communications with Grey, 70–1, 94–5, 106–7, 195, 244, 246–7
Temple, Henry, Viscount Palmerston; see Palmerston, Henry Temple, Viscount
Temple Bar, London, 44
Test and Corporation Acts, 65, 142
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 90
Thackwell, Colonel, 171
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 112
Timber Duties, 94
Times, The
on George IV, 4
and Catholic Emancipation, 9
makes donations to ‘necessitous Parisians’, 12
on Wellington, 24
on civil disturbance, 28, 37, 169
complains about conditions for reporters in House of Commons, 32
on resignation of Tory Cabinet, 48–9
and Grey’s nepotism, 58
Fonblanque on staff of, 67
pays stamp tax, 75
Barnes as editor of, 75–6, 99
complains about inaudibility of Russell’s voice, 79
on first Reform Bill, 82, 88
on Universal Suffrage, 101
on prospects for Reform, 115
on Howe, 118
on William’s coronation day, 132
on Grey’s speech in Lords, 141
on meeting on Newhall Hill in 1831, 143
picks up on Whig uneasiness about the King’s stance on creation of peers, 144
on Brougham’s speech, 148
on the vote against Reform Bill in Lords, 154–5
questions whether bishops should have seats in Lords, 156
and William’s speech at Opening of Parliament, 177
on passing of third Reform Bill in Commons, 183
Fellows of Trinity College disgusted by, 195–6
on creation of peers, 209
comments on lack of new arguments from Tories, 212
on meeting at Newhall Hill in 1832, 220, 222
on crisis in May 1832, 227
reports on a description of Adelaide, 228
on Adelaide’s influence on William, 237
response to return of Grey’s government, 247–8, 249
on poor attendance at House of Lords, 252
on Royal Assent, 255
correspondent calls for subscription to erect triumphal arch, 258–9
brief references, 179, 217, 245
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 24, 39, 274
Tories
Government in power at William IV’s accession, 9
divisive effect of campaign on Catholic Emancipation, 9–10
party designation, 20
perceived as party of government, 21
differing views on Reform, 33, 47
and Whig philosophy, 50–1
Grey’s Cabinet includes, 58, 59–60, 99
favoured by Queen Adelaide, 72–3
meetings before announcement of terms of Reform Bill, 77
official attack on the Bill by Peel, 85, 86–7
during interval between readings of the Bill, 94
brings about defeat on Timber Duties, 94
determined to secure changes to the Bill, 98
powerful opposition to the Bill, 102
discussions about the Bill, 103–4
manufacture a crisis to defeat the Government, 104
cast doubts on the King’s right to dissolve Parliament, 106, 108
evolve a plan concerning dissolution, 107
inbuilt majority in Lords, 122
continuing opposition to the Bill, 134–5
and Church of England, 141
convictions about Reform, 200–1
the attempt to form a new administration, 229–32, 238–42
outwardly quiescent, 251
and voting on third reading of Reform Bill, 254
and General Election in 1832, 268
impact of Wellington’s attitude on, 271
and 1834 fire, 276
see also Canningites; Huskissonites; Ultra Tories; Waverers; names of individual politicians
Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 1
Trevor, General, 14
Trinity College, Cambridge, 195–6
Turner, J.M.W.: The Fighting Temeraire, 1
Tyburn, 174
Tyne, the, 61
Tyrconnel, 4th Earl of, 263
Ultra Tories, 9, 10, 20, 33, 47, 151, 179, 271; see also names of individuals
Universal Suffrage, 15n, 41, 87, 101, 157, 267, 269
Union, Act of (1707), 16
Union, Act of (1801), 15, 16, 30, 93, 189
Utrecht, Treaty of, 185
Vane-Tempest, Frances, 73
Vassall, Elizabeth; see Holland, Lady
Victoria, Princess then Queen, 1, 2, 6, 7, 129, 133, 154n, 273
Villèle, Joseph de, 228
Villiers, Viscount (later 6th Earl of Jersey), 110
Vyvyan, Sir Richard, 95, 96
Wakefield, E.G.: Swing Unmasked, 14–15
Wall, Charles Baring, 82, 88, 179
Waltham, 172
War of the Spanish Succession, 185
Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 1, 11
Watkins, John, 163–4
Waverers, the, 175, 178, 205, 210, 218, 219, 253; see also names of individuals
Webster, Sir Godfrey, 53
Wellington, Duke of
on George IV, 4
as leader of Tory Government, 9, 24–5, 41–2, 48
and defeat of the French at Waterloo, 11
on Grey, 23
character, 24–5
views on dealing with riots, 25
on Peel, 34
Place writes to Hunt about, 38–9
speech against Reform, 41–2
reactions to speech of, 43–5, 46–7
fire at country residence of, 47
and the vote against the Government, 48
resignation, 48–9, 72
and political unions, 60
assassination threat to, 61–2
and Tory discussions before the presentation of Reform Bill, 77
hears first reports about contents of Reform Bill, 82
in cartoons, 90, 155–6, 203, 256, 269
and Wetherell, 90
remains firmly opposed to Reform, 94, 122, 146, 183, 196–7, 211, 212–13, 218–19
house attacked by rioters, 113
and death of his wife, 113
angry when Grey becomes Knight of the Garter, 117
refuses to attend opening of new London Bridge, 128
compared to Dame Partington, 155–6
effigy burnt, 174
and Adelaide’s letter to Howe, 204
speeches in Lords during debates on third Reform Bill, 212–13, 218–19
and the attempt to form a new administration, 226, 229–30, 231, 233, 234, 238, 239–40, 240–1, 251
speech in Lords on 17 May 1832, 244, 251
rumours of his withdrawal spread, 245
does not attend House of Lords for vote on Reform Bill, 254
absent from House of Lords for Royal Assent, 257
expresses his views after the passing of Reform Bill, 263
attacked by mob, 265
impact on events, 271
later becomes Prime Minister again, 275
brief references,, 1, 2, 10, 21, 33, 35, 40–1, 68, 84, 106, 127, 140, 145, 153, 170, 171, 220, 246, 247, 253, 277
Wellington, Kitty Pakenham, Duchess of, 113
Wentworth Woodhouse, 54
West Country, civil disturbances in, 160–2, 166, 167–70
Westminster, 38, 181, 250, 269
Westminster Abby, 132, 133–4
Westminster Review, 101
Wetherell, Sir Charles, 90–1, 105, 156, 167–8, 169, 179–80
Weymouth, 139
Wharncliffe, James, 1st Baron, 103–4, 107, 109, 145, 147–8, 164, 175, 178, 216, 218, 253
Whigs
earlier movement towards parliamentary Reform, 10–11
pro-French sympathies, 11–12
party designation,
20
lack of experience in government, 20–1
perceive possibility of fruitful overtures to Tories, 33–4
and Brougham’s ideas on Reform, 36–7
traditional party of peace, 40
feeling that time has come to move forward on Reform, 47
motion concerning Reform causes Government defeat, 47
characteristics of the party, 50–1
family connections among, 52
houses, 52–4
and Club system, 54–5
formation of Government, 55–60
presentation of Reform Bill, 77–80
optimism about the Bill, 84, 87
relieved that Tories do not call for immediate vote, 86
alleged bias in Reform Bill, 89
and O’Connell, 93
concerned about possible defeat of Bill, 94
and the vote in the Commons on the Bill, 96
agree to make changes to the Bill, 104
attitudes to Universal Suffrage and Secret Ballot, 101–2
make changes to Reform Bill, 104
attitude to payments in electoral process, 120
celebration dinners, 135–6
uneasiness about the King’s views, 144
resignation of Ministers, 224–5, 226
meeting at Brooke’s Club, 232
and renewed negotiations, 242
celebratory banquet, 260–1
depictions of, 261, 262
confidence, 265
win majority at General Election in 1832, 268
spirit of compromise and conciliation, 270–1
and Great Fire, 1834, 276
see also Reform Bill; names of individual politicians
White’s Club, 54–5, 187
Wilberforce, William, 198
Wilkes, John, 32
Wilkie, Sir David, 3, 203, 268
Wilkins, William, 272
William III, King, 2
William IV, King
succeeds George IV, 4, 8
naval career, 4–5
character, 5–6
domestic life, 6
relationship with Mrs Jordan, 6
marries Adelaide, 6–7
appearance, 7, 8
concerns about health of, 8, 129, 202
reassures Wellington, 9
sets out for Opening of Parliament, 29
at Opening of Parliament in November 1830, 39–40
fear of democracy, 41
advised not to attend Lord Mayor’s Banquet, 43
fears concerning public riots, 43–4
remains supportive of Wellington, 47
asks Grey to form a government, 48
visits to Holland House, 52–3
beginning of Grey’s correspondence with, 69–71
shows wariness about Reform, 70–1
approves Reform Bill, 71
planning of coronation of, 71–2
and crisis over Adelaide’s outfit allowance, 74
The Times remains supportive of, 76
referred to favourably in a play, 92
against dissolution of Parliament, 94–5, 104
rumours about, 104–5
right to dissolve Parliament questioned by some Tories, 106
agrees to dissolution, 107–9
dissolves Parliament, 110–11
decision adds to popularity of, 112
in cartoons, 112, 116, 163, 268
and his eldest son, 116–17
appoints Grey as Knight of the Garter, 117, 118
and Birmingham Political Union, 120
and the creation of peers, 122–3, 144, 152–3, 163, 191, 192, 193
visits Eton, 127
declares new London Bridge open, 128
gives assent to Queen’s dower-bill, 128–9
coronation, 131, 132–4
Parkes comments on prerogative of, 138
expressions of loyalty to, 144
and Howe’s departure from Royal Household, 153–4
petition of Radicals presented to, 157–8
correspondence with Grey in October 1831, 163–4
prorogues Parliament, 165–6
Cabinet minute about date of next Parliament is sent to, 175
issues Royal Proclamation about political unions, 176
at Opening of Parliament in December 1831, 177
and situation in Ireland, 189
meeting with Grey, 190–2
states his position in writing, 192–3
Cabinet minute about creation of peers is submitted to, 193
responds to Cabinet minute, 193
and Buckingham Palace, 194
and the continuing difficulties about Reform Bill, 195
Wellington’s comments on, 197
and Adelaide’s influence, 204, 228, 243
prevarication, 210–11
and Bishop of Exeter’s speech, 213
Attwood has confidence in, 223
Cabinet minute about possible resignation is presented to, 224–5
accepts resignation of Ministers, 226
asks Wellington to form new administration, 226
rumours about, 227
antagonism towards, 228, 236, 250
and Lord Chancellorship, 230
The Times leader on, 237
communications between Grey and, 242, 244, 245–6
fears and obstinacy, 243
agrees to creation of peers, 246
The Times salutes imagined sentiments of, 247–8
mocked in prints, 248
and the avoidance of confrontation over the Bill, 252
refuses to attend House of Lords for the Royal Assent, 255–6
demands prosecution of the press, 256
Althorp’s reply to, 256–7
William IV, King
and the suggestion of a triumphal arch, 258–9
continuing fears after passing of the Bill, 264
stone thrown at, 265
role of, 272–3
and 1834 Great Fire, 276
brief references, 21, 57, 68, 102, 186, 201, 215, 218, 262
Williams (attorney), 119–20
Williams, Philip, 160
Wilson, Harriette, 210
Wimborne, 160
Winchester, 62
Winchilsea, 10th Earl of, 214, 251, 252–3
Windsor, 5, 6, 8, 224, 225
Wiseton, 63, 265–6
Woburn, 54, 190
Wolverhampton Union, 224
Wood, Charles, 58, 96
Wood, Thomas, 72
Woodstock, 267
Worcester, Bishop of, 155
Worcester, Marquess of (later 7th Duke of Beaufort), 48
Wordsworth, William, 264
Worshipful Company of Stationers, Hall of the, 135
Wortley, James Stuart; see Wharncliffe, 1st Baron
Wyvill, Christopher, 10
York, Archbishop of, 254
York, HRH Prince Frederick, Duke of, 4, 8, 106
Yorkshire Agricultural Society, 63
Young, Thomas, 138
Credit: Sue Greenhill
ANTONIA FRASER has written several historical biographies which have been international bestsellers, since Mary, Queen of Scots published in 1969. These include Marie Antoinette, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, and Cromwell. Other historical works include The Weaker Vessel: Woman’s Lot in Seventeenth Century England, and Faith and Treason: the Gunpowder Plot. Antonia Fraser was president of English Pen, the world-wide writers’ organization for free speech, and is now a vice-president. She has received many prizes, including the Wolfson History Award, the Norton Medlicott Historical Association Medal, the Franco-British Literary Prize, and the St. Louis Literary Award. She was made a D.B.E (Dame) in 2011 for services to literature. She was married to the Nobel Laureate, Harold Pinter, who died in 2008.
PublicAffairs is a publishing house founded in 1997. It is a tribute to the standards, values, and flair of three persons who have served as mentors to countless
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Antonia Fraser, Perilous Question: Reform or Revolution? Britain on the Brink, 1832
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