Team of Rivals

  “sailed through clear”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, July 4, 1842, in ibid., p. 289.

  “‘Are you now’…impatient to know”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, October 5, 1842, in ibid., p. 303.

  and was, in fact, very happy: AL to Joshua F. Speed, March 27, 1842, in ibid., p. 282.

  description of the wedding: Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 97–98; Helm, The True Story of Mary, pp. 93–95.

  “Nothing new here…of profound wonder”: AL to Samuel D. Marshall, November 11, 1842, in CW, I, p. 305.

  “Full many a flower”: Thomas Gray, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,” in The Norton Anthology of Poetry, 3rd edn., ed. Alexander W. Allison, et al. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983), pp. 249–50.

  “His melancholy…as he walked”: Herndon, “Analysis of the Character,” ALQ (1941), p. 359.

  “No element…profound melancholy”: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, p. 146.

  “This melancholy…with his brains”: Henry C. Whitney to WHH, June 23, 1887, in HI, p. 616.

  “his face was…ever looked upon”: Joseph Wilson Fifer, quoted in Rufus Rockwell Wilson, Intimate Memories of Lincoln (Elmira, N.Y.: Primavera Press, 1945), p. 155.

  “slightly wrinkled…the wrinkles there”: William Calkins, “The First of the Lincoln and Douglas Debates,” quoted in ibid., pp. 169–70.

  melancholy does not have: See Jerome Kagan, Galen’s Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature, with the collaboration of Nancy Snidman, Doreen Arcus, and J. Steven Reznick (New York: Basic Books, 1994), pp. 7–8.

  “a tendency to…not a fault”: AL to Mary Speed, September 27, 1841, in CW, I, p. 261.

  “Melancholy…a sense of humor”: Thomas Pynchon, introduction to The Teachings of Don B.: Satires, Parodies, Fables, Illustrated Stories, and Plays of Donald Barthelme, ed. Kim Herzinger (New York: Turtle Bay Books, Random House, 1992), p. xviii.

  “When he first came…boiled over”: James H. Matheny interview, November 1866, in HI, p. 432.

  “he emerged…he lived, again”: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, p. 147.

  “necessary to his…relaxation in anecdotes”: Joshua F. Speed to WHH, December 6, 1866, in HI, p. 499.

  He laughed, he explained: Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, p. 148.

  “joyous, universal evergreen of life”: AL, quoted in Nicolay, Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln, p. 16.

  “to whistle off sadness”: David Davis interview, September 20, 1866, in HI, pp. 348, 350.

  “Humor, like hope…to be borne”: George E. Vaillant, The Wisdom of the Ego, p. 73.

  “Humor can be marvelously…corrosive”: Unnamed source, quoted in ibid., p. 73.

  to rescue a pig…“his own mind”: AL, quoted in Nicolay, Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln, p. 81.

  tortured turtles…“it was wrong”: Nathaniel Grigsby interview, September 12, 1865, in HI, p. 112.

  He refused to hunt animals: Miller, Lincoln’s Virtues, pp. 26–27.

  “the never-absent idea”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, March 27, 1842, in CW, I, p. 282.

  “By the imagination…what he feels”: Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (London: A. Millar, 1759; facsimile, New York: Garland Publishing, 1971), pp. 2–3.

  “With his wealth…that way themselves”: Nicolay, Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln, pp. 213, 77, 78.

  marriage was tumultuous…was harder for Mary: With Malice Toward None, pp. 69–70; Strozier, Lincoln’s Quest for Union, p. 119; Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 105–10.

  Lincoln helped with the marketing and the dishes: Burlingame, The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, p. 279.

  Julia Bates’s early marriage: Darby, “Mrs. Julia Bates” in Bates, Bates, et al., of Virginia and Missouri, n.p.; EB to Frederick Bates, June 15 and July 19, 1818, quoted in ibid.

  Frances Seward spared household chores: Seward, An Autobiography, pp. 62, 382, 466; Patricia C. Johnson, “‘I Could Not be Well or Happy at Home…When Called to the Councils of My Country’: Politics and the Seward Family,” University of Rochester Library Bulletin 31 [hereafter URLB] (Autumn 1978), pp. 42, 47, 49.

  Lincolns detached from respective families: Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 105–07, 111–12.

  When Lincoln was away: Ibid., pp. 108–09.

  Frances’s family surrounded her: Johnson, “I Could Not be Well or Happy at Home,” URLB, p. 42.

  Julia Bates’s family in St. Louis: Bates, Bates, et al., of Virginia and Missouri, n.p.

  “the kindest…was necessary”: MTL interview, September 1866, in HI, p. 357.

  a gentle and indulgent father: Herndon and Weik, Herndon’s Life of Lincoln, p. 344. See also “‘Unrestrained by Parental Tyranny’: Lincoln and His Sons,” chapter 3 in Burlingame, The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, pp. 57–72.

  “litterally ran over…their importunities”: Joseph Gillespie to WHH, January 31, 1866, in HI, p. 181.

  “It is my pleasure…child to its parent”: AL, quoted in MTL interview, September 1866, in ibid., p. 357.

  “Now if you should…he is mistaken”: AL to Richard S. Thomas, February 14, 1843, in CW, I, p. 307.

  “That ‘union is strength’…‘cannot stand’”: “Campaign Circular from Whig Committee,” March 4, 1843, in ibid., p. 315.

  “We had a meeting…own dear ‘gal’”: AL to Joshua F. Speed, March 24, 1843, in ibid., p. 319.

  his defeat in Sangamon…“family distinction”: AL to Martin S. Morris, March 26, 1843, in ibid., p. 320.

  in Pekin…idea of rotating terms: AL, “Resolution Adopted at Whig Convention at Pekin, Illinois,” May 1, 1843, in ibid., p. 322.

  Lincoln left nothing to chance: Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, p. 105.

  He asked friends to share…every precinct: Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. II, pp. 74–75.

  “a quiet trip…vigilance”: AL to Benjamin F. James, January 14, 1846, in CW, I, p. 354.

  “That Hardin is talented…‘is fair play’”: AL to Robert Boal, January 7, 1846, in ibid., p. 353.

  “not…all other grounds”: AL to John J. Hardin, February 7, 1846, in ibid., p. 364.

  “I am not a politician…their ends”: SPC to Charles D. Cleveland, August 29, 1840, reel 5, Chase Papers.

  James G. Birney: See Betty Fladeland, James Gillespie Birney: Slaveholder to Abolitionist (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1955), esp. pp. 129–36.

  a group of white community leaders: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 47.

  On a hot summer night…continued to publish: Fladeland, James Gillespie Birney, pp. 136–37; Blue, Salmon P. Chase, p. 29.

  the mob returned…tarred and feathered: Fladeland, James Gillespie Birney, pp. 140–41.

  he raced to the hotel…“at any time”: SPC, quoted in Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 48.

  “His voice and commanding…right time”: Ibid.

  “No man…courage and resolution”: Hart, Salmon P. Chase, p. 435.

  “By dedicating himself…in its pursuit”: Maizlish, “Salmon P. Chase,” JER (1998), p. 62.

  background of the Matilda case: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 50–51; Hart, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 73–74; Schuckers, The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase, pp. 41–44.

  “Every settler…interdicts slavery”: SPC, Speech of Salmon P. Chase in the Case of the Colored Woman, Matilda: Who was Brought Before the Court of Common Pleas of Hamilton County, Ohio, by Writ of Habeas Corpus, March 11, 1837 (Cincinnati: Pugh & Dodd, 1837), pp. 29, 30, 8.

  they were printed in pamphlet form: SPC, Speech of Salmon P. Chase in the Case of the Colored Woman, Matilda. 110 Chase versus the Garrisonians: Hart, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 50, 55–56, 65.

  “a covenant with…agreement with hell”: Quoted in James Brewer Stewart, William Lloyd Garrison and the Challenge of Emancipation. American Biographical History Series (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1992), p. 164.

  Chase decided, to try for public office…city establishments: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 57–59.


  the “vital question of slavery”: SPC to Charles D. Cleveland, August 29, 1840, reel 5, Chase Papers.

  Chase and the Liberty Party: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 67–70; Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 78–81. See also “Liberty Party,” in The Reader’s Companion to American History, ed. Foner and Garraty, p. 657.

  “to interfere…where it exists”: “Proceedings and Resolutions of the Ohio Liberty Convention,” Philanthropist, December 29, 1841, quoted in Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 68.

  “without constitutional warrant”: SPC to Gerrit Smith, May 14, 1842, reel 5, Chase Papers.

  “has seen so little…the very first”: SPC to Joshua R. Giddings, January 21, 1842, reel 5, Chase Papers.

  “there can be only…criminal than unwise”: WHS to SPC, August 4, 1845, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  “educated in the Whig school”… defining characteristics: SPC to Lyman Hall, August 6, 1849, quoted in Warden, Private Life and Public Services, p. 331.

  decision to leave…for Seward: Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, p. 7.

  “one idea”…than with the Whigs: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 62 (quote), 67, 88, 90–91.

  Chase shifted his positions: Hendrick, Lincoln’s War Cabinet, p. 40.

  Cincinnati was a natural destination: de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, p. 345.

  “Attorney General for the Negro”: Donnal V. Smith, “Salmon P. Chase and the Election of 1860,” OAHQ 39 (July 1930), p. 515.

  represented John Van Zandt: See Hart, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 75–78; Schuckers, The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase, pp. 53–66; Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 76–83.

  “Moved by sympathy…very willingly”: SPC to Trowbridge, March 18, 1864, reel 32, Chase Papers.

  “Under the constitution…which made him a slave”: SPC, Reclamation of Fugitives from Service: An Argument for the Defendant, Submitted to the Supreme Court of the United States, at the December Term, 1846, in the Case of Wharton Jones vs. John Vanzandt (Cincinnati: R. P. Donogh & Co., 1847), pp. 82–84.

  “a creature of state law”: Chase, Reclamation of Fugitives from Service, p. 81.

  “There goes…himself to-day”: Unnamed judge in Van Zandt trial quoted in Life and Letters of Harriet Beecher Stowe, ed. Annie Fields (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1897; Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1970), p. 145.

  Chase enlisted Seward’s help as co-counsel: WHS, In the Supreme Court of the United States: John Van Zandt, ad sectum Wharton Jones: Argument for the Defendant (Albany, N.Y.: Weed & Parsons, 1847); Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, pp. 39–40; Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 83.

  “poor old Van Zandt…be a gainer”: SPC to CS, April 24, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers (quote); SPC to Trowbridge, March 18, 1864, reel 32, Chase Papers.

  argument reprinted in pamphlet form: See SPC, Reclamation of Fugitives from Service.

  “the question…a political movement”: CS to SPC, March 12, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  Adams and Hale: Charles Francis Adams to SPC, March 4, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers; SPC to John P. Hale, May 12, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  “chaste and beautiful…own fame”: WHS to SPC, February 18, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  “one of the gratifications…greatest too”: SPC to Lewis Tappan, March 18, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  In gratitude…sterling silver pitcher: For a description of the event, see The Address and Reply on the Presentation of a Testimonial to S. P. Chase, by the Colored People of Cincinnati (Cincinnati, Ohio: Henry W. Derby & Co., 1845); Niven, Salmon P. Chase, pp. 85–86.

  “whenever the friendless…unto me!”: “Mr. Gordon’s Address,” in The Address and Reply on the Presentation of a Testimonial to S. P. Chase, pp. 12–13, 18.

  Chase’s reply: “Reply of Mr. Chase,” in ibid., pp. 19–35.

  did not make friends easily: Niven, Salmon P. Chase, p. 130.

  “little of human nature”: Lloyd, “Home-Life of Salmon Portland Chase,” Atlantic Monthly, p. 534.

  “profoundly versed…of men”: Whitelaw Reid, Ohio in the War, paraphrased in Warden, Private Life and Public Services, p. 244.

  Edwin M. Stanton: Frank Abial Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton: The Autocrat of Rebellion, Emancipation, and Reconstruction (Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing Co., 1905), p. 24; Belden and Belden, So Fell the Angels, p. 77; Henry Wilson, “Jeremiah S. Black and Edwin M. Stanton,” Atlantic Monthly 26 (October 1870), pp. 469–70.

  “when he was a boy…to slavery”: William Thaw, quoted in Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton, p. 25.

  death had pursued Stanton: Pamphila Stanton Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton: A Biographical Sketch,” Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio; EMS, “Mary Lamson, Wife of Edwin M. Stanton, and their infant daughter Lucy,” Edwin M. Stanton Manuscript, Mss. 1648, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections, Louisiana State University Libraries, Baton Rouge, La.

  “Since our pleasant…face to face”: EMS to SPC, November 30, 1846, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  “Taxation…sincere love for you”: EMS to SPC, August 1846, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  Stanton felt free…“careless of the future”: EMS to SPC, November 30, 1846, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  “Many weeks…post office each day”: EMS to SPC, January 5, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  “Rejoicing, as I do…upon your mercy”: EMS to SPC, March 11, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  “filled my heart…bid you farewell”: EMS to SPC, December 2, 1847, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  “How much I regret…not have left home”: SPC to EMS, January 9, 1848, reel 1, Papers of Edwin M. Stanton, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress [hereafter Stanton Papers, DLC].

  “The practice of law…of the camp”: EMS to SPC, May 27, 1849, reel 7, Chase Papers.

  “While public honors…inestimable value”: EMS to SPC, May 27, 1849, reel 7, Chase Papers.

  “well aware…among men”: EMS to SPC, June 28, 1850, reel 8, Chase Papers.

  CHAPTER 4: “PLUNDER & CONQUEST”

  Washington was a city in progress: Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. II, pp. 101–03.

  “a full view…and Virginia”: William Q. Force, “Picture of Washington and its Vicinity for 1850,” Washington, D.C., p. 49.

  “stood pig-styes…over the fields”: Samuel C. Busey, M.D., Personal Reminiscences and Recollections of Forty-Six Years’ Membership in the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, and Residence in this City, with Biographical Sketches of Many of the Deceased Members (Washington, D.C.: [Philadelphia: Dornan, Printer], 1895), pp. 64–65.

  population of Washington: Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. II, p. 102.

  Webster…would outlive the age: “12 October 1861, Saturday,” in John Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay, ed. Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), p. 26.

  Jefferson Davis…Rhett, agitator of rebellion: Robert C. Byrd, The Senate, 1789–1989, Vol. I: Addresses on the History of the United States Senate, Bicentennial Edition, ed. Mary Sharon Hall (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1988), p. 182.

  “he would lay down…merriment”: Busey, Personal Reminiscences, pp. 25, 27.

  Mary in Washington: Randall, Mary Lincoln, pp. 107–08; Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 136–40.

  background of the Mexican War: Robert W. Johannsen, “Mexican War,” in The Reader’s Companion to American History, ed. Foner and Garraty, pp. 722–24: McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 47, 49–50.

  “a romantic…exotic land”: Johannsen, “Mexican War,” in The Reader’s Companion to American History, ed. Foner and Garraty, p. 723.

  John Hardin, was…“God-speeds of men”: Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. II, pp. 79–80.

  “It is a fact…growing crops”: AL to John M. Peck,
May 21, 1848, in CW, I, p. 473.

  combat ended, peace treaty: Johannsen, “Mexican War,” in The Reader’s Companion to American History, ed. Foner and Garraty, p. 723.

  “not let the whigs be silent”: AL to Usher F. Linder, March 22, 1848, in CW, I, p. 457.

  “the original justice…of the President”: AL, “Speech in United States House of Representatives: The War with Mexico,” January 12, 1848, in ibid., p. 432.

  “As you are…before long”: AL to WHH, December 13, 1847, in ibid., p. 420.

  “whether the particular…hostile array”: AL, “‘Spot’ Resolutions in the United States House of Representatives,” December 22, 1847, in ibid., p. 421.

  “spotty Lincoln”: Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. II, p. 135.

  “unnecessarily…be at ease”: AL, “Speech in United States House of Representatives: The War with Mexico,” January 12, 1848, in CW, I, pp. 432, 433, 439–41.

  “treasonable assault”…only a single term: Illinois State Register, March 10, 1848, quoted in Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, Vol. II, p. 135.

  to “allow the President…deems it necessary”: AL to WHH, February 15, 1848, in CW, I, p. 451.

  “I saw that Lincoln…and again”: WHH to JWW, February 11, 1887, reel 10, Herndon-Weik Collection, DLC.

  only to infuriate the Democrats…fainthearted Whigs: Donald, Lincoln, pp. 124–25.

  “no…pestilence and famine”: AL, quoting Justin Butterfield in entry for August 13, 1863, in Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House, p. 73.

  “Our population…shores of the Pacific”: WHS, 1846, quoted in Seward, An Autobiography, p. 791.

  “not expect…national adversaries”: WHS to unknown recipient, May 28, 1846, in ibid., p. 809.

  “would not have engaged in”: SPC to Gerrit Smith, September 1, 1846, reel 6, Chase Papers.

  “gross…plunder & conquest”: Bates diary, March 13, 1848.

  ashamed of his Whig…“Presidential election”: Bates diary, March 14, 1848.

  “a war of conquest…to catch votes”: Delaware State Journal, June 13, 1848, quoted as “Speech at Wilmington, Delaware, June 10, 1848,” in CW, I, p. 476.