Team of Rivals

  “a general panic”: AL to WHS, June 28, 1862, in CW, V, p. 292.

  Seward devised an excellent solution: AL, “Call for Troops,” June 30, 1862, in ibid., p. 294 n1.

  Seward telegraphed…“We fail without it”: WHS to EMS, July 1, 1862, OR, Ser. 3, Vol. II, p. 186.

  “The existing law”…his own responsibility: EMS to WHS, July 1, 1862, OR, Ser. 3, Vol. II, pp. 186–87 (quote p. 186).

  He set a precedent…answered Seward’s call: NR, August 14, 1862.

  William Junior…“line of march”: William H. Seward, Jr., speech before members of the 9th New York Artillery, 1912, box 121, Seward Papers, NRU.

  Will’s enlistment…his mother’s fragile health: William H. Seward, Jr., to WHS, July 17, 1862, reel 117, Seward Papers.

  “As it is obvious…no objection”: FAS to FWS, August 10, 1862, reel 115, Seward Papers.

  to make a personal visit…at Harrison’s Landing: Sun, Baltimore, Md., July 11, 1862.

  “The day had”…to over 100 degrees: NYT, July 12, 1862 (quote); NYH, July 11, 1862.

  the “almost overpowering” heat: GBM to MEM, July 8, [1862], in Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, p. 346.

  at Harrison’s Landing…moonlit evening: NYT, July 12, 1862; NYH, July 11, 1862.

  great cheers…“deck of the vessel”: NYT, July 11, 1862.

  “strong frank…will be saved”: GBM to MEM, July 8, [1862], in Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, p. 346.

  the “Harrison’s Landing” letter: GBM to AL, July 7, 1862, OR, Ser. 1, Vol. XI, pp. 73–74.

  Lincoln “made no comments…to me for it”: McClellan, McClellan’s Own Story, p. 487.

  the president reviewed…wounded: Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, pp. 344–45; NYH, July 11, 1862.

  “Mr. Lincoln rode…stove-pipe hat”: NYT, July 11, 1862.

  “entangled…has been universal”: Rev. Joseph H. Twichell, “Army Memories of Lincoln. A Chaplain’s Reminiscences,” The Congregationalist and Christian World, January 30, 1913, p. 154.

  “successive booming…Saul of old”: NYH, July 11, 1862.

  “thinned ranks…with their struggle”: NYT, July 12, 1862.

  “On the way…swim in the river”: NYH, July 11, 1862.

  “Frank was…greatly cheered”: EBL to SPL, July 18, 1862, in Wartime Washington, ed. Laas, p. 165 n8.

  summoned General Henry Halleck…general in chief: AL, “Order Making Henry W. Halleck General-in-Chief,” July 11, 1862, in CW, V, pp. 312–13.

  Halleck’s victories…widely respected: “Halleck, Henry Wager (1815–1872),” in Sifakis, Who Was Who in the Union, p. 172.

  “I do not know…I am a General”: GBM to MEM, [July] 10, [1862], in Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, p. 348.

  Senator Chandler of Michigan…“the coward”: Entry for June 4, 1862, in The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, p. 260.

  Lincoln was determined…“cajoled out of them”: Entry for July 24, 1862, in Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, Vol. I, p. 563.

  “much of his…crushing the rebellion”: Benjamin, “Recollections of Secretary Edwin M. Stanton,” Century (1887), p. 765.

  “that all that Stanton…the President”: Entry for July 14, 1862, in Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, Vol. I, p. 559.

  All the government departments had closed down: NR, August 7, 1862.

  “never seen more persons…resembled”: Entry for August 10, 1862, in French, Witness to the Young Republic, p. 405.

  “the ringing of bells…Marine Band”: NYT, August 7, 1862.

  “‘Well! Hadn’t I’…once to the stand”: Entry for August 6, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 360.

  “I believe there…the Secretary of War”: AL, “Address to Union Meeting at Washington,” August 6, 1862, in CW, V, pp. 358–59.

  “He is one of…ever created”: Entry for August 10, 1862, in French, Witness to the Young Republic, p. 405.

  “originality…took all hearts”: Entry for August 6, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 360.

  The great rally concluded…in the Union: NR, August 7, 1862.

  she had begun riding: NYT, April 5, 1862.

  “she was so hid…she was there”: Mary Hay to Milton Hay, April 13, 1862, in Concerning Mr. Lincoln, comp. Pratt, p. 94.

  “she seemed to be”…Soldiers’ Home: Entry for June 16, 1862, in French, Witness to the Young Republic, p. 400.

  Soldiers’ Home: Matthew Pinsker, Lincoln’s Sanctuary: Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers’ Home (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument, Special Resource Draft Study (August 2002).

  “an earthly paradise”: Julia Wheelock Freeman, The Boys in White; The Experience of a Hospital Agent in and Around Washington (New York: Lange & Hillman, 1870), p. 171.

  a choice destination for Washingtonians: Pinsker, Lincoln’s Sanctuary, p. 12.

  “this quiet and beautiful…along the hills”: Iowa State Register, Des Moines, July 2, 1862.

  At Mary’s urging: Pinsker, Lincoln’s Sanctuary, pp. 4–5.

  “We are truly…to Cambridge”: MTL to Mrs. Charles Eames, July 26, [1862], in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 131.

  For Tad…campfire at night: Pinsker, Lincoln’s Sanctuary, p. 78.

  the Lincolns could entertain…among family and friends: Ibid., pp. 9–10.

  “helped him…attorney in Illinois”: Ibid., pp. 15 (quote), 81–82.

  “daily habit…in the District”: Saturday Evening Post, June 21, 1862.

  “But for these humane…lost her child”: Mrs. E. F. Ellet, The Court Circles of the Republic (Hartford, Conn.: Hartford Publishing Co., 1869; New York: Arno Press, 1975), p. 526.

  “little cares…into nothing”: Walt Whitman to Louisa Whitman, December 29, 1862, in Walt Whitman, The Wound Dresser: A Series of Letters Written from the Hospitals in Washington During the War of the Rebellion, ed. Richard Maurice Bucke (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898; Folcroft, Penn.: Folcroft Library Editions, 1975), p. 48.

  “nothing of ordinary…it used to”: Walt Whitman to Louisa Whitman, August 25, 1863, in ibid., p. 104.

  “to form an immense army”: NYTrib, July 9, 1862.

  steamers arrived…Ambulances stood by: NR, June 30, 1862.

  a massive project of…military hospitals: see NR, June 17–23, 1862; Iowa State Register, Des Moines, July 9, 1862.

  Union Hotel Hospital…“sup their wine”: NR, January 9, 1862.

  “many of the doors…could christen it”: Louisa May Alcott, Hospital Sketches (New York: Sagamore Press, 1957), p. 59.

  The Braddock House…old chairs and desks: Freeman, The Boys in White, p. 37.

  the Patent Office…transformed into a hospital ward: NR, June 27 and September 2, 1862.

  “a curious scene…pavement under foot”: Walt Whitman, quoted in NYT, February 26, 1863.

  the Methodist Episcopal Church on 20th Street: NR, June 18, 1862.

  covering pews…laboratory and kitchen: NR, June 23, 1862.

  more than three thousand patients: NR, April 11, 1862.

  baskets of fruit…pillows of wounded men: NYTrib, August 13, 1862 (quote); Ellet, The Court Circles of the Republic, p. 526; AL to Hiram P. Barney, August 16, 1862, in CW, V, pp. 377–78.

  One wounded soldier…signature: MTL to “Mrs. Agen,” August 10, 1864, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 179.

  of “commanding stature…for it so eagerly”: Alcott, Hospital Sketches, pp. 89–92, 99–100, 103, 104.

  “singularly cool…(full of maggots)”: Walt Whitman to Louisa Whitman, October 6, 1863, in Whitman, The Wound Dresser, pp. 123–24.

  “heap of feet”…hospital grounds: Walt Whitman to Louisa Whitman, December 29, 1862, in ibid., p. 48.

  she found it difficult…“wounded occupant”: Alcott, Hospital Sketches, p. 59.

  “Death itself…such a relief”: Walt Whitman to Loui
sa Whitman, August 25, 1863, in Whitman, The Wound Dresser, p. 104.

  “was so blackened”…eventually recovered: Amanda Stearns to her sister, May 14, 1863, reprinted in Amanda Akin Stearns, The Lady Nurse of Ward E (New York: Baker & Taylor Co., 1909), pp. 25–26 (quote p. 25).

  Another youth…“on the Judgment Day”: Alcott, Hospital Sketches, pp. 62–63 (quote p. 63).

  “If she were worldly wise…many journals”: Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times, p. 48.

  “While her sister-women…the White House”: Ames, Ten Years in Washington, p. 237.

  Mary continued…work discreetly: Chicago Tribune, July 4, 1872; Mary Elizabeth Massey, Bonnet Brigades (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), p. 44.

  “our ever-bountiful benefactress & friend”: NR, December 27, 1861.

  “an angel of mercy”: NR, June 27, 1862.

  Lincoln had asked the legislature: AL, “Message to Congress,” March 6, 1862, in CW, V, pp. 144–46.

  “less than one half-day’s”…border states combined: AL to James A. McDougall, March 14, 1862, in CW, V, p. 160.

  “to surrender…the Union dissolved”: NYT, July 13, 1862.

  If the rebels…lose heart: AL, “Message to Congress,” March 6, 1862, in CW, V, p. 145.

  “emancipation in any form…the Border States”: Editors’ note on majority reply to AL, “Appeal to Border State Representatives to Favor Compensated Emancipation,” July 12, 1862, in ibid., p. 319 n1.

  “never doubted…to abolish slavery”: AL, “Message to Congress,” April 16, 1862, in ibid., p. 192.

  “I trust I am not…seem like a dream”: Frederick Douglass to CS, April 8, 1862, reel 25, Sumner Papers.

  As slaves in the District…“when they wished”: Smith, Francis Preston Blair, p. 354.

  “all but one…quarters”: EBL to SPL, April 19, 1862, in Wartime Washington, ed. Laas, p. 130.

  Henry…the rest of his life: Henry, quoted in Smith, Francis Preston Blair, p. 354.

  Nanny…“children are free”: EBL to SPL, April 19, 1862, in Wartime Washington, ed. Laas, p. 130.

  a new confiscation bill: “An Act to suppress Insurrection, to punish Treason and Rebellion, to seize and confiscate the Property of Rebels, and for other Purposes,” July 17, 1862, in Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America, Vol. 12 (Boston, 1863), pp. 589–92, available through “Chronology of Emancipation During the Civil War,” Freedmen and Southern Society Project, University of Maryland, College Park, www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/conact2.htm (accessed April 2004).

  “It was…a dead letter from the start”: “Confiscation Act of July 17, 1862,” in Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982), p. 68.

  a “disturbing influence…to break anew”: CS, quoted in James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield, Vol. I (Norwich, Conn.: Henry Bill Publishing Co., 1884), p. 374.

  “our friends…take it at its flood”: Entry for July 14, 1862, in Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, Vol. I, p. 558.

  “will be an end…errors of policy”: Henry Cooke to Jay Cooke, July 16, 1862, in Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer, Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War (Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1907), p. 199.

  “looked weary…in his voice”: Entry for July 15, 1862, in Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, Vol. I, p. 560.

  the president traveled…final days of the term: JGN to TB, July 18, 1862, container 2, Nicolay Papers.

  an extraordinarily productive session: See Leonard P. Curry, Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), pp. 101–36, 147–48, 179–97, 244–52.

  “he had lately begun…d’etat for our Congress”: Entry for July 21, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 348.

  “I ask Congress…lost one advocate”: WHS to FAS, July 12, 1862, quoted in Seward, Seward at Washington…1861–1872, pp. 115–16.

  The debates had grown…“part in them”: Field, Memories of Many Men, pp. 264–65.

  “a moral…political wrong”: AL, “Sixth Debate with Stephen A. Douglas, at Quincy, Illinois,” October 13, 1858, in CW, III, p. 254.

  uses to which slaves were put by the Confederacy: Welles, “History of Emancipation,” Galaxy (1872), pp. 843, 844; Hendrick, Lincoln’s War Cabinet, p. 355.

  emancipation could be considered a military necessity: Welles, “History of Emancipation,” Galaxy (1872), p. 850.

  the funeral of Stanton’s infant son: Star, July 11, 1862.

  “emancipating the slaves…justifiable”: Entry for c. July 1862, Welles diary, Vol. I (1960 edn.), pp. 70–71.

  when messengers…by the diplomats in attendance: Entry for July 21, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 348.

  all members save the postmaster: Welles, “History of Emancipation,” Galaxy (1872), p. 844.

  books in the library: MTL to Benjamin B. French, July 26, [1862], in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, pp. 129–30; Seale, The President’s House, Vol. I, pp. 291–92, 380.

  “profoundly concerned…and slavery”: Entry for July 21, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 348.

  Lincoln read several orders…“decide the question”: Entry for July 21, 1862, ibid., pp. 348–49.

  another cabinet session; Carpenter painting: Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times, p. 11; entry for July 22, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 351.

  Lincoln took the floor…“on the slavery question”: Welles, “History of Emancipation,” Galaxy (1872), p. 844.

  “had resolved upon…their advice”: Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, p. 21.

  His draft proclamation…“and forever”: AL, “Emancipation Proclamation—First Draft,” [July 22, 1862], in CW, V, p. 337.

  statistics on slaves in border states and Confederacy: These statistics are based on 1860 census data for the numbers of slaves living in the border slave states that remained in the Union, and the eleven slave states that formed the Confederacy.

  “fraught with consequences…could not penetrate”: Welles, “History of Emancipation,” Galaxy (1872), p. 841.

  the members were startled…“immediate promulgation”: EMS memorandum, July 22, 1862, reel 3, Stanton Papers, DLC.

  Bates’s approval…cadet at West Point: Introduction, and entries for April 14, 1862, and November 30, 1863, in The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, pp. xv–xvi, 250, 319.

  his “very decided…the white race”: Welles, “History of Emancipation,” Galaxy (1872), pp. 844–45.

  “among our colored…‘which they profess’”: Entry for September 25, 1862, in The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, pp. 263–64.

  Welles remained silent…“intensify the struggle”: Memorandum from September 22, 1862, quoted in Welles, “History of Emancipation,” Galaxy (1872), p. 848.

  “extreme exercise of war powers”: Entry for October 1, 1862, Welles diary, Vol. I (1960 edn.), p. 159.

  Caleb Smith…“attack the administration”: Usher, President Lincoln’s Cabinet, p. 17.

  Blair spoke up…“were in vain”: Welles, “History of Emancipation,” Galaxy (1872), p. 847.

  “beyond anything…universal emancipation”: EMS memorandum, July 22, 1862, reel 3, Stanton Papers, DLC.

  “depredation and massacre…soon as practicable”: Entry for July 22, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 351.

  The bold proclamation…“was his specialty”: Entry for August 22, 1863, Welles diary, Vol. I (1960 edn.), p. 415.

  “golden moment…four thousand years”: Christopher Wolcott to Pamphila Stanton Wolcott, July 27, 1862, in Wolcott, “Edwin M. Stanton,” p. 158a.

  Lincoln later maintained…“Seward spoke”: Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, p. 21.

  a racial war in the South…their economic interests: EMS memorandum, July 22, 1862, reel 3, Stanton Papers, DLC.

  “The public mind…to give them effect”: WHS to FAS, August 7, 1862, in
Seward, Seward at Washington…1861–1872, p. 121.

  “would have been…territory was conquered”: Carpenter, “A Day with Governor Seward,” Seward Papers.

  “Mr. President…shriek, on the retreat”: WHS, quoted in Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, pp. 21–22.

  “until the eagle…about his neck”: Carpenter, “A Day with Governor Seward,” Seward Papers.

  Seward’s argument…met with Lincoln: Francis B. Cutting to EMS, February 20, 1867, reel 11, Stanton Papers, DLC.

  “The wisdom of…the progress of events”: AL, quoted in Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, p. 22.

  “with public sentiment…nothing can succeed”: AL, “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Ottawa, Illinois,” August 21, 1858, in CW, III, p. 27.

  On August 14…opportunity among their own people: “Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes,” August 14, 1862, in CW, V, pp. 371–75.

  “We were entirely hostile”…to the proposal: Edward M. Thomas to AL, August 16, 1862, Lincoln Papers.

  “are as much the natives…to a distant shore”: Liberator, August 22, 1862.

  provoked Frederick Douglass: Christopher N. Breiseth, “Lincoln and Frederick Douglass: Another Debate,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 68, no. 1 (February 1975), pp. 14–15.

  “ridiculous…and bitter persecution”: Douglass’ Monthly (September 1862).

  the “drop of honey”: AL, “Temperance Address,” February 22, 1842, in CW, I, p. 273.

  “How much better…homes in America!”: Entry for August 15, 1862, Chase Papers, Vol. I, p. 362.

  cheap “clap-trap…perhaps of both”: Entry for August, 1862, in Gurowski, Diary from March 4, 1861 to November 12, 1862, pp. 251–52.

  “The Prayer of Twenty Millions”: NYTrib, August 20, 1862.

  seizing the opportunity to begin instructing the public: NYT, August 24, 1862.

  “As to the policy…will help the cause”: AL to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, in CW, V, pp. 388–89.

  “I am sorry…than human freedom”: FAS to WHS, August 24, 1862, reel 114, Seward Papers.

  “killed years ago…destruction of slavery”: WHS, quoted in Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, pp. 72–73.

  no “truly republican…a great moral evil”: FAS, miscellaneous fragment, reel 197, Seward Papers.