivaji train station, Mumbai 205, 205

  child mortality 10, 52, 269, 333, 379

  childbirth 10, 145

  childrearing 10, 84, 86–7

  chimpanzees viii, 4, 5, 9, 12, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 38, 41, 56, 111, 115, 148, 155, 158, 171, 236, 350, 383, 398, 414

  China 18, 34, 48, 51, 78, 83, 103, 126, 128, 135, 144, 156, 184, 194, 196–7, 201, 239, 244, 262, 263, 280, 281, 282, 283, 290, 296, 316, 325–6, 336, 357–8, 379

  chivalry 164

  Christianity ix, 10, 20, 38, 109, 112, 147, 164, 165–6, 172, 173–4, 185, 186–7, 201, 215–16, 217–20, 219, 222, 223, 228, 230, 231, 236, 237, 238–9, 240, 241, 242, 244, 251, 252, 265–6, 266–7, 278, 288, 330, 331, 349, 374, 393, 413

  Church, Professor George 402

  Cicero 193

  Claudius, Emperor 200

  Cleopatra of Egypt 153, 384

  Code of Hammurabi, 1776 BC 104, 105–7, 108, 110–11, 113, 120, 127, 133, 134, 182, 364

  cognitive dissonance 164–6

>   Cognitive Revolution, The viii, 1–74, 171, 250, 355, 376, 403

  coinage ix, 174, 177, 178, 180, 182–3, 183, 184, 186, 187, 209, 244, 307, 312, 319, 320, 376

  Columbus, Christopher 64, 247, 272, 284, 286–7, 288, 290, 291, 292, 304, 316–17

  Communism 34, 144, 165, 176, 203, 228, 229, 234, 235, 236, 242, 253, 271, 274, 333, 369, 377, 379, 413

  communities:

  collapse of 355–64, 382

  imagined 362–4

  Confucianism 223, 251, 255, 259, 264, 349

  Congo Free State 332, 333

  conquest, the mentality of 283–6

  Constantine, Emperor 215, 238, 239, 263

  consumerism 115–16, 347–9, 362, 363

  Cook Islands 73

  Cook, Captain James 276, 278–9, 281, 284, 301

  cooperation, social 22–4, 27–8, 32–6, 37, 38–9, 46, 102–5, 119, 133, 159, 187

  Copernicus, Nicolaus 275

  corporations 28, 30, 32, 36, 274, 310, 322, 330, 342

  Cortés, Hernan 173, 185, 291–4, 295

  cowry shells 177, 177, 178, 179, 180, 183, 185, 186

  credit 271, 280, 308–11, 315, 316, 317, 318, 321, 324, 326, 327–8, 329

  Crusades 164

  Cuba 71, 292, 295

  cultures, human:

  ‘authentic’ 169

  biological laws and 38, 146–8, 153–4

  birth of 3, 18, 37, 163

  clash of 169, 303–4

  constant flux of 163–4

  contradictions in 164–6

  empires spread a common culture 197–208, 237 see also empires

  global culture, emergence of a single 168–72, 237

  history and 37, 163, 166–70, 237, 241–4

  ideal of progress and 264–6

  memetics (cultures as mental infections) 242–4

  universal orders and 172, 173–236 see also under individual order

  cuneiform 126, 298

  cyborg engineering 399, 404–7, 406, 409, 411

  Cynics 112, 223

  Cyrus the Great of Persia 194–5, 196, 197

  Dani, the 82

  Danube Valley 60, 60n

  Daoism 223, 229, 263

  Darius I, King 298

  Darwin, Charles 18, 234–5, 252, 258, 272, 283, 285, 302, 393, 397, 399

  David, King 193

  Declaration of Independence, US, 1776 18, 105, 105, 107–9, 110, 133

  Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 404–5