The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam

  8. LANSDALE PROGRAM: PP, II, 440–1.

  9. KENNEDY, “WHITE MAN’S WAR”: Schlesinger, 505, 547.

  10. “WELL, MR. SCHOENBRUN”: Schoenbrun to author.

  11. LIMITED WAR, “ADVANTAGES OF TERMINATING”: q. Kaplan, 330. KAUFMAN QUOTED: ibid., 199.

  12. KENNEDY READ MAO AND CHE GUEVARA: Schlesinger, 341.

  13. ROSTOW’S SPEECH AT FORT BRAGG: Raskin and Fall, 108–16.

  14. LANSDALE, “A STRONGER APPEAL”: q. Schlesinger, 986.

  15. BURKE, “PERSEVERANCE IN ABSURDITY”: speech in Commons of 19 April 1774, Hansard XVIII.

  16. PENTAGON DISCUSSIONS ON “SIZE AND COMPOSITION”: Action Memorandum, 11 May 61, PP, II, 642.

  17. EISENHOWER BRIEFING: Gelb and Betts, 29.

  18. 7TH FLEET TO SOUTH CHINA SEA, AND OTHER MOVEMENTS: Ball, 363.

  19. LEMNITZER SUGGESTS NUCLEAR ARMS: Galbraith, 467. KENNEDY SHOCKED: ibid.

  20. JOHNSON, “THE WINSTON CHURCHILL”: q. Schlesinger, 541. HIS REPORT: text in PP, II, 55–9; see also Ball, 385.

  21. KENNEDY TO RESTON: q. Gelb and Betts, 70. “WE CANNOT AND WILL NOT”: 25 July 61, q. Sorensen, 583 ff. READY TO RISK NUCLEAR WAR: ibid.

  22. NITZE, “VALUE TO THE WEST”: Thompson and Frizzell, 6.

  23. THEODORE WHITE, “SITUATION GETS WORSE”: q. Schlesinger, 544.

  24. MCGARR’S ESTIMATE: Taylor, 220–1.

  25. ROSTOW AS DR. PANGLOSS: Macpherson, 258. “BIGGEST COLD WARRIOR”: q. Halberstam, 161.

  26. TAYLOR-ROSTOW REPORT: PP, II, 14–15,90–98; Taylor, 227–44.

  27. “EXTERNAL AGGRESSION”: q. Cohen, 184.

  28. STATE DEPT. ANNEXES: PP, II, 95–7.

  29. RUSK, “A LOSING HORSE”: PP, II, 105.

  30. “REGIME NOT VIABLE”: in camera testimony to Senate FRC, 28 Feb 61, q. Cohen, iii.

  31. MCNAMARA-JCS RESPONSE: PP, II, 108–09. MCNAMARA-RUSK SECOND MEMORANDUM: PP, II, 110–16.

  32. KENNEDY TO DIEM: ibid., 805–06.

  33. DIEM “SEEMED TO WONDER”: Acting Defense Minister Thuan Nguyen Dinh to Ambassador Nolting, ibid., 121.

  34. CASUALTY FIGURES: PP (NYT), 110.

  35. REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE: NYT, 14 Feb 62. Kennedy, “WE HAVE NOT SENT COMBAT TROOPS”: PP, II, 808.

  36. ME NAMARA, “EVERY QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT”: q. Schlesinger, 549.

  37. GALBRAITH’S REPORT: Galbraith, 471–3; PP, II, 122–4. LETTERS OF NOVEMBER, 1961 AND MARCH 1962: Galbraith, 477–9; also PP, II, 670–1. “MARRIED TO FAILURE”: q. Schlesinger, 548.

  38. JES, “WELL-KNOWN COMMITMENT”: Lemnitzer for JCS to Sec. of Defense, 13 Apr 62, ibid., 671–2.

  39. “WHAT THE NEWSMEN TOOK TO BE LIES”: Mecklin, 100. MANNING MEMORANDUM: Salinger, 328; for the press war, see also Manning, ed. Stakes, 58–61.

  40. MANSFIELD, ZEAL WOULD BE THE UNDOING: Macpherson, 45. TOLD THE SENATE: 88th Congress, 1st Session, GPO, Washington, D.C., 1963.

  41. MANSFIELD-KENNEDY CONVERSATION: O’Donnell.

  42. HILSMAN REPORT: PP, II, 690–726.

  43. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE, “SUPPRESS, GLOSS OVER”: I am indebted to Jeffrey Race for bringing this concept to my attention. The quoted passages are from his article in Armed Forces and Society. See also Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Evanston, 111., 1957.

  44. KENNEDY HINTS WITHDRAWAL TO MANSFIELD: O’Donnell.

  45. INSTRUCTS MICHAEL FORRESTAL: Forrestal to author. “EASY; PUT A GOVERNMENT”: O‘Donnell. “WOULD MEAN COLLAPSE”: q. Schlesinger, 989. “WE ARE GOING TO STAY”: 17 July 63, PP, II, 824.

  46. “NO, I BELIEVE IT”: NBC interview with Chet Huntley, PP, II, 828.

  47. RUSK, “STEADY MOVEMENT”: q. Schlesinger, 986.

  48. NHUS SUSPECTED OF DEALING WITH ENEMY: Ball, 370.

  49. “SOME QUITE FANTASTIC ACTION”: State to Lodge, 29 Aug 63, unsigned, PP, II, 738.

  50. CONEIN LIAISON: Ball, 371; for U.S. Involvement in Coup, see PP, II, 256–63, Documents, 734–51. lodge, “THIS REPRESSIVE REGIME”: PP, II, 742, para. 8. WASHINGTON’S INSTRUCTIONS: State to Lodge, 24 Aug 63, PP, II, 734; NSC to Lodge, 5 Oct 63, ibid., 257, 766.

  51. LODGE, “WE ARE LAUNCHED”: ibid., 738. “ASSASSINATION” OF NHUS: to State from Lodge, 5 Oct 63, ibid., 767.

  52. ROBERT KENNEDY, “COMMUNIST TAKE-OVER”: Sept 63, PP, II, 243. Hilsman, 106.

  53. BATTLE OF AP BAC: Manning, ed. Stakes, 50–51. COLONEL VANN: Halberstam, 203–05. DOD AND CINCPAC OPTIMISM: Cooper, 480.

  54. RUFUS PHILLIPS REPORT: PP, II, 245. JOHN MECKLIN “IN DESPAIR”: Mecklin, X. KATTENBURG CONFERENCE: PP, II, 241; Cohen, 190. KATTENBURG PREDICTION: Halberstam, 370.

  55. DE GAULLE SPEAKS: NYT, 30 Aug 63. “AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES”: ibid., from Washington, “WIDE ANNOYANCE”: ibid.

  56. “THEIR” WAR; KENNEDY, “IN THE FINAL ANALYSIS”: interview with Walter Cronkite, Sept 1963, q. Wicker, 186.

  57. “YOU TWO DID VISIT”: q. PP, III, 23, from Hilsman.

  58. PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT, “BY THE END OF 1965”: text in Raskin and Fall, 128–9.

  5. Executive War

  1. MADE UP HIS MIND NOT TO “LOSE”: Bill Moyers to author.

  2. “I AM NOT GOING TO BE THE FIRST PRESIDENT”: James Reston in NYT, 1 Oct 67. ALTERNATIVE VERSION: Wicker, 205.

  3. VIET-CONG BROADCAST SUGGESTING CEASE-FIRE: q. Wicker, 189, from Jean Lacouture, Vietnam: Between Two Truces, 1966, 170. SECOND BROADCAST PICKED UP IN WASHINGTON: Wicker, ibid.

  4. GENERAL “BIG” MINH AND SUCCESSORS’ FEELERS OPPOSED BY U.S.: Joseph Kraft, “Washington Insight,” Harper’s, Sept 1965.

  5. MCNAMARA, “NEXT TWO OR THREE MONTHS”: PP, II, 193.

  6. NYT EDITORIAL: 3 Nov 63.

  7. RUSK, “WOULD LEAD TO OUR RUIN”: q. Cohen, 258. “A BILLION CHINESE”: at a press conference, NYT, 13 Oct 67. HANSON BALDWIN: NYT Magazine, 27 Feb 66. SEN. JOSEPH CLARK: at Senate FRC (Fulbright) hearings in 1966.

  8. JOHNSON ON “THEIR” WAR: q. Wicker, 231–2.

  9. Maddox, “DESTRUCTIVE” ACTION: PP, III, 150–1. NAVAL UNITS: Ball, 379. “DESIST FROM AGGRESSIVE POLICIES”: JCSM em. 19 May 64, PP, III. 511.

  10. HONOLULU CONFERENCE: PP, III, 171–7; Ball, 375–9.

  11. “ADMISSION THAT THE GAME WAS UP”: q. Gelb, 115.

  12. NUCLEAR OPTION: PP, III, 175; Rusk, PP, II, 322; McNamara, PP, III, 238.

  13. MCNAMARA, “AT LEAST THIRTY DAYS”: ibid., 176.

  14. FULBRIGHT’S MOTIVES FOR TONKIN RESOLUTION: Hoopes, Limits, 25–6. TONKIN DEBATE IN FRC: SEN. NELSON: Wicker, 223; SEN. ERVIN: Austin, 78; SEN. MORSE TIPPED OFF BY PHONE CALL: Austin, 68.

  15. MC NAMARA’S DENIAL: ibid.

  16. “WELL, THOSE DUMB STUPID SAILORS”: q. Ball, 379.

  17. DE GAULLE PROPOSES SETTLEMENT: PP, II, 193; INTERVIEW WITH BALL: Ball, 377–8.

  18. U THANT’S PROPOSAL: Kraslow and Loory, 102; Sevareid in Look, 30 Nov 65.

  19. “AS THOUGH I WERE ON THE TITANIC”: q. Kraft, Harper’s, Dec 1967, in Raskin and Fall, 315–22.

  20. “SHATTER MY PRESIDENCY” AND ALL OTHER REMARKS QUOTED IN THIS PARAGRAPH: Kearns, 253, 257.

  21. CIA, “LIKELY THAT NO OTHER NATION”: PP, III, 178.

  22. WORKING GROUP’S WARNING: PP, III, 217.

  23. BALL’S MEMORANDUM: Ball, 380–6, 390–2.

  24. “RAGGEDY-ASS LITTLE FOURTH-RATE COUNTRY”: q. Manning, ed., Stakes, 183.

  25. BUNDY’S MEMORANDUM: 7 Feb 65, PP, III, 309, 687–9.

  26. TAYLOR, “DEMOLISHED HOMELAND”: Taylor, 403.

  27. MCNAUGHTON, “WITHOUT UNACCEPTABLE TAINT”: plan of action addressed to McNamara 24 Mar 65, PP, III, 695.

  28. TUESDAY LUNCH: Graff, passim; Evans and Novak, 553–5.

  29. PRESIDENT WOULD GET UP AT 3 A.M.: Kearns, 270.

  30. MICHIGAN “TEACH-IN” AND 122 CAMPUSES CONNECTED BY TELEPHONE: Powers, 55, 61. BERKELEY FACULTY STATEMENT: ibid., 80.

  31. THE WHITE PAPER: 28 Feb 65, PP, III, 728.

  32. MCNAMARA, “THE MOST FLAGRANT CASE”
: q. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Spec. Supp., D7.

  33. COMBAT DISCUSSIONS: PP, III, chap. 3, “Air War in North Vietnam”; chap. 4, “American Troops Enter Ground War.”

  34. RUSK NOTE TO NORTH VIETNAM EMBASSY IN MOSCOW: Kraslow, 122.

  35. TAYLOR EXPLAINS ATTRITION: Senate FRC hearings, 1966.

  36. ON DECLARATION OF WAR: Summers, 21–9; Nitze, in Thompson and Frizzell, 7.

  37. MC NAMARA, “WITHOUT AROUSING THE PUBLIC IRE”: q. by Douglas Rosenberg as epigraph for “Arms and the American Way” in Russett, 170. Subsequently quoted in Summers, 18. Mr. Rosenberg lacks record of the original source.

  38. NASSER’S REPLY ON LIMITED WAR: q. Roche, Am. Enterprise, Debate, 137, from Mohamed Heikal, Cairo Documents, New York, 1973.

  39. PAUL CONRAD CARTOON: Los Angeles Times, 4 Apr 65.

  40. SUICIDE SEEMED TOO CRAZED: NYT editorial, 11 Nov 65.

  41. AFL-C10 COUNCIL: Hardin, 94.

  42. DEARBORN REFERENDUM: NYT, 1 Nov and 10 Nov 66.

  43. LIPPMANN DENIES “EXTERNAL AGGRESSION”: Steel, 565.

  44. MOYERS NETWORK: Moyers to author; Anderson, 341.

  45. EMBASSY PROPOSES “TERMINATING OUR INVOLVEMENT”: Taylor, q. Lake, 297.

  46. GALBRAITH, “OVERWHELMING ODDS”: Galbraith, 469, n. 7.

  47. SEN. RUSSELL PRIVATELY EXHORTED: William P. Bundy to author; PROPOSES POLL OF VIETNAMESE OPINION: PP, IV, 98.

  48. A JOURNALIST RECALLS: Herbert Mitgang to author.

  49. CLIFFORD IN PRIVATE LETTER: 17 May 65, q. Gelb, 371, from LBJ papers.

  50. MC NAUGHTON, “70 PERCENT TO AVOID”: PP, III, 695.

  51. MC NAMARA-WHEELER ON “WINNING”: PP, IV, 290–2.

  52. “WORKING THE LEVERS”: Ball, 376.

  53. SEVAREID, HANOI HAD AGREED: Sevareid, in Look, 30 Nov 65.

  54. St. Louis Post-Dispatch ON JOHNSON DENIALS: Spec. Supp., D4.

  55. ITALIAN MISSION: Kraslow, 130–1. All the foreign missions seeking negotiation are detailed in this book.

  56. WARSAW TALKS: Gelb, 152 ff. from 4 vols, of PP dealing with foreign negotiations, unpublished at the time of writing.

  57. MCNAUGHTON STATES DILEMMA: PP, IV, 48.

  58. $2 BILLION A MONTH: Wicker, 271.

  59. 300 ACRES OF RICE: Powers, 224; on extent of defoliation, see Lewy, 258.

  60. “HUTS GO UP IN … FLAME”: ibid., 223, quoting Frank Harvey, Air War—Vietnam, New York, 1968.

  61. Ladies Home Journal: Jan 1967.

  62. CONGRESS “SURPRISINGLY PATIENT”: Taylor, 321.

  63. 300 PENTAGON LOBBYISTS: Hardin, 83.

  64. HUMPHREY, “IF YOU FEEL AN URGE”: q. Powers, 48.

  65. FULBRIGHT REGRETTED TONKIN ROLE: Wilcox, 29.

  66. SENATE FRC HEARINGS: see under U.S. Congress, rusk: on 28 Jan and 18 Feb. EISENHOWER DENIAL OF COMMITMENT: NYT, 18 Aug 65, “Military Pledge to Saigon Is Denied by Eisenhower,” p. 1.

  67. TAYLOR AT HEARINGS: 17 Feb, 450. FULBRIGHT ON AMERICAN REVOLUTION: 17 Feb, 441. GAVIN: 8 Feb. MORSE-TAYLOR ON “WEAKNESS”: 17 Feb, 454–5. KENNAN: 10 Feb.

  68. ROCKEFELLER, “SUPPORT THE PRESIDENT”: NYT, 1 Feb 66.

  69. GUNNAR MYRDAL: NYT Magazine, 18 July 65.

  70. JASON BOMBING SURVEY: PP, IV, 115–20, 166, 702–66.

  71. “WE ANTICIPATED … LIKE REASONABLE PEOPLE”: Warnke, q. Gelb, 139, from oral interview in LBJ papers, ANNUAL RATE OF 500,000 TONS: Hanson Baldwin in NYT, 30 Dec 66.

  72. MC NAMARA’S DOUBTS: halberstam, 630. PP (NYT), 510–16. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, NOT WORTH THE COST: PP, IV, 136.

  73. SILENT DEPARTURES: Thomson, “Resigning from Government”; see also Graff, 24, and Studs Terkel, “Servant of the State: A Conversation with Daniel Ellsberg,” Harper’s, Feb 1972.

  74. “DEAN RUSK IS A RECORDED ANNOUNCEMENT”: Halberstam, 634.

  75. LBJ, “WHO KNOWS HOW LONG”: q. Graff, 104.

  76. “MINIMUM ESSENTIAL FORCE”: PP, II, 511.

  77. PROTEST SEEN AS “ENCOURAGING THE COMMUNISTS”: Harris, 67.

  78. JOHNSON’S RATING TURNS NEGATIVE: ibid., 60.

  79. “SPIRITUAL CONFUSION”: Beyond Vietnam, 6. NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES: Logue and Patton, 324. KING, “GREATEST PURVEYOR”: NYT, 5 Apr 67.

  80. “YOU VOTED IN ‘64 …”: NYT, 6 Nov 66.

  81. LIPPMANN, “DECENT PEOPLE NO LONGER SUPPORT”: Steel, 571.

  82. JAMES THOMSON LETTER: NYT, 4 June 67.

  83. GENERAL SHOUP, “POPPYCOCK”: NYT obit., 16 Jan 83.

  84. POLL, 48 YES, 48 NO: Logue and Patton, 326.

  85. PHAM VAN DONG, “BASIS FOR SETTLEMENT”: 3 Jan 67, Cooper, 501.

  86. AMERICANS AND NORTH VIETNAMESE CONFERRED: Kraslow, 167–74, Cooper, 346–7.

  87. TWO AMERICANS TO HANOI: Ashmore and Baggs, Kraslow, 200. U THANT, “CALCULATED RISK”: ibid., 208.

  88. LBJ, “MORE THAN OUR PART”: 31 Dec 66. LETTER TO HO CHI MINH: Kraslow, 206.

  89. “DEEP CONVICTION IN HANOI”: q. Gelb, 164, from unpublished PP vols.

  90. HAROLD WILSON-KOSYGIN NEGOTIATION: Kraslow, 186–98, Herring, 168–9.

  91. MC NAUGHTON, “SUCCESSFULLY, OR ELSE”: May 67 Memorandum for President, PP, IV, 477–9.

  92. “HE WAS A MISERABLE MAN”: Moyers to author.

  93. STENNIS HEARINGS: PP, IV, 199–204; Sharp, ibid., 191–7.

  94. MC NAMARA, “DESTROYING THE COUNTRYSIDE”: q. Macpherson, 430–1. COLLEAGUES STARED: ibid.

  95. CIA, “SO INTOLERABLE”: q. Cohen, 277. STUDY IN DOLLAR VALUES: PP, IV, 136. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, SUPPLY ROUTES: ibid., 223. “WE ARE UNABLE TO DEVISE”: ibid., 224–5.

  96. BOMB TOTAL 1.5 MILLION TONS: PP, IV, 216.

  97. AUBRAC-MARCOVICH MISSION: July 67, Kraslow.

  98. BURCHETT, “DEEP SKEPTICISM”: Kraslow, 227–8.

  99. Saturday Evening Post: 18 Nov 67.

  100. “DESTROY THE TOWN IN ORDER TO SAVE IT”: heard by public over TV. The town was Ben Tre. Wall Street Journal. 23 Feb 68.

  101. CLIFFORD TASK FORCE: Schandler, 121–76; Clifford, Foreign Affairs.

  102. KENNAN, “MEN IN A DREAM”: q. Hoopes, Limits, 178.

  103. CLIFFORD’S TOUR OF SEATO NATIONS: ibid., 169–71.

  104. DISENCHANTMENT: Clifford, Foreign Affairs; Hoopes, Limits, 186–95. NITZE: ibid., 199.

  105. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: PP, IV, 558.

  106. CLIFFORD, “NOT ONLY ENDLESS BUT HOPELESS”: Clifford, Foreign Affairs.

  107. SENATOR TYDINGS: Macpherson, 420. DEMOCRATIC COMMITTEE TELEGRAM: q. Powers, 300.

  108. CRONKITE BROADCAST: transcript supplied by Mr. Cronkite.

  109. “THE SHOCK WAVES”: q. Schandler, 198.

  110. Time, “VICTORY IN VIETNAM”: 15 Mar 68.

  111. SENATE FRC HEARINGS: NYT, 8 Mar 68. QUESTIONED AUTHORITY OF THE PRESIDENT: Schandler, 211. “WE JUST COULDN’T”: Senator Jackson, q. ibid.

  112. ACHESON REVIEW: Hoopes, Limits, 205; Kendrick, 259.

  113. SPEECH TO NATIONAL FARMERS UNION: NYT, 19 Mar 68. ROWE REPORTS CALLS: Rowe Mem. to President, 19 Mar 68, q. Schandler, 249.

  114. “WISE MEN” CONFERENCE: Ridgway, Foreign Affairs, PP, IV, 266–8; Ball, 407–09.

  115. CLIFFORD, “TREMENDOUS EROSION”: Macpherson, 435; Hoopes, Limits, 219.

  116. CABLET TO AMBASSADORS: PP, IV, 595.

  117. WHEELER TO CINCPAC ON DECREASE OF SUPPORT: q. Schandler, 279.

  118. FIELD AGENTS TELEPHONED: Theodore White, 118.

  6. Exit

  1. “IF THE WAR GOES ON SIX MONTHS”: to Harrison Salisbury; Salisbury to author, “END UP LIKE LBJ”: q. Herring, 219.

  2. REISCHAUER, NO GUARANTEE: Beyond Vietnam, 19.

  3. RAND RANGE OF OPTIONS: Konrad Kellen, one of the RAND specialists, to author.

  4. “ACCEPTABLE INTERVAL”: q. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Spec. Supp., D2.

  5. AN AMERICAN SERGEANT, AWOLS: q. Richard Dudman, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Spec. Supp., D10.

  6. “NOVEMBER OPTION”: Szulc, 152.

  7. “A LITTLE FOURTH-RATE POWER
”: q. ibid., 150.

  8. “DORMANT BEAST”: Kissinger, 244.

  9. ARMS FOR VIETNAMIZATION: G. Warren Nutter, Asst. Sec. of Defense under Nixon, in Am. Enterprise Vietnam Settlement, 71.

  10. “LOSE THE WAR IN VIETNAM—BRING THE BOYS HOME”: q. Kissinger, 307. “BUMS”: q. Herring, 232. Mitchell, “LIKE THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION”: q. Kendrick, 296.

  11. “SOUGHT TO DESTROY HIM”: Kissinger, 299.

  12. “TO END THE WAR IN A WAY”: q. Theodore White, 130.

  13. BURKE, “SHOW THE THING YOU CONTEND FOR”: Speech of 19 Apr 1774, Hansard, XVIII.

  14. SAINTENY, “HOPELESS ENTERPRISE”: q. Ball, 411.

  15. “WITHOUT AGREEMENT WITH HANOI”: Kissinger, 271.

  16. “CONTINUATION … LESS ATTRACTIVE”: ibid., 262.

  17. SORTIES SYSTEMATICALLY FALSIFIED: Shawcross, 19–35; Kissinger, 253.

  18. FBI WIRE-TAPS: Kissinger, 252.

  19. “THOSE LIBERAL BASTARDS”: q. Szulc, 158.

  20. NIXON’S SPEECH ANNOUNCING CAMBODIA CAMPAIGN: 30 Apr JO. COSVN: KISSINGER, 490, 506.

  21. “MILITARY HALLUCINATION”: q. ibid., 511, n.d.

  22. 250 STATE DEPT. STAFF MEMBERS: ibid., 513.

  23. SAN JOSE INCIDENT: Safire, 325. “WE COULD SEE THE HATE”: q. ibid., 329; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Spec. Supp., D3.

  24. COLSON, “SIEGE MENTALITY”: q. Herring, 233. “GENUINELY BELIEVED”: q. John Roche in Lake, 132. WHITE HOUSE STAFF MEMBER: Thomas Charles Huston, Safire, 297. SEVENTEEN WIRE-TAPS, Kissinger, 252.

  25. “RIGHT OUT OF THE OVAL OFFICE”: John Dean’s testimony, q. Congressional Quarterly Service, 991.

  26. CONGRESS “A BODY OF FOLLOWERS”: Riegle, diary entry for 9 June 71. On role of Congress on Vietnam in Nixon’s term, see Frye and Sullivan in Lake, 199–209, also Congressional Quarterly Service and of course Kissinger, passim.

  27. ARVN, FIGHTING TO ALLOW AMERICANS TO DEPART: Fitzgerald, 416.

  28. POLL, “MORALLY WRONG”: Harris, 73.

  29. LORD NORTH, “ILL SUCCESS”: in May 1783, q. Valentine, North, II, 313.

  30. “THE BASTARDS HAVE NEVER BEEN BOMBED”: q. Herring, 241.

  31. “COULD MAKE OR BREAK”: q. Carl Bernstein and Robert Woodward, All the President’s Men, New York, 1974, 265.

  32. “RATFUCKING”: ibid., 127–8.

  33. MAO, “DO AS I DID”: q. Szulc, 610.

  34. NIXON, “MY ABSOLUTE ASSURANCE”: Kissinger, 1412.

  35. AIR POWER FROM BASES IN THAILAND: Gelb, 349.