The Supreme Commander

  31. Handy to Eisenhower, February 21, 1944, EP, No. 1550, fn. 3.

  32. Lutes personal diary, June 16, 1944, Lutes Coll. Personal File.

  33. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 27, 1944, EP, No. 1781.

  34. Feis. Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin, p. 351–54.

  35. Butcher, My Three Years, p. 518.

  36. Stettinius to Marshall for Hull, April 13, 1944, EP, No. 1696, fn. 2.

  37. Eisenhower to Smith, May 20, 1944, EP, No. 1696.

  38. Eisenhower to Marshall, May 27, 1944, EP, No. 1719.

  39. Feis, Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin, p. 355.

  CHAPTER 5

  1. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 538–39.

  2. Eisenhower to Marshall, May 6, 1944, EP, No. 1672.

  3. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 519–24.

  4. Ibid., pp. 544–45.

  5. Ibid., pp. 533–35; Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, pp. 148–57, 258–69.

  6. Marshall to Eisenhower, February 10, 1944, EP, No. 1558, fn. 1.

  7. Eisenhower to Marshall, February 19, 1944, EP, No. 1558.

  8. Memorandum, May 22, 1944, EP, No. 1701; Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, p. 289.

  9. Butcher, My Three Years, p. 545.

  10. Ibid., pp. 539–42.

  11. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, p. 239.

  12. Sir Arthur Bryant, Triumph in the West (New York, 1959), p. 149; Sir Francis de Guingand, Operation Victory (New York, 1947), p. 317; Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 240–42.

  13. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 539–42.

  14. Jacob diary, May 15, 1944.

  15. Eisenhower, At Ease, p. 273.

  16. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 533–37.

  17. Eisenhower, At Ease, p. 275.

  18. See various entries in Eisenhower Office Diary for the spring of 1944.

  19. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 545–48.

  20. Farago, Patton, p. 400.

  21. Eisenhower to Churchill, May 29, 1944, EP, No. 1718.

  22. Churchill to Eisenhower, May 30, 1944, EP, No. 1718, fn. 2.

  23. Eisenhower to Churchill, June 1, 1944, and to Hollis, June 28, 1944, EP, Nos. 1726 and 1784.

  24. Same to same, March 25, 1944, EP, No. 1604; New York Times, March 27, 1944.

  25. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 162–63; Eisenhower to BCOS, March 6, 1944, EP, No. 1580.

  26. Eisenhower to commanders, February 23, 1944, EP, No. 1561.

  27. Butcher, My Three Years, p. 505.

  28. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 163–64.

  29. Eisenhower to Marshall, May 21, 1944, EP, No. 1699.

  30. Eisenhower to Stark, May 21, 1944, and Stark to Eisenhower, May 23, 1944, EP, No. 1699, fn. 1.

  31. Leslie R. Groves, Now It Can Be Told—The Story of the Manhattan Project (New York, 1962), pp. 199–206; Eisenhower to Marshall, May 11, 1944, EP, No. 1683.

  32. Eisenhower to Marshall, May 26, 1944, EP, No. 1699; Roland G. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, in Greenfield (ed.), U. S. Army in World War II, 2 vols. (Washington, 1953), Vol. I, pp. 537–38. Still, there was a shortage of ammunition in ETO later in the war.

  33. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, Vol. I, pp. 231–40.

  34. Eisenhower to Churchill, May 20, 1944, EP, No. 1698.

  35. Eisenhower to Marshall, May 23, 1944, EP, No. 1707.

  36. JCS to Eisenhower, June 2, 1944, EP, No. 1707, fn. 2.

  37. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 543–49.

  38. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, p. 272; Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 168.

  39. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 1, 1944, EP, No. 1728.

  40. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 543–49.

  41. Ibid., pp. 549–51.

  42. Leigh-Mallory to Eisenhower, May 29, 1944, EP, No. 1720.

  43. Eisenhower to Leigh-Mallory, May 30, 1944, EP, No. 1720, fn. 1; Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, pp. 246–47.

  44. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 251.

  45. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 3, 1944, EP, No. 1731.

  46. Memorandum for diary, June 3, 1944, EP, No. 1732.

  CHAPTER 6

  1. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 166–67.

  2. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, pp. 268–70.

  3. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 167–68.

  4. De Witt MacKenzie, Men without Guns (Philadelphia, 1945), p. 97.

  5. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 249.

  6. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 559–61.

  7. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 169; Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, p. 272.

  8. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 545; Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 249.

  9. De Guingand, Operation Victory, p. 302.

  10. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 545.

  11. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 560–63.

  12. John Frayn Turner, Invasion ’44 (New York, 1959), p. 82.

  13. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, p. 274.

  14. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 170.

  15. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 546.

  16. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 250.

  17. Turner, Invasion ’44, p. 84; Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 170.

  18. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 560–63.

  19. Ibid., front matter.

  20. Ibid., pp. 560–63; Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 252.

  21. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 565–70.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 6, 1944, EP, No. 1737.

  24. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 565–70.

  25. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, pp. 317–20; Esposito (ed.), The West Point Atlas, Vol. II, Map 49.

  26. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 565–70.

  27. Ellis, Victory in the West, p. 223; Chester Wilmot, The Struggle for Europe (London, 1952), p. 293.

  28. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, pp. 302, 336.

  29. Eisenhower to CCS, June 8, 1944, EP, No. 1739.

  30. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 571–75.

  31. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 173; Ellis, Victory in the West, pp. 226–27.

  32. Eisenhower to CCS, June 9, 1944, EP, No. 1745 n. 2; memoranda to Smith, June 11 and June 16, 1944, EP, Nos. 1747 and 1754.

  33. Memorandum to Smith, June 16, 1944, EP, No. 1754.

  34. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 578–81.

  35. Marshall to Roosevelt, S-53824, June 14, 1944, Smith Coll. EOC.

  36. Stagg to Eisenhower, June 22, 1944, EP, No. 1772.

  CHAPTER 7

  1. Butcher, My Three Years, p. 581.

  2. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, p. 321.

  3. Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, p. 465.

  4. Montgomery, Memoirs, p. 43.

  5. A good discussion of the differences is in Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, pp. 463–68.

  6. Ibid., pp. 338–39; Montgomery, Memoirs, p. 235.

  7. Sir Ian Jacob stressed this point in an interview of July 21, 1965.

  8. Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, p. 302.

  9. Ibid., p. 311.

  10. Interview with Brigadier Kenneth G. McLean, July 17, 1965.

  11. Eisenhower to Montgomery, June 18, 1944, EP, No. 1759.

  12. Same to same, June 25, 1944, EP, No. 1774.

  13. Montgomery to Eisenhower, June 25, 1944, EP, No. 1774, n. 2.

  14. Ellis, Victory in the West, p. 283.

  15. Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, in Conn (ed.), U. S. Army in World War II (Washington, 1961), p. 188; Ellis, Victory in the West, pp. 283–85.

  16. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 593–95.

  17. Montgomery to Brooke, June 27, in Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 178.

  18. Bradley to Eisenhower, June 29, 1944, EP, No. 1794, n. 1.

  19. Eisenhower to Bradley, July 1, 1944, EP, No. 1794.

  20. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 36–43.

  21. See Gault’s account of the trip in Eisenhower’s Office Diary, July 5, 1944.

  22. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 5, 1944, EP, No. 1797.

  23. Tedder,
With Prejudice, pp. 557–59.

  24. Eisenhower to Montgomery, July 7, 1944, EP, No. 1807.

  25. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 170.

  26. Ibid., p. 175.

  27. Ibid., p. 171.

  28. Montgomery to Eisenhower, July 8, 1944, EP, No. 1813, n. 1.

  29. Same to same, July 9, 1944, ibid.

  30. Eisenhower to Montgomery, July 10, 1944, EP, No. 1813.

  31. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 189; Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 185.

  32. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 188.

  33. Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, p. 354.

  34. Montgomery to Eisenhower, July 7, 1944, EP, No. 1826, n. 1.

  35. Montgomery to Tedder, July 14, 1944, EP, No. 1826, n. 2.

  36. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 188–89.

  37. Eisenhower to Montgomery, July 14, 1944, EP, No. 1827.

  38. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 170.

  39. Tedder, With Prejudice, pp. 558–61.

  40. Interview with Eisenhower, July 8, 1966.

  41. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 193.

  42. Ibid., p. 194.

  43. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 617–19.

  44. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 562.

  45. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 617–19.

  46. Bryant, Triumph in the West, pp. 170–79.

  47. Interview with Eisenhower, April 15, 1946, by Wing Commander Alan Campbell-Johnson, copy in my possession.

  48. Tedder, With Prejudice, pp. 565–67.

  49. Eisenhower to Montgomery, July 21, 1944, EP, No. 1844.

  50. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 567.

  CHAPTER 8

  1. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 585–89.

  2. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 134–36.

  3. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 584.

  4. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 580; Eisenhower to Tedder, June 18, 1944, EP, No. 1758.

  5. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 582.

  6. Eisenhower to Smith, June 23, 1944, EP, No. 1771.

  7. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 580.

  8. Spaatz to Eisenhower, June 28, 1944, EP, No. 1786, n. 1.

  9. Craven and Cate (eds.), Argument to VE Day, pp. 278–323.

  10. Eisenhower to Tedder, June 29, 1944, EP, No. 1786.

  11. EP, No. 1800, n. 1.

  12. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 582.

  13. Ibid., p. 559.

  14. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 281.

  15. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, p. 345.

  16. For an expression of this view, see Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, pp. 454–57.

  17. Clark, Calculated Risk, pp. 348–51.

  18. Ibid., p. 358.

  19. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 218–19.

  20. See Eisenhower to Wilson, June 16, 1944, and Wilson to Eisenhower, June 19, 1944, EP, No. 1775.

  21. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 20, 1944, EP, No. 1765.

  22. Marshall to Eisenhower, June 22, 1944, EP, No. 1765, n. 3.

  23. Eisenhower to Somervell, June 25, 1944, EP, No. 1777.

  24. Eisenhower to CCS, June 23, 1944, EP, No. 1770; Eisenhower to Marshall, June 23, 1944, EP, No. 1769.

  25. Gammell to Wilson, June 22, 1944, EP, No. 1770, n. 3.

  26. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 221.

  27. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, pp. 350–52.

  28. The Churchill-Roosevelt correspondence is summarized in Marshall to Eisenhower, three cables of June 29, 1944, EP, No. 1785, n. 1; see also Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 218–33; Ehrman, Grand Strategy; pp. 352–58; Churchill, The Second World War, 6 vols. (Boston, 1948–53), Vol. VI, Triumph and Tragedy, pp. 716–23.

  29. Bryant, Triumph in the West, pp. 167–68.

  30. Eisenhower to Marshall, June 29, 1944, EP, No. 1785.

  31. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, pp. 355–57.

  32. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 1, 1944, EP, No. 1792.

  33. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, p. 357.

  34. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 222–23.

  35. Ibid., pp. 223–24; Eisenhower to Marshall, July 8, 12, and 15, 1944, EP, Nos. 1812, 1822, and 1835.

  36. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, p. 361.

  37. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 224.

  38. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, p. 363.

  39. Ibid., pp. 363–64.

  40. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 5, 1944, EP, No. 1883.

  41. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 225.

  42. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 11, 1944, EP, No. 1892; Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 225; Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, pp. 281–83; Eisenhower to Churchill, August 11, 1944, EP, No. 1891.

  43. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 24, 1944, EP, No. 1910.

  44. In his “The ANVIL Decision: Crossroads of Strategy,” in Kent Roberts Greenfield (ed.), Command Decisions (Washington, 1960), pp. 383–400, Matloff concludes that Eisenhower was right.

  45. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, Vol. I, p. 124.

  CHAPTER 9

  1. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 192–96; Ellis, Victory in the West, pp. 373–76; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 175–84.

  2. Eisenhower to Smith, June 25, 1944, EP, No. 1773.

  3. Interview with Bradley, October 27, 1967.

  4. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, p. 343.

  5. Eisenhower to Bradley, July 24, 1944, EP, No. 1853.

  6. Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, p. 362.

  7. Eisenhower to Montgomery, July 26, 1944, EP, No. 1854; Montgomery, Memoirs, p. 233.

  8. Bryant, Triumph in the West, pp. 181–82; Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, p. 363.

  9. Eisenhower Office Diary, July 25, 1944.

  10. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 272; Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, p. 349.

  11. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 26, 1944, EP, No. 1857.

  12. Eisenhower to Montgomery, July 26, 1944, EP, No. 1854.

  13. Montgomery, Memoirs, p. 233.

  14. Bryant, Triumph in the West, p. 181.

  15. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 200.

  16. Collins later concluded that “the bombing was the decisive factor in the initial success of the breakthrough.” Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 199.

  17. Eisenhower to Bradley, July 26, 1944, EP, No. 1855.

  18. Eisenhower to Montgomery, July 28, 1944, EP, No. 1866.

  19. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 201.

  20. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 340–41.

  21. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 201–3.

  22. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, p. 342.

  23. This action can be followed in detail in Esposito (ed.), West Point Atlas, Vol. II, Map. 53.

  24. H. A. Jacobsen and J. Rohwer, Decisive Battles of World War II: The German View (New York, 1965), p. 345.

  25. Montgomery to commanders, M.515, July 27, 1944, EP, No. 1866, n. 5.

  26. Eisenhower to Montgomery, July 29, 1944, EP, No. 1867.

  27. Eisenhower to Surles, July 30, 1944, EP, No. 1870.

  28. Eisenhower to Marshall, July 30, 1944, EP, No. 1869; Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 262.

  29. Eisenhower to Montgomery, July 31, 1944, EP, No. 1873.

  30. Same to same, August 2, 1944, EP, No. 1875.

  31. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 630–32.

  32. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, Vol. I, p. 467.

  33. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 2, 1944, EP, No. 1876.

  34. Marshall to Eisenhower, August 8, 1944, and Eisenhower to Marshall, August 9, 1944, EP, No. 1889.

  35. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 9, 1944, EP, No. 1889.

  36. For a discussion, see Claude S. George, Jr., The History of Management Thought (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1968), p. 71.

  37. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 206.

  38. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 7, 1944, EP, No. 1886.

  39. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 207.

  40. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 575.

  41. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 9, 1944, EP, No. 1889.

  42. Esposito (ed.), West Point Atlas, Vol. II, Ma
p 54; Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 208–10; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 457–58; Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 369–72.

  43. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 209; Farago, Patton, pp. 514–42.

  44. Memorandum of August 8, 1944, EP, No. 1890.

  45. Butcher, My Three Years, p. 636.

  46. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 210–11.

  47. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 546.

  48. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 640–43.

  49. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 121–31; Von Kluge committed suicide on August 19.

  50. Butcher, My Three Years, pp. 644–46.

  51. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 214.

  52. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 506–58.

  53. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 17, 1944, EP, No. 1898.

  54. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 558.

  55. Esposito (ed.), West Point Atlas, Vol. II, Map 55.

  CHAPTER 10

  1. Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York, 1947), p. 551; Feis, Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin, p. 321.

  2. De Gaulle, Unity, p. 258; U. S. Dept. of State, Foreign Relations, 1944, Vol. III, p. 705.

  3. Smith to John Hilldring, July 4, 1944, SHAEF Civil Affairs CCS Dirs., Modern Military Records, National Archives.

  4. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 234.

  5. Feis, Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin, pp. 321–22; De Gaulle, Unity, pp. 270–71; U. S. Dept. of State, Foreign Relations, 1944, Vol. III, p. 723; Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 234–35.

  6. Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 238.

  7. Wilson to SHAEF, August 14, 1944, and Eisenhower to AGWAR, August 15, 1944, EP, No. 1896.

  8. Smith to NADIST, August 18, 1944, EP, No. 1896, n. 2.

  9. Eisenhower to CCS, August 15, 1944, EP, No. 1896.

  10. CCS to Eisenhower, August 16, 1944, EP, No. 1896, n. 2.

  11. This account is based heavily on Blumenson’s chapter, “The Liberation of Paris,” Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 590–628.

  12. Ibid., pp. 595–98; Pogue, Supreme Command, p. 240.

  13. De Gaulle to Eisenhower, August 21, 1944, EP, No. 1908, n. 1; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 598–99.

  14. EP, No. 1908.

  15. Eisenhower to Marshall, August 24, 1944, EP, No. 1910.

  16. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, pp. 604–05.

  17. Ibid., p. 607.

  18. Ibid., pp. 618–20.

  19. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, p. 394.

  20. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, p. 395.