The Age of Voltaire

  Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, 25, 306, 310, 311, 312, 314, 317, 319, 321;

  Salon exhibitions of, 310–11, 314, 319, 320, 321, 666–68

  Académie Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 19, 500

  Académie Royale des Sciences, 19, 402, 539, 555, 578;

  d’Alembert and, 515, 516, 544;

  awards astronomy prizes, 509, 538–39;

  Clairaut and, 539, 544, 545, 552;

  electrical researches reported to, 518, 521, 522;

  Euler and, 375, 539;

  expeditions, surveys sponsored by, 545, 552, 584;

  Lagrange and, 511, 536;

  Laplace and, 546;

  last meeting of, 536;

  Lavoisier and, 532, 534, 536, 594;

  Maupertuis and, 514, 552;

  meteorological work of, 551;

  Priestley offered refuge by, 530;

  Réaumur and, 550, 577, 761;

  Voltaire enters contest of, 375

  academies (learned societies), 498, 507

  Academy of St. Petersburg, see St. Petersburg, Imperial Academy of

  Academy of Sciences, Berlin, see Berlin Academy of Sciences

  Acis and Galatea (Gay), 231

  acoustics, 509

  Acta eruditorum, Leipzig, 466

  Act for the Encouragement of the Arts of Designing, Engraving, Etching, etc. (“Hogarth’s Act,” 1735), 220

  acting, Diderot’s views on, 671–72

  Act of Union, see Union, Act of

  actors, Voltaire’s campaign for, 326, 640

  Adam, François Balthasar Gaspard (1710–61), 309

  Adam, Lambert Sigismund (1700–59), 309

  Adam, Jacob Sigisbert (1670–1747), 309

  Adam, Nicolas Sébastien (1705–78), 309

  Adam, Père (fl. 1765), French Jesuit, 772

  Adams, John (1735–1826), 2d President of U.S., 530

  Addison, Joseph (1672–1719), 78, 154, 162, 178, 183, 184, 205;

  Chesterfield on, 86;

  Montesquieu and, 341;

  and opera, 226, 230;

  and Pope, 166, 168, 175;

  Voltaire on, 165

  Adélaïde (Voltaire), 365

  Adélaïde de France, Madame (1732–1800), dau. of Louis XV, 311

  Admiralty Court, England, 72

  Admont Monastery, Austria, 433

  Adolphus Frederick, King of Sweden (r. 1751–71), 564

  Adriana Lecouvreur (Cilèa), 328*

  Adrienne Lecouvreur (Scribe-Legouvé), 328*

  Adventures of Gil Blas de Santillane, The, see Gil Blas

  Adventures of Peregrine Pickle, The (Smollett), 201–2

  Adventures of Roderick Random, The (Smollett), 67, 199, 200–201

  Aeneid (Virgil), 38, 40, 365, 509

  Aepinus (Franz Ulrich Hoch; 1724–1802), 522

  Aerometricae elementa (C. von Wolff), 551

  Aeschylus (525–456 B.C.), 500

  Aesthetic (Baumgarten), 404

  Africa, 67–68, 560

  Age of Louis XIV, The (Voltaire), see Siècle de Louis XIV, Le

  agricultural revolution, 47, 49

  agriculture, 59;

  Diderot and, 634, 647, 666;

  in England, 45–48;

  in France, 260;

  in Germany, 397;

  in Ireland, 106;

  science and, 551, 566, 568, 584

  Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius (63–12 B.C.), Roman general, 449

  Agrippina (Handel), 229, 232

  Aguesseau, Henri François d’ (1668–1751), 270, 634

  Ahlden, castle of, 89

  Aiguillon, Anne Charlotte de Crussol de Florensac, Duchesse d’, 301, 371

  Ainsworth, William Harrison (1805–82), 70

  air pollution, 26, 49, 76, 261

  Aislabie, John (1670–1742), 59

  Aix, bishop of (1774), 782

  Aix-en-Provence, Academy of, 498

  Aix-en-Provence, Parlement of, 770

  Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 242, 307, 695;

  terms of, 112, 265, 278, 457;

  criticized by French public, 630

  Akenside, Mark (1721–70), 99, 180

  Alacoque, Saint Marguerite Marie (1647–90), 766

  Alari, Abbé (fl. 1721), 294

  Alaska, 558, 559, 560

  Alberoni, Giulio, Cardinal (1664–1752), 18, 32

  Albigenses, massacre of, 486, 488, 608, 737

  alchemy, 524

  Alcina (Handel), 236

  Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher (Berkeley), 121, 124

  Aldington, Richard, 445*

  Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ (1717–83), 515–16, 621;

  birth and early life, 23, 299, 515;

  and Julie de Lespinasse, 493, 652, 781

  AS ACADEMICIAN: see Académie Royale des Sciences;

  French Academy

  AS ENCYCLOPEDIST: 369, 499, 631, 634;

  author of “Discours,” 635–37, 719;

  distressed by ban, 639;

  “Geneva” article published, causes furor, 479, 480–81, 482, 489, 641–42, 681–82, 719–20;

  resigns, returns, 641–43, 697, 720;

  Voltaire thinks him chief editor, 719, 752

  AS SCIENTIST: 507, 508;

  contributions to astronomy, 537, 538, 544–45;

  on Franklin, 522;

  Frederick II a patron of, 283, 516;

  and Laplace, 544, 546;

  as mathematician and physicist, 511, 515–16;

  as musicologist, 296, 516;

  wind-motion formulations of, 516, 551

  AS PHILOSOPHE: 283, 605–6, 692;

  and antiphilosophes, 497, 641, 761, 783;

  a cosmopolitan, 779;

  on education, 766;

  and Jesuits, 641, 759, 767, 768, 771, 772;

  and La Tour, 322;

  on morality, 776, 777;

  in the salons, 159, 301, 302, 681, 695, 781, 782, 784;

  and Voltaire’s drive against l’infâme, 730, 735, 738, 740, 744, 783;

  see also Rêve d’Alembert, Le (Diderot)

  d’Alembert’s principle, 515–16

  Alessandro (Handel), 233

  Aleutian Islands, 558

  Alexander III (Orlando Bandinelli), Pope (r. 1159–81), 485

  Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), Pope (r. 1492–1503), 731

  “Alexander’s Feast” (Dryden), 236

  Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (r. 336–323 B.C.), 168, 195, 233, 485

  Algarotti, Conte Francesco (1712–64), 211–13, 374, 399, 449

  algebra, 509, 510, 544

  Algebra (Saunderson), 509

  alienists, 583

  Alix, convent of, 256

  Allegiance, Oath of (England), 118

  Allemands Royaux, 780

  Allen, Ralph (1694–1764), 216

  All Souls’ College, Oxford, 121

  Almagest (Ptolemy), 547

  Almira (Handel), 228

  Alpen, Die (Haller), 477

  Alps, 476, 477, 561

  Alsace, 273, 276, 455, 456

  Alsted, Johann Heinrich (1588–1638), 499

  Altenburg Abbey, Austria, 433

  altruism, Voltaire’s view of, 777; see also egoism, universal

  Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of (1508–82), 509

  Alzire (Voltaire), 377–78

  Amadigi di Gaula (Handel), 231

  Amazon River, 560

  Amelia (Fielding), 198

  America, 506;

  English colonies in, see American colonies, British;

  exploration of, 558–60

  passim;

  French possessions in, 11, 13–14, 264;

  rivalry for control of, 101, 264;

  Russia in, 558;

  and Seven Years’ War, 115, 560;

  Spanish colonies in, 57, 58, 67–68, 101–2, 558, 768

  American colonies, British, 49, 73, 98, 264;

  Methodism in, 133, 135;

  protest taxation without represent
ation, 529;

  revolt of, see American Revolution;

  see also Boston;

  Georgia;

  New England;

  Pennsylvania

  American Revolution, 73, 135, 522;

  aided by French gunpowder, 532

  Ami du peuple, L’ (Marat), 535

  Amiens, 305, 322

  Amiens, bishop of (1765), 734

  Amsterdam, 10, 59, 550, 601, 783;

  publishing in, 324, 476, 497

  Amusements sérieux et comiques (Dufresny), 341

  Anabaptists, 119

  Analogy of Religion … to the Constitution and Course of Nature (Butler), 121, 725–27

  Analysis of Beauty (Hogarth treatise), 223

  Analyst, The (Berkeley), 508

  anatomy, 507, 583, 586–88, 599, 602, 634, 645

  Ancients and Moderns, 443

  Anecdotes (Hogarth), 219

  anemometers, 550–51

  anesthesia, 599–600

  Angers, 768

  Angers, Academy of, 498

  Anglican Church, 107, 117–18, 123–28, 224, 567;

  appointment of bishops of, 95, 459;

  and deists, 123–28, 608;

  in Ireland, 103, 105, 106;

  and Jacobite revolts, 92, 111;

  and Methodism, 135–36, 137;

  and Oath of Supremacy, 118, 127;

  political and class orientation of, 90, 117, 119;

  restrictions against nonconformists, 62, 65, 247;

  Voltaire’s views on, 119, 128–29, 246, 247, 738

  Angoumois, 261

  “animal magnetism,” 594

  animism, in medicine, 592

  Annandale, Marquis of (fl. 1745), 147

  Anne, Princess (1709–59), dau. of George II, 235

  Anne, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, later Great Britain (r. 1702–14), 65, 66, 90, 92, 99;

  death of, 89, 231;

  and Handel, 231

  Annecy, bishop of (1766), 735

  Année littéraire, L’, 497, 498, 640, 670, 760–61

  Annet, Peter (1693–1769), 120, 495

  Annotations regarding Venesection (Wolstein), 593

  Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe (1731–1805), 502–3

  Anson, George, Baron Anson (1697–1762), 558, 559, 591

  Antarctic Circle, 559

  Anthony of Egypt, Saint (251–356?), 122

  anthropology, 570

  Antibes, France, 109

  Antilles, 264, 768

  Anti-Machiavel, L’ (Frederick the Great), 446, 449–50, 711

  Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria (r. 175–164 B.C.), 241

  antiphilosophes, 497, 641, 670, 759–65

  Antiquité dévoilée, L’ (Boulanger), 692–93

  Antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures, L’ (Montfaucon), 501

  Antonines, the, 355

  Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, see Marcus Aurelius Antoninus

  Antoninus Pius, Emperor of Rome (r. 138–161), 347, 450, 686

  Antroche, Comte d’ (1745), 278

  Antwerp, 214, 509

  Apologie de la religion chrétienne contre l’auteur du Christianisme dévoilé (Bergier), 756

  Apologie de Louis XIV (Caveyrac), 731*

  Apostles’ Creed, 370

  Apostolic Succession, 136, 756

  Apostolicum (papal bull), 771

  Appenzell, 473, 474

  Appius and Virginia (Dennis), 166

  Aquinas, Saint Thomas (1225–74), 735, 737

  Arabia, 294, 349, 560

  Arabian Nights, Galland’s translation of, 341, 502

  Arabs, 484, 486

  Arbuthnot, John (1667–1735), 99, 169, 175, 592

  archaeology, 215

  Archimedes (287?–212 B.C.), 569

  architecture: Austria, 432–33;

  England, 80, 165, 215–16;

  France, 24, 307–8;

  Germany, 398–99, 403–4, 405–7

  Archives Nationales, Paris, 307

  Arctic Circle, 552

  Argens, Jean Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d’ (1704–71), 504

  Argenson, Marc Pierre de Voyer, Comte d’ (1695–1764), 628, 630, 631, 635

  Argenson, Marquis Marc René de Voyer d’ (1652–1721), 23, 267

  Argenson, René Louis de Voyer, Marquis d’ (1694–1757), 260, 273, 278–79, 285, 287, 344, 628, 660;

  and Encyclopédie, 639;

  on French anticlericalism, 609–10;

  and Mme. de Pompadour, 279, 284;

  predicts Revolution, 279, 291–92, 610;

  and Voltaire, 382, 383, 385

  Argental, Charles Augustin de Ferriol, Comte d’, 327, 329, 371, 388;

  Mme. du Châtelet complains to, 378, 379;

  Voltaire correspondence with, 466, 720, 730

  Argentina 559

  Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 3d Duke of (1682–1761), 92

  Argyll family, 107

  Arianism, 108, 120, 439

  Arianna (Porpora), 236

  Arianna in Creta (Handel), 236

  Ariodante (Handel), 236

  Ariosti, Attilio (1660?–1740), 233

  Ariosto, Lodovico (1474–1533), 374, 376

  aristocracy, see nobility

  Aristophanes (c.450–385 B.C.), 762

  Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), 144, 287, 342, 359*, 534, 775;

  Diderot likened to, 668, 671, 679

  Arkansas River, 13

  Arlequin poli par l’amour (Marivaux), 330

  Arminianism, 117–18, 133–34

  Arminius, Jacobus (1560–1609), 118

  Arnall, William, 171

  Arnaud, Baculard d’, see Baculard d’Arnaud, François de

  Arne, Thomas Augustine (1710–78), 224, 239

  Arnstadt, 413, 418

  Arouet, Armand (1684–1745), 3, 383

  Arouet, Catherine, see Mignot, Catherine Arouet

  Arouet, François (1651–1722), father of Voltaire, 3–5

  passim, 34, 37, 246, 383

  Arouet, François Marie, see Voltaire

  Arouet, Marie Marquerite Daumard (d. 1702), 3

  Ars poetica (Horace), 165

  Artaserse (Porpora), 236

  Art de jouir, L’ (La Mettrie), 621

  Artémire (Voltaire), 38

  Art poétique, L’ (Boileau), 165, 246

  Asam, Cosmas Damian (1686–1739), 404, 405

  Asam, Egid Quirin (1692–1750), 405

  Asia Minor, 560

  Asiento, 68, 102

  Association (Scottish Jacobite group), 109

  Astarto (Bononcini), 232

  Astianatte (Bononcini), 233

  astrology, 593

  Astronomical Society, 542

  astronomic latitude, definition of, 552*

  astronomy, 507–11

  passim, 524, 537–49, 559, 583, 585, 640

  Astruc, Jean (1684–1766), 300, 501, 590, 771

  Atalanta (Handel), 236

  atheism, 22, 108–9, 127, 546, 606, 643, 644, 692;

  attacked, 124, 495, 577, 756, 758;

  Diderot and, 337, 625, 626, 629*, 630, 656, 657;

  Frederick II and, 439, 459;

  Hume and, 159, 161, 678, 696;

  La Mettrie on, 620;

  Père Meslier’s exposition of, 611–17;

  spread of in France, 781–83;

  Voltaire writes against, 717, 747–48, 752; see also Bayle, Pierre; Holbach, Baron d’

  Atheist and the Sage, The (Voltaire), 745, 747–48

  Atholl family, 107

  atomic hypotheses, 539

  Atticus, Titus Pomponius (109 B.C. – 32 B.C.), 748

  Aubert, Jean (d. 1741), 307–8

  Aubusson, 305

  Audenaarde, 94, 278

  Audran, Claude (fl. 1708), 26

  Auenbrugger, Leopold (1722–1809), 593, 601

  Aufklärung (German Enlightenment), 401, 428

  Augsburg, free city of, 397, 404

  Augsburg Confession (1530), 424

&nb
sp; Augusta of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Princess of Wales (d. 1772), 243

  Augustan Age in English literature, 77–78, 169, 177

  Augustine, Saint (354–430), 515, 745

  Augustinians, 432

  Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Emperor of Rome (r. 27 B.C. – A.D. 14), 38, 743

  Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland (r. 1697–1704, 1709–33), Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I (r. 1694–1733), 277, 362, 399, 403, 404, 410

  Augustus III, King of Poland (r. 1734–63), Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus II (r. 1733–63), 399, 436;

  and Bach, 416–17, 420, 426;

  in War of Austrian Succession, 453, 455–57 passim

  aurora borealis, 519, 551

  Austen, Jane (1775–1817), 192

  Australia (New Holland), 559, 560

  Austria, 431–36, 450–57;

  army of, 436, 438, 449;

  arts in, 431, 432–35;

  Council of State, 436;

  England, negotiations and alliance with, 31, 111, 272, 455;

  France, alliance with (1756), 115, 285, 767;

  population of, 59, 431–32;

  Protestant exodus from, 74, 432;

  Turkey, wars with, 435;

  in War of Austrian Succession, 271–72, 276, 278, 436, 451–57;

  in War of Polish Succession, 271, 435;

  in War of Spanish Succession, 398;

  Zurich, trade with, 476

  Austrian Netherlands, see Netherlands, Austrian

  Austrian Succession, War of the, 109, 264–65, 271–72, 275–78, 293, 316, 451–57)

  alliances in, 82, 276, 453, 455, 456;

  campaign in Alsace and Lorraine, 276;

  in Austrian Netherlands, 276, 277–78, 384–85, 456–57;

  in Bavaria, 338, 454, 455;

  in Bohemia, 272, 276, 338, 453–56, 457;

  in Saxony, 457;

  in Silesia, 436, 451–52, 456;

  truces and treaties of, 278, 453–54, 456, 457;

  see also Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of

  Auteuil, 322

  Autun, 367

  Auvergne, 259

  Auxerre, Academy of, 498

  Auxerre, bishop of, see Caylus, Gabriel de

  Avare, L’ (Moliere), 670

  Aved, Jacques André (1702–66), 312, 318

  Avellaneda, Alonso Fernández de (fl. 1614), 28

  Avignon, 93

  Avis au peuple sur la santé (Tissot), 601

  Babeuf, François Émile, called Gracchus Babeuf (1760–97), 617

  Babouc, ou le Monde comme il va (Voltaire), 385–86

  Babuti, Mlle., see Greuze, Mme.

  Bach, Ambrosius (or Johann Ambrosius), of Eisenach (1645–95), father of J. S. Bach, 412

  Bach, Anna Magdalena Wülcken (d. 1760), 415, 417

  Bach, Elisabeth Lammerhirt (d. 1694), 412

  Bach, Johann Christoph, of Ohrdruf (1671–1721), brother of J. S. Bach, 412, 413

  Bach, Johann Ernst, of Arnstadt (d. 1739), cousin of J. S. Bach, 413

  Bach, Johann Ernest, of Weimar (1722–77), 409

  Bach, Johann Jakob, of Stockholm (1682–1722?), brother of J. S. Bach, 412