21 Lessons for the 21st Century

  6 For a general survey and critique see: Derek Y. Darves and Michael C. Dreiling, Agents of Neoliberal Globalization: Corporate Networks, State Structures and Trade Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).

  7 Lisa Eadicicco, ‘Americans Check Their Phones 8 Billion Times a Day’, Time, 15 December 2015; Julie Beck, ‘Ignoring People for Phones Is the New Normal’, Atlantic, 14 June 2016.

  8 Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, op. cit.

  9 Time Well Spent, http://www.timewellspent.io/, accessed 3 September 2017.

  10 Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, op. cit.

  11 Press Association, ‘Facebook UK Pays Just ₤5.1m in Corporation Tax Despite Jump in Profit’, Guardian, 4 October 2017; Jennifer Rankin, ‘EU to find ways to make Google, Facebook and Amazon Pay More Tax’, Guardian, 21 September 2017; Liat Clark, ‘Loopholes and Luxuries: How Apple, Facebook and Google Stay Ahead of the Tax Man’, Wired UK, 4 May 2017.

  6. Civilisation

  1 Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); David Lauter and Brian Bennett, ‘Trump Frames Anti-Terrorism Fight As a Clash of Civilizations, Defending Western Culture against Enemies’, Los Angeles Times, 6 July 2017; Naomi O’Leary, ‘The Man Who Invented Trumpism: Geert Wilders’ Radical Path to the Pinnacle of Dutch Politics’, Politico, 23 February 2017.

  2 Pankaj Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia (London: Penguin, 2013); Mishra, Age of Anger, op. cit.; Christopher de Bellaigue, The Muslim Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason (London: The Bodley Head, 2017).

  3 ‘Treaty Establishing A Constitution for Europe’, European Union, 29 October 2004.

  4 Phoebe Greenwood, ‘Jerusalem Mayor Battles Ultra-Orthodox Groups over Women-Free Billboards’, Guardian, 15 November 2011.

  5 Bruce Golding, ‘Orthodox Publications Won’t Show Hillary Clinton’s Photo’, New York Post, 1 October 2015.

  6 Simon Schama, The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words 1000 bc – 1492 ad (New York: Ecco, 2014), 190–7; Hannah Wortzman, ‘Jewish Women in Ancient Synagogues: Archaeological Reality vs. Rabbinical Legislation’, Women in Judaism 5:2 (2008); Ross S. Kraemer, ‘Jewish Women in the Diaspora World of Late Antiquity’ in Judith R. Baskin (ed.), Jewish Women in Historical Perspective (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991), esp. 49; Hachlili Rachel, Ancient Synagogues – Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 578–81; Zeev Weiss, ‘The Sepphoris Synagogue Mosaic: Abraham, the Temple and the Sun God – They’re All in There’, Biblical Archeology Society 26:5 (2000), 48–61; David Milson, Art and Architecture of the Synagogue in Late Antique Palestine (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 48.

  7 Ivan Watson and Pamela Boykoff, ‘World’s Largest Muslim Group Denounces Islamist Extremism’, CNN, 10 May 2016; Lauren Markoe, ‘Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter To Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology’, Huffington Post, 25 September 2014; for the letter, see: ‘Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi’, http://www.lettertobaghdadi.com/, accessed 8 January 2018.

  8 Chris Perez, ‘Obama Defends the “True Peaceful Nature of Islam”’, New York Post, 18 February 2015; Dave Boyer, ‘Obama Says Terrorists Not Motivated By True Islam’, Washington Times, 1 February 2015.

  9 De Bellaigue, The Islamic Enlightenment, op. cit.

  10 Christopher McIntosh, The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), 100.

  11 Robert Mitchell Stern, Globalization and International Trade Policies (Hackensack: World Scientific, 2009), 23.

  12 John K. Thornton, A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250–1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 110.

  13 Susannah Cullinane, Hamdi Alkhshali and Mohammed Tawfeeq, ‘Tracking a Trail of Historical Obliteration: ISIS Trumpets Destruction of Nimrud’, CNN, 14 April 2015.

  14 Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001), 36–8.

  15 ‘ISIS Leader Calls for Muslims to Help Build Islamic State in Iraq’, CBCNEWS, 1 July 2014; Mark Townsend, ‘What Happened to the British Medics Who Went to Work for ISIS?’, Guardian, 12 July 2015.

  7. Nationalism

  1 Francis Fukuyama, Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2014).

  2 Ashley Killough, ‘Lyndon Johnson’s “Daisy” Ad, Which Changed the World of Politics, Turns 50’, CNN, 8 September 2014.

  3 ‘Cause-Specific Mortality: Estimates for 2000–2015’, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 19 October 2017.

  4 David E. Sanger and William J. Broad, ‘To counter Russia, US signals nuclear arms are back in a big way’, New York Times, 4 February 2018; US Department of Defense, ‘Nuclear Posture Review 2018’; Jennifer Hansler, ‘Trump Says He Wants Nuclear Arsenal in “Tip-Top Shape”, Denies Desire to Increase Stockpile’, CNN, 12 October 2017; Jim Garamone, ‘DoD Official: National Defense Strategy Will Enhance Deterrence’, Department of Defense News, Defense Media Activity, 19 January 2018.

  5 Michael Mandelbaum, Mission Failure: America and the World in the Post-Cold War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016).

  6 Elizabeth Kolbert, Field Notes from a Catastrophe (London: Bloomsbury, 2006); Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (London: Bloomsbury, 2014); Will Steffen et al., ‘Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet’, Science 347:6223, 13 February 2015.

  7 John Cook et al., ‘Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature’, Environmental Research Letters 8:2 (2013); John Cook et al., ‘Consensus on Consensus: A Synthesis of Consensus Estimates on Human-Caused Global Warming’, Environmental Research Letters 11:4 (2016); Andrew Griffin, ‘15,000 Scientists Give Catastrophic Warning about the Fate of the World in New “Letter to Humanity”’, Independent, 13 November 2017; Justin Worland, ‘Climate Change Is Already Wreaking Havoc on Our Weather, Scientists Find’, Time, 15 December 2017.

  8 Richard J. Millar et al., ‘Emission Budgets and Pathways Consistent with Limiting Warming to 1.5°C’, Nature Geoscience 10 (2017), 741–7; Joeri Rogelj et al., ‘Differences between Carbon Budget Estimates Unraveled’, Nature Climate Change 6 (2016), 245–52; Ashkat Rathi, ‘Did We Just Buy Decades More Time to Hit Climate Goals’, Quartz, 21 September 2017; Roz Pidcock, ‘Carbon Briefing: Making Sense of the IPCC’s New Carbon Budget’, Carbon Brief, 23 October 2013.

  9 Jianping Huang et al., ‘Accelerated Dryland Expansion under Climate Change’, Nature Climate Change 6 (2016), 166–71; Thomas R. Knutson, ‘Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change’, Nature Geoscience 3 (2010), 157–63; Edward Hanna et al., ‘Ice-Sheet Mass Balance and Climate Change’, Nature 498 (2013), 51–9; Tim Wheeler and Joachim von Braun, ‘Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security’, Science 341:6145 (2013), 508–13; A. J. Challinor et al., ‘A Meta-Analysis of Crop Yield under Climate Change and Adaptation’, Nature Climate Change 4 (2014), 287–91; Elisabeth Lingren et al., ‘Monitoring EU Emerging Infectious Disease Risk Due to Climate Change’, Science 336:6080 (2012), 418–19; Frank Biermann and Ingrid Boas, ‘Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Change’, Global Environmental Politics 10:1 (2010), 60–88; Jeff Goodell, The Water Will Come: Rising Seas, Sinking Cities and the Remaking of the Civilized World (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2017); Mark Lynas, Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet (Washington: National Geographic, 2008); Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. Climate (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014); Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction, op. cit.

  10 Johan Rockström et al., ‘A Roadmap for Rapid Decarbonization’, Science 355:6331, 23 March 2017.

  11 Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
Global Food: Waste Not, Want Not (London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2013), 12.

  12 Paul Shapiro, Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World (New York: Gallery Books, 2018).

  13 ‘Russia’s Putin Says Climate Change in Arctic Good for Economy’, CBS News, 30 March 2017; Neela Banerjee, ‘Russia and the US Could be Partners in Climate Change Inaction,’ Inside Climate News, 7 February 2017; Noah Smith, ‘Russia Wins in a Retreat on Climate Change’, Bloomberg View, 15 December 2016; Gregg Easterbrook, ‘Global Warming: Who Loses—and Who Wins?’, Atlantic, April 2007; Quentin Buckholz, ‘Russia and Climate Change: A Looming Threat’, Diplomat, 4 February 2016.

  14 Brian Eckhouse, Ari Natter and Christopher Martin, ‘President Trump slaps tariffs on solar panels in major blow to renewable energy’, 22 January 2018.

  15 Miranda Green and Rene Marsh, ‘Trump Administration Doesn’t Want to Talk about Climate Change’, CNN, 13 September 2017; Lydia Smith, ‘Trump Administration Deletes Mention of “Climate Change” from Environmental Protection Agency’s Website’, Independent, 22 October 2017; Alana Abramson, ‘No, Trump Still Hasn’t Changed His Mind About Climate Change After Hurricane Irma and Harvey’, Time, 11 September 2017.

  16 ‘Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe’, op. cit.

  8. Religion

  1 Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 148.

  2 ‘Encyclical Letter “Laudato Sí” of the Holy Father Francis on Care for Our Common Home’, Holy See, 24 May 2015.

  3 First introduced by Freud in his 1930 treatise ‘Civilization and Its Discontents’: Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1961), 61.

  4 Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan, 1853–1964 (New York: Modern Library, 2003).

  5 Robert Axell, Kamikaze: Japan’s Suicide Gods (London: Longman, 2002).

  6 Charles K. Armstrong, Familism, Socialism and Political Religion in North Korea’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 6:3 (2005), 383–94; Daniel Byman and Jennifer Lind, ‘Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea’, International Security 35:1 (2010), 44–74; Paul French, North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula, 2nd edn (London, New York: Zed Books, 2007); Andrei Lankov, The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); Young Whan Kihl, ‘Staying Power of the Socialist “Hermit Kingdom”’, in Hong Nack Kim and Young Whan Kihl (eds.), North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival (New York: Routledge, 2006), 3–36.

  9. Immigration

  1 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016’, http://www.unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf, accessed 11 January 2018.

  2 Lauren Gambini, ‘Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from “Shithole Countries”’, Guardian, 12 January 2018.

  3 Tal Kopan, ‘What Donald Trump Has Said about Mexico and Vice Versa’, CNN, 31 August 2016.

  10. Terrorism

  1 Ashley Kirk, ‘How Many People Are Killed by Terrorist Attacks in the UK?’, Telegraph, 17 October 2017; National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) (2016), Global Terrorism Database [data file], retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd; Susan Jones, ‘11,774 Terror Attacks Worldwide in 2915; 28,328 Deaths Due to Terror Attacks’, CNS News, 3 June 2016; ‘People Killed by Terrorism per Year in Western Europe’, Datagraver, 22 March 2016; ‘Reports on International Terrorism: Statistics on Incidents of Terror Worldwide’, Jewish Virtual Library, accessed 11 April 2018; Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan and Erin Miller, Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database (London: Routledge, 2015); Gary LaFree, ‘Using open source data to counter common myths about terrorism’ in Brian Forst, Jack Greene and Jim Lynch (eds.), Criminologists on Terrorism and Homeland Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 411–42; Gary LaFree, ‘The Global Terrorism Database: Accomplishments and challenges’, Perspectives on Terrorism 4 (2010), 24–46; Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan, ‘Research on terrorism and countering terrorism’ in M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 413–77; Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan, ‘Introducing the global terrorism database’, Political Violence and Terrorism 19 (2007), 181–204.

  2 World Health Organization, ‘Deaths on the Roads: Based on the WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015’; ‘About Multiple Cause of Death, 1999–2016’, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html, accessed 11 April 2018; World Health Organization, ‘Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013’; World Health Organization, ‘Road Safety: Estimated Number of Traffic Deaths, 2013’, http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/road_safety/road_traffic_deaths/atlas.html, accessed 11 April 2018; World Health Organization, ‘Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013’; Stav Ziv, ‘2015 Brought Biggest Percent Increase in U.S. Traffic Deaths in 50 Years’, Newsweek, 17 February 2016

  3 World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, ‘The Challenge of Diabetes’, www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/diabetes/data-and-statistics accessed April 11, 2018; World Health Organization, Global Report on Diabetes (Geneva: WHO, 2016); Adam Vaughan, ‘China Tops WHO List for Deadly Outdoor Air Pollution’, Guardian, 27 September 2016.

  4 For the battle, see Gary Sheffield, Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Reality (London: Headline, 2001), 137–64.

  5 ‘Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000’, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Victims%20of%20Palestinian%20Violence%20and%20Terrorism%20sinc.aspx, accessed 23 October 2017.

  6 ‘Car Accidents with Casualties, 2002’, Central Bureau of Statistics (in Hebrew), http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/acci02/acci02h.pdf, accessed 23 October 2017.

  7 ‘Pan Am Flight 103 Fast Facts’, CNN, 16 December 2016.

  8 Tom Templeton and Tom Lumley, ‘9/11 in Numbers’, Guardian, 18 August 2002.

  9 Ian Westwell and Dennis Cove (eds.), History of World War I, vol. 2 (New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2002), 431. For Isonzo, see John R. Schindler, Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War (Westport: Praeger, 2001), 217–18.

  10 Sergio Catignani, Israeli Counter-Insurgency and the Intifadas: Dilemmas of a Conventional Army (London: Routledge, 2008).

  11 ‘Reported Rapes in France Jump 18% in Five Years’, France 24, 11 August 2015.

  11. War

  1 Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 14–19; ‘Global Health Observatory Data Repository, 2012’, World Health Organization, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.RCODWORLD?lang=en, accessed 16 August 2015; ‘Global Study on Homicide, 2013’; UNDOC, World Health Organization, ‘Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: Cause-Specific Mortality, 2000–15’, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 11 April 2018.

  2 ‘World Military Spending: Increases in the USA and Europe, Decreases in Oil-Exporting Countries’, press release, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 24 April 2017.

  3 ‘Report on the Battle of Tal-el-Kebir’, 4, National Archives, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/battles/egypt/popup/telel4.htm

  4 Spencer C. Tucker (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social and Military History (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2013), 131.

  5 Ivana Kottasova, ‘Putin Meets Xi: Two Economies, Only One to Envy’, CNN, 2 July 2017.

  6 GDP is according to the IMF’s statistics, calculated on the basis of purchasing power parity: International Monetary Fund, ‘Report for Selected Countries and Subjects, 2017’, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/index.aspx, accessed 27 February 2018.

  7 Hamza Hendawi and Qassim Abd
ul-Zahra, ‘Isis is making up to $50 million a month from oil sales’, Business Insider, 23 October 2015.

  8 Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003); Eri Hotta, Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy (London: Vintage, 2014).

  12. Humility

  1 ‘10 Remarkable Ancient Indian Sages Familiar with Advanced Technology and Science Long Before Modern Era’, AncientPages.com, 19 October 2015; ‘Great Indian Hindu Sages Who Revolutionised the Field of Science’, Hindu Janajagruti Samiti, 2014, https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/31.html; ‘Shocking Secrets of the Vedic Science Revealed!’, The Most Confidential Knowledge, http://mcknowledge.info/about-vedas/what-is-vedic-science, accessed 11 April 2018.

  2 These numbers and the ratio can be clearly seen in the following graph: Conrad Hackett and David McClendon, ‘Christians Remain World’s Largest Religious Group, but They Are Declining in Europe’, Pew Research Center, 5 April 2017.

  3 Jonathan Haidt, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (New York: Pantheon, 2012); Joshua Greene, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them (New York: Penguin Press, 2013).

  4 Marc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce, ‘Wild Justice – Honor and Fairness among Beasts at Play’, American Journal of Play 1:4 (2009), 451–75.

  5 Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape (London: Granta, 2005), ch. 5.

  6 Frans de Waal, Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 157.

  7 The story became the subject of a documentary titled Chimpanzee, released in 2010 by Disneynature.

  8 M. E. J. Richardson, Hammurabi’s Laws (London, New York: T&T Clark International, 2000), 29–31.

  9 Loren R. Fisher, The Eloquent Peasant, 2nd edn (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2015).