The Age of Voltaire

  as biologist, 507, 564, 569–72, 576, 577;

  evolutionary hypotheses of, 570–71, 578, 580, 651, 755;

  as literary stylist, 549, 554, 555, 572–75;

  paleontology founded by, 554–55;

  and philosophes, 572, 578, 637, 651, 680, 681, 695;

  planetary-origin theory of, 553–54, 570–71;

  and Mme. de Pompadour, 283, 571

  Buffon, Marie, nee Saint-Belon (d. 1769), 570

  buhlwork, 281, 304

  Burckhardt, Jean Charles or Johann Karl (1773–1825), 549

  Burgundy, Louis, Duke of (1682–1712), father of Louis XV, 5–6, 272

  Burgundy, Louis Joseph of France, Duke of (1751–61), grandson of Louis XV, 288

  Burgundy, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, Duchess of (1685–1712), mother of Louis XV, 5, 272

  Burigny, Jean Lévesque de (1692–1785), 502

  Burke, Edmund (1729–97), 74, 102*, 529, 760;

  and Montesquieu, 359, 360

  Burlington, Richard Boyle, 3d Earl of (1695–1753), 215, 230, 232

  Burlington House, London, 215, 230–31

  Burney, Charles (1726–1814), 230, 245, 410, 516

  Burney, Fanny (1752–1840), 88, 542

  Bury, Lancashire, England, 51

  Busoni, Ferruccio (1866–1924), 420

  Bussy, Abbé de (fl. 1710), 4–5

  Bute, John Stuart, 3d Earl of (1713–92), 211, 213

  Bute, Mary, Countess of, nee Montagu (1718–94), dau. of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 193, 210, 211, 213, 595

  Butler, Joseph (1692–1752), 95, 117, 121, 125–27

  Butler, Samuel (1612–80) , 217

  Buxtehude, Dietrich (1637–1707), 227, 413

  Byng, John, Admiral (1704–57), 725

  Byron, George Gordon, Lord (1788–1824), 213, 559

  Byron, John (1723–86), 558–59

  Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges (1757–1808), 583

  cabinet system of government, 91

  Caen, Academy of, 498

  Caesar, Caius Julius (100–44 B.C.), 156, 159, 233;

  Montesquieu’s views on, 346, 347

  Café de la Régence, Paris, 660

  Café Gradot, Paris, 22

  Café Procope (Cave), Paris, 22, 294, 388, 632

  Caffè, 499

  Caffieri, Filippo (1634–1716), 309

  Caffiéri, François Charles (1667–1729), 309

  Caffiéri, Jacques (1678–1755), 304, 309

  Caffiéri, Philippe (1714–77), 309

  Cagliostro, “Count” Alessandro di (Giuseppe Balsamo; 1743–95), 593

  Cajori, Florian (1895–1930), 548*

  Calais, France, 41, 219

  Calas, Marc Antoine (d. 1761), 728–30

  Calas, Pierre, 728–32

  Calas, Donat, 728–32, 751

  Calas, Jean (1698–1762), 267, 693, 718, 726–33, 736, 737, 751, 752, 761, 772, 783

  Calas, Louis, 728, 751

  Calas, Mme., 728–32, 751

  calcination, 375

  calculus, 507, 508–9, 516, 541, 545;

  algebraic (analysis), 509, 511–12;

  infinitesimal, 509, 544;

  integral, 515;

  of variations, 510, 511, 512

  Calcutta, 264

  Calico Act (England, 1721), 49

  California, 560

  Caligula (Caius Caesar Germanicus), Emperor of Rome (r. 37–41), 486

  Calmet, Dom Augustin (1672–1757), 471, 494, 501

  Calonne, Charles Alexandre de (1734–1802), 535

  Calpurnia, wife of Caesar (1st cent. B.C.), 233

  Calvin, John (1509–64), 118, 480, 481;

  and Calas case, 727–28;

  his concept of God, 152, 704;

  Voltaire on, 480, 738, 747

  Calvinism: in Anglican doctrine, 117–18;

  and Catholicism, similarities in, 476, 737, 738;

  in France, 727–28;

  in German states, 402, 747;

  and music, 415;

  in Prussia, 437;

  in Scotland, 108;

  and the stage, 481–82;

  in Switzerland, 476, 478–79, 480–82

  Camargo, Marie Anne de Cupis de (1710–70), 295, 322

  Cambrai, France, 320;

  archbishopric of, 32, 254

  Cambridge University, 120, 121, 127, 509, 579, 628;

  Chesterfield and, 63, 81;

  Gray at, 180–82 passim;

  science taught at, 63, 507

  Camerarius, Rudolf (1665–1721), 565

  Cameron clan, 110

  Campanella, Tommaso (1568–1639), 692

  Campbell, Colin (fl. 1717), 215

  Canada, 264, 560, 607, 708

  Canaletto, Antonio (1697–1768), 60

  Candide (Voltaire), 718, 723–26, 744

  Candolle, Augustin Pyrame de (1778–1841), 565

  Canons (estate of Duke of Chandos), 231

  Canterbury, Archbishop of: in 1716–37, see Wake, William;

  in 1737–47, see Potter, John

  Canton, John (1718–72), 522

  capitalism, 48, 49, 52–54, 56, 98, 666

  Captain Singleton (Defoe), 188

  Capuchins, 258, 751–52

  carbon dioxide (carbonic-acid gas), 517, 524, 526, 534, 567–68

  carbon monoxide, discovery of, 530

  Cardan, Jerome (1501–76), 52

  cardiology, 586

  Caribbean Sea, 264, 294

  Carinthia, 431

  Carissimi, Giacomo (c.1604–1674), 237, 242

  Carlisle, England, 111

  Carlos of Bourbon, Don (b.1716), see Charles III of Spain

  Carlyle, Alexander (fl. 1756), Scottish clergyman, 184

  Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 258, 439

  Carnarvon, Earl of, see Chandos, Duke of

  Carniola, 431

  Caroline of Ansbach (1683–1737), Queen of George II of England, 75, 81, 94–95, 344;

  arrival in England, 89;

  and Joseph Butler, 95, 125, 127;

  and Chesterfield, 82, 95;

  court of, 90, 95;

  death of, 95, 97;

  and excise bill riots, 98;

  Handel helped by, 95, 231;

  and husband’s mistresses, 97;

  and Lady Mary, 95, 207, 595;

  at opera, 233, 236;

  and Pope, 95, 169;

  religious liberalism of, 94, 95, 97;

  and Roubillac, 214–15;

  Voltaire and, 95, 245, 248;

  and Walpole, 95, 96, 97

  Carriera, Rosalba (1675–1757), 320

  Cars, Laurent (1699–1771), 311, 313

  Cartagena, attack on, 200

  cartographers, see mapmakers

  Cartouche (Louis Dominique Bourguignon; 1693–1721), 22

  Carvalho e Mello, Sebastião José de, see Pombal, Marquês de

  Caryll, John (fl. 1711), 166

  Casanova, Giovanni Jacopo (1725–98), 478

  Casaubon, Isaac (1559–1614), 500

  Caslon, William (1692–1766), 163

  Cassel, Hesse, 414, 417

  Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625–1712), 544

  Cassini, Jacques (1677–1756), 544

  Cassini, Comte Jacques Dominique de (1748–1845), 544, 560

  Cassini de Thury, César François (1714–84), 544, 560

  Cassini family, 552

  Castor et Pollux (Rameau), 296

  castrati (male sopranos), 226, 230, 232–36

  passim, 428

  Castres, France, 732–33

  Cateau-Cambrésis, France, 254

  Catéchisme de l’honnête homme, Le (Voltaire), 741

  Catéchisme universel, Le (Saint-Lambert), 777–78

  Catherine I, Empress of Russia (r. 1725–27), 277, 311

  Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia (r. 1762–96), 216, 360, 477, 575, 606, 776;

  and d’Alembert, 516;

  Diderot’s protectress, 644, 646, 665, 675, 679, 774;

  and Euler, 510;


  and the Jesuits, 773;

  and Voltaire, 596, 730, 733, 744; 779, 785

  Catholic Church: and Napoleon, 583;

  pagan residue in ritual of, 122;

  remnants of its ritual in Protestant services, 118, 424–27;

  ritual defended by Diderot, 656–57;

  Voltaire on early Church, 485; see also Jesuits;

  papacy

  IN AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY, 410, 431–32

  IN BOHEMIA, 456

  IN ENGLAND, 116;

  restrictions against, 118, 135, 164, 165, 167, 174, 176, 369, 495

  IN FRANCE (French clergy), 253–58, 755–59;

  and art, 310;

  assemblies (convocations) of, 254–55, 642, 699, 756, 770, 771;

  atheism among, 782–83 (see also Meslier, Jean);

  benefices of, 32, 253–54, 255;

  and bourgeoisie, 611, 781;

  charities of, 288, 778;

  under the Directory, 713;

  makes dons gratuits, 254–55, 270, 608, 642, 699;

  ecclesiastical courts of, 268;

  education controlled by, 286–87, 608, 684–85, 697;

  and 1759

  edict, 737;

  and Encyclopédie, 485, 635–42

  passim, 644–46, 648, 720, 737;

  and financiers, 265, 266;

  intolerance of, see persecution of heresies, below; under Louis XIV, 21;

  monasteries and nunneries, 256, 657–58;

  Montesquieu and, 343, 345, 348, 355;

  nobility and, 253–54, 324;

  parish priests, 255–56;

  persecution of heresies (Albigenses, Huguenots, etc.), 17, 257, 495, 605, 608, 684–85, 727–36;

  philosophes’ indictment of, 605, 608, 626, 682, 684–85, 694, 697

  (see also Voltaire and, below);

  Mme. de Pompadour opposed by, 283–84;

  property and wealth of, 254, 259, 355, 385, 387–88, 608;

  replies to philosophes’ attack, 755–59;

  during Revolution, 695;

  taxation, resistance to, 255, 269, 270, 283, 535, 608, 610;

  Voltaire and: his attacks on, 255, 368, 385, 387–88, 483, 485, 718, 767;

  his Lettres philosophiques condemned by, 371;

  his rapprochement with, 750–53; see also Christianity, attack on; Jansenists; Jesuits

  IN GERMANY, 402, 438, 459

  IN IRELAND, 82, 103–7, 495

  IN SILESIA, 452, 459

  IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL, see Inquisition

  IN SWITZERLAND, 473–74, 475, 476

  Catholic Encyclopedia, 494*, 495*

  Catilina (Crébillon père), 283, 330

  Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Elder (Cato Senex; 234–149 B.C.), 738

  Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Younger (95–46 B.C.), 346

  Cato (Addison), 165, 184

  Caus, Salomon de (1576–1626), 52

  Cavallieri, A., astronomer, 539

  Cave, Edward (1691–1754), 51

  Caveau, Le, 332

  Cavendish, Henry (1731–1810), 522, 531

  Caveyrac, Abbé de (fl. 1762), 731*

  Caylus, Anne Claude de Tubières, Comte de (1692–1765), 309, 311, 328

  Caylus, Daniel Charles Gabriel de Pestels de, bishop of Auxerre (from 1704), 258, 288

  Cazes, Pierre Jacques (1676–1754), 316–17

  Cellamare, Antonio del Giudice, Principe di (1657–1733), 18, 32

  Celsius, Anders (1701–44), 550

  censorship, 496–98

  IN FRANCE (permission, privilège), 258, 324, 332, 463, 493, 496–98 608, 633, 651, 694, 738;

  of Encyclopédie, 634–44

  passim, 647;

  under Malesherbes, 348, 611, 638–39, 681;

  philosophes resort to, 641, 761, 763, 783;

  of Voltaire’s works, 40, 362, 366, 369, 370–71, 375

  IN OTHER COUNTRIES: England, 119, 496, 497;

  German states, 463, 496;

  Scandinavia, 496;

  Switzerland, 476, 481, 496;

  United Provinces, 496

  Certitude des preuves du Christianisme, La (Bergier), 756

  Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547–1616), 30, 194, 197, 200, 541, 658

  Chaldeans, 640

  Châlons-sur-Marne, 383, 388

  Chambers, Ephraim (1680–1740), 499, 634

  Chambre de Justice (Paris, 1716), 10, 14

  Chambre des Députés, Paris, 307

  Chambre des Enquêtes, 301

  Chamfort, Sébastien Roch Nicolas de (1741–94), moralist, 331, 782

  Champion, Antoinette, see Diderot, Antoinette Champion

  Champion, Mme, 624

  Champs-Élysées, Paris, 307

  Chancery Court, England, 72

  Chandernagor, 264, 503

  Chandler, Edward, Bishop (fl. 1728), 117, 123

  Chandon, Abbé Mayeul (fl. 1767), 756

  Chandos, James Brydges, Earl of Carnarvon and 1st Duke of (1673–1744), 231

  Chantilly, 306;

  forest of, 335

  Chantilly, Château de, 270, 307–8

  Chapman, George (1559?–1634), 169 Characteristics (Shaftesbury), 178

  Chardin, Jean or Sir John (1643–1713), traveler, 341

  Chardin, Jean Baptiste Siméon (1699–1779), painter, 282, 311, 316–19, 404;

  Le Bénédicité, 288, 318;

  Diderot’s views on, 312, 319, 665, 667;

  and La Tour, 320, 321, 322

  Chardin, Marguerite Pouget, 318–19

  Chardin, Marguerite Sainctar, 317, 318

  Charlemagne, King of the Franks (r. 768–814), Emperor of the West (r. 800–814), 484, 486, 487

  Charlemont, James Caulfield, 1st Earl of (1728–99), 147

  Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (r. 1625–49), 89, 116, 156–57, 214

  Charles II, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (r. 1660–85), 7, 77, 97, 112, 248

  Charles III (Don Carlos of Bourbon), King of Spain (r. 1759–88), King of Naples and Sicily as Charles IV (r. 1735–59), 402, 500

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519–56), 412

  Charles V (Robertson), see History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V

  Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1711–40), 31, 94;

  accession and reign of, 431–36;

  death of, 436, 449;

  and Pragmatic Sanction, 435–36

  Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1742–45), Elector of Bavaria as Charles Albert (r. 1726–45), 398, 436, 452–54, 456

  Charles XII, King of Sweden (r. 1697–1718), 362–63, 438

  Charles XII (Voltaire), see Histoire de Charles XII

  Charles Albert of Bavaria, Elector (r. 1726–45), see Charles VII, Emperor

  Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Prince (1712–80), 454, 456

  Charles Edward, Prince (Bonnie Prince Charlie), see Stuart, Charles Edward

  Charles Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia (r. 1730–73), 115, 436, 455

  Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine (r. 1733–99), 398, 409, 551

  Charleston, South Carolina, 131

  Charlotte Elisabeth, Princess Palatine and Duchesse d’Orléans (1652–1722), 6, 8, 16, 20, 21–22, 36

  Charlottenburg, Schloss, 94

  Charlotte Sophia (1744–1818), Queen of George III of England, 730

  Charterhouse school, London, 130

  Charteris, Colonel Francis (1669–1731), 366

  Chartres, Louis Philippe Joseph d’Orléans, Duc de (b. 1747–d.1793;

  Due d’Orléans from 1785), 601

  Chastellux, Marquis François Jean de (1734–88), 782

  Châteaubriand, François René de (1768–1848), 575

  Châteauneuf, Abbé de (fl. 1700), 3–4

  Châteauroux, Marie Anne de Nesle de La Tournelle, Duchesse de (1717–44), 275–77, 285, 300, 307

  Châtel, Jean (1575?–94), 765

  Châtelet, Marquise du, see Du Châtelet-Lomont, Marquise

  Châtenay, France, 36

  Cha
tham, Lord, see Pitt, William, the Elder

  Chatterton, Thomas (1752–70), 180

  Chaucer, Geoffrey (c.1340–1400), 198

  Chaulieu, Guillaume Amfrye, Abbé de (1639–1720), 4–5

  Chaulnes, Duchesse de, 290

  Chaumeix, Abraham de (c.1730–1790), 642

  Chaumont, Claude (fl. 1764), 736

  Chaumont, France, 375

  Chauvelin, Germain Louis de (1685–1762), Keeper of the Seals (1727–37), 362, 371, 782

  Chelsea, 202, 214, 242

  Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire (Scheele), 525

  chemistry, 7, 507, 509, 517, 522, 523–36, 592;

  and astronomy, 537;

  impact on civilization, 584;

  impact on medicine, 586;

  new nomenclature for, 534;

  and physiology, 589;

  and psychology. 583

  Cheselden, William (1688–1752), 597, 599, 627–28

  Chesterfield, Elizabeth, Countess of, nee Savile (d. 1708), 81

  Chesterfield, Petronilla, Countess of, see Walsingham, Countess of

  Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of (1694–1773), 81–88;

  on Bolingbroke’s literary work, 99, 465;

  and Queen Caroline, 82, 90, 95;

  death of, 88;

  foresees French Revolution, 86–87;

  his gambling, 66, 81, 87;

  on the German fondness for titles, 403;

  in Ireland as lord lieutenant, 82, 495;

  on the Irish poor, 103;

  and Johnson, 82, 87, 162;

  on manners, 79, 81, 83, 85;

  his marriage, 82;

  and Montesquieu, 82, 344, 353;

  in Paris, 82, 300;

  on royal courts, 81;

  and Voltaire, 82, 86, 87, 88, 465, 784;

  opposes Walpole, 82, 99;

  other observations and opinions, 63, 80, 132, 215, 241, 289

  Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, 3d Earl of (d. 1726), 81, 82

  Chesterfield House, London, 214, 215

  Chevreuse, Duc de (1717–71), 252

  Chiarugi, Vincenzo (1759–1820), 598

  Chiaveri, Gaetano (1689–1770), 399

  Ch’ien Lung, Emperor of China (r. 1736–96), 506

  Child, Sir Josiah (1630–99), 56–57

  Chile, 559

  Chimborazo, Mount, 552

  China: cultural influence on Europe, 503–6, 694;

  historical chronology calculated, 500, 501–2, 506;

  inoculation practiced in, 594;

  lacquer work from, 304;

  Montesquieu on, 350;

  porcelain from, 281, 282, 306;

  Voltaire on, 484, 485;

  Wolff on, 401

  China illustrata (Kircher), 503

  chinoiseries, 505

  Chirurgien dentiste, Le (Fauchard), 599

  Chiswick, Middlesex, England, 215, 220

  chlorine, 525, 584

  Choderlos de Laclos, Pierre Ambroise François (1741–1803), 331

  Chodowiecki, Daniel (1726–1801), German painter, 600