The Age of Voltaire

  De rege (Mariana), 765

  Desaguliers, Jean (1683–1744), 518

  Descartes, René (1596–1650), 100, 369, 464, 554, 584, 766;

  in Encyclopédie, 633, 636–37;

  his mechanistic views, reactions to, 592, 609, 619;

  his philosophy shackled, say atheists, 616, 705;

  rejection of his cosmology, Voltaire’s role in, 246, 369, 375, 544

  Description de l’ empire de la Chine (Du Halde), 504

  Description des arts et métiers (Académie des Sciences), 584

  De sedibus et causis morborum (Morgagni), 586

  Deserted Village, The (Goldsmith), 182

  Desfontaines, Pierre François Guyot (1685–1745), 289, 375, 380, 384, 498, 760, 765

  Desforges-Maillard, Paul (1699–1772), 267

  Desmarets, Père, 284

  Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94), 713

  Desportes, Alexandre François (1661–1743), 25

  despotism, 368;

  Montesquieu’s views on, 351, 352, 355, 358

  despotism, enlightened (benevolent), seen as best hope for social reform, 100, 505, 665, 688, 776

  Despotisme de la Chine, Le (Quesnay), 505

  Destouches, Louis Camus, Chevalier (1668–1726), father of d’Alembert, 23, 515

  Destouches (Néricault), Philippe (1680–1754), playwright, 283

  determinism, 356, 445, 621, 714;

  of Diderot, 654, 675;

  of d’Holbach, 702–3, 756;

  of Hume, 140;

  Laplace’s exposition of, 547–48;

  Wolff’s, 401–2; see also free will

  Dettingen, Bavaria, battle of (1743), 94, 113, 240, 338, 455, 618

  “Dettingen Te Deum” (Handel), 241

  De Veritate (Herbert of Cherbury), 120

  Devin du village, Le (Rousseau), 322

  Devizes, Wiltshire, England, 136

  Devonshire, William Cavendish, 3d Duke of (d. 1755), 239

  Devonshire House, London, 215

  d’Holbach, Baron, see Holbach

  Diable boiteux, Le (Lesage), 29

  Diablo cojuelo, El (Vélez de Guevara), 28

  Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (Hume), 150–52, 160

  Dialogues of the Dead (Lucan), 161

  Diatribe of Dr. Akakia (Voltaire), 467–69

  Dickens, Charles (1812–70), 198, 199, 205

  Dictionary (French Academy), 323

  Dictionary (Johnson), 82, 87, 181, 292, 635

  Dictionnaire antiphilosophique, Le (Chandon), 756

  Dictionnaire des athées (Maréchal), 780

  Dictionnaire de Trévoux, Le, 759

  Dictionnaire historique et critique, Le (Bayle), 119, 499, 609, 624

  Dictionnaire philosophique, Le (Voltaire), 357–58, 497, 505, 744, 767;

  burned, 734, 742;

  “David,” 731*;

  “Dieu,” 711–13, 752;

  and La Barre case, 734, 735;

  “Patrie,” 779;

  Portatif edition, 741–42, 743;

  on superstition, 738;

  “Theism,” 717;

  “War,” 779

  Diderot, Antoinette Champion (b. 1710), 623–24, 626, 630–631, 632, 675, 676, 677

  Diderot, Denis (1713–84), 156, 283, 345, 558, 576, 605, 617, 623–79, 779

  EARLY LIFE (1713–49): birth, 623;

  education and studies, 498, 531, 623, 625;

  marriage, 623–24;

  frequents cafés and salons, 294, 301, 582, 624, 632;

  interests and early works (1746–49), 624–30;

  imprisoned at Vincennes, 630–32, 634;

  beginning of Grimm-Diderot-Rousseau friendship, 632–33

  THE ENCYCLOPEDIST: 262, 369, 499, 611, 634–49, 669, 678, 693, 756;

  his preparatory work, 625, 631, 634;

  writes prospectus, 633, 634–45;

  involved in Prades affair, work banned (1752), 638–40;

  ban lifted, 279, 639;

  “Geneva” crisis, second ban (1758–59), 641–42, 670, 719–20;

  helped by d’Holbach, 643, 697;

  completes publication, 643–44;

  articles written by him, 640–41, 644–47;

  his role evaluated, 648–49

  LATER LIFE AND WORKS: appearance and character, 673–75;

  as art and book critic, 309, 311–14

  passim, 316, 319, 522, 640, 656–57, 665, 666–68, 674, 677–78;

  battles with antiphilosophes, 670, 761, 762, 764;

  and Catherine the Great, 644, 646, 665, 675, 679, 774;

  his conversation, 665, 678, 695–96;

  and his daughter, 665, 676–78;

  his dialogues, 626, 650, 652–55, 652–55, 669–70, 672;

  and the drama of sentiment, 184, 335, 625, 665, 668–72, 678–79, 752;

  and Grimm, 313, 657, 658, 666, 667, 671, 673–78

  passim, 693;

  and Helvétius, 642, 680, 681, 689, 690;

  and d’Holbach, 611, 665, 678, 680, 695–96, 697, 699–700, 704, 710;

  and Hume, 159, 160;

  and the Jesuits, 623, 627, 638–39, 644, 648, 766, 767;

  and music, 295, 298, 660, 672;

  his novels, 376, 626–27, 657–59, 669, 672;

  on physicians, 599, 600;

  and Raynal, 693, 694;

  and Réaumur, 577–78, 625, 628;

  and Richardson, 192–93, 334, 658, 669, 674;

  on his robe de chambre, 677;

  his Rousseauan qualities and view of “feeling,” 607, 625, 658, 664, 668, 674, 675–76;

  Rousseau’s admiration for, 674, 679;

  his projected Russian journey, 675, 677–78, 679;

  on the theater, 326, 633, 640, 671–72;

  his triumph, 784;

  and Voltaire, 326, 650, 672, 674, 675, 697, 719–20, 735, 736, 738, 740, 752, 753;

  on women, 302

  PHILOSOPHICAL INTERESTS AND VIEWS: 624–25;

  agnosticism, 359, 628–29, 655–56;

  atheism, 337, 625, 626, 629*, 630, 656, 657, 782;

  his crusade against Christianity, 337, 572, 611, 626, 638–40, 656–58, 692;

  deism, 619, 625, 626, 655;

  on education, 609, 774;

  ethics, 598, 625, 656, 662–65, 776;

  evolution, 578, 626, 629, 651–52, 655, 755;

  materialism, 369, 588, 622, 625, 645, 651–53;

  pantheism, 626, 651–52;

  political and economic ideas, 646–47, 665–66, 752;

  psychology, 509, 597, 627–29, 633

  Diderot, Didier (d. 1759), father of the philosophe, 623, 624, 662, 671, 675, 677;

  his letter to Diderot in prison, 631–32

  Diderot, Marie Angélique, see Vandeul, Mme. de

  Dientzenhofer, Christoph (1655–1722), 432

  Dientzenhofer, Johann (1665–1726), 406

  Dientzenhofer, Kilian Ignaz (1680–1751), 432

  digestion, 589

  Dijon, 296, 298, 310, 471, 569, 623, 781

  Dijon, Academy of, 498, 569

  Dijon, Parlement of, 569, 735, 771

  Dillon, Arthur Richard (1721–1806), Archbishop of Narbonne, 254

  Diogenes (412?–323 B.C.), 320

  Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse (fl. 367 B.C.), 448

  Dioscorides, Pedanius (fl. C. A.D. 50), 599

  Directorium Inquisitorium (Eymerico), 693

  Directory (France, 1795–99), 713

  Discorsi (Machiavelli), 359*

  Discourse against Mohammedanism (Saint-Pierre), 335

  Discours en vers sur l’homme (voltaire), see discours sur l’homme

  Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (Rousseau), 378, 664

  Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Rousseau), 664

  “Discours sur la poésie dramatique” (Diderot), 670

  Discours sur le bonheur (La Mettrie), 621

  Discours sur le style (Buffon), 573–75

  Discours sur l’histoire universelle (Bossuet), 345, 346, 4
84, 501, 504

  Discours sur l’homme (Voltaire), 177, 246, 376

  Discovery, 559–60

  disease, 589–92;

  epidemics of, 590, 595;

  prevention and treatment of, 591–602

  Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit (Priestley), 528

  Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–81), 101

  Dissenters, 77, 117, 118–19, 129, 526, 528;

  in America, 131;

  in Ireland, 105;

  political orientation of, 90, 91;

  restrictions against, 62–63, 396, 495

  Dissertation upon Parties, A (Bolingbroke), 99

  Divine Legation of Moses, The (Warburton), 124–25

  divine right of kings, 90, 100, 646

  divorce, 65, 290, 343, 675

  Doctrina Numorum Veterum (Eckhel), 500

  Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated, The (Priestley), 528

  Dodington, George Bubb (1691–1762), 246

  Dodsley, Robert (1703–64), 182

  Dodwell, Henry (d. 1784), 127

  Dollond, John (1706–61), 537

  Dominicans, 343

  Don Juan (Byron), 559

  Don Juan (Molière), 670

  Donne, John (1573–1631), 176

  Donner, Georg Raphael (1693–1741), 433–34

  Don Quixote (Cervantes), 28, 30, 202, 305

  dons Gratuits (free donations), 254–55, 270, 608, 642, 699

  Douai, Parlement of, 771

  Douglas (Home), 184–85

  Draconis, 540

  dragonnades, 465, 505, 605

  “Drapier” letters (Swift), 104–5

  Dream of d’Alembert, The, see Rêve d’Alembert, Le

  Dresden, 467;

  architecture and sculpture, 399, 405, 406–7;

  court at, 403, 420, 426;

  Frederick marches troops through (1744), 455;

  music, opera in, 399, 408, 410, 411, 414, 417, 420;

  porcelain of, 281, 282, 306, 404;

  Prussian capture of (1745), 457;

  ruined by bombardment (1760), 410

  Dresden, Peace of (Prussia-Austria, 1745), 278, 457, 462

  Drese, Johann (fl. 1708), 414

  dress, 75–76, 81, 292–93, 476, 600

  drugs, 593, 597, 599–600

  Drury Lane Théâtre, London, 183, 193, 230

  Dryden, John (1631–1700), 165, 171, 236, 238, 670

  Du Barry, Jeanne Bécu, Comtesse (1743–93), 735, 744

  Dublin, 171, 230, 239–40, 590

  Dublin Society, 106

  Dubois, Guillaume (1656–1723), Cardinal, Archbishop of Cambrai, 6–7, 17, 19, 23, 30, 31–33, 254

  Du Bouchet, Élisabeth, 82

  Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, Sieur (1610–88), scholar, 487

  Du Châtelet, Marquis (fl. 1749), governor of Vincennes, 630, 631

  Du Châtelet-Lomont, Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise (1706–49), 301, 302, 365–66, 401, 483, 484;

  appearance and character, 366, 373, 374;

  marriage, 365;

  and Maupertuis, 365, 374, 514;

  and Richelieu, 365, 367, 391;

  scientific interests, 23, 366, 373, 374–75, 390, 508, 544;

  meets Voltaire, 365–66;

  to Montjeu with him, 367;

  their idyl at Cirey (1734–39), 211, 372–78, 384, 444, 464, 466, 716;

  sojourns in Brussels and Paris (1739–44), 378–82, 448, 449, 455;

  Voltaire’s interest waning, 382–83;

  at Paris and Versailles (1744–47), 383, 384, 391;

  at Sceaux, 386;

  at Lunéville, 388–89, 390–91;

  and Saint-Lambert, 180, 366, 389–91;

  intercedes with kinsman for Diderot, 631;

  death, 390–91, 631

  Du Châtelet-Lomont, Marquis Florent Claude (1695–1766), 365, 372, 373, 378, 389–91

  passim, 393

  Duclos, Charles Pinot (1705–72), 19, 298, 324, 336–38, 607;

  on Dubois, 6–7, 31;

  and Encyclopédie, 640, 642;

  in French Academy, 283, 323, 337, 498;

  on “little atheists,” 338;

  at the salons, 280, 300, 680

  Du Deffand, Marie de Vichy-Chamrond, Marquise (1697–1780), 19, 256, 300–302, 780;

  on Mme. du Châtelet, 302, 366, 374;

  on Helvétius, 301–2, 690;

  and Montesquieu, 301, 344, 357;

  salon of, 301, 344, 781;

  Voltaire correspondence with, 247, 302, 671

  Dudley, Dud (1599–1684), 50

  dueling, 41, 70, 80, 103, 289

  Du Fay, Charles François de Cisternay (1698–1739), 518–19

  Dufresny, Charles Rivière (1648–1724), 341

  Du Halde, Jean Baptiste (1674–1743), 504, 505

  Du Hausset, Mme., 284

  Dumas, Alexandre, fils (1824–95), 330, 335

  Dumbarton, Scotland, 200

  Dunciad, The (Pope), 169, 171–72, 176, 240

  Duncombe, Mr., art patron, 220

  Dunkirk, France, 92, 109

  Dunoyer, Olympe (fl. 1720), 5

  Du Pin, Mme., 84

  Dupleix, Marquis Joseph François (1697–1763), 264–65

  Dupré de Saint-Maur, Mme. (fl. 1749), 628, 630

  Dupuy, memoirist (fl. 1717), 21

  Durand, Laurent (fl. 1748), 627, 628, 634

  Durham, England, 117, 206

  Dürnstein Abbey, Austria, 432–33

  Dutch East India Company, 562, 563

  duties: export, 98, 104, 279;

  import, see tariffs, protective;

  internal, 13, 247, 264, 279

  dynamics, 515, 537

  East Africa, 560

  Eastbury Manor, 246

  Easter Island, 559

  East India Company, English, 55, 56, 59, 113, 264

  East Indies, 694

  East Prussia, 437

  Ebenhecht, Georg (d. 1757), 405

  Eberhard Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (b.1677-d.1733), 398

  Eberlein, German artist, 404

  Ebrach, 404, 405

  ecclesiastical courts, 72, 268

  Ecclesiastical News (Jansenist periodical), 356

  Eckermann, Johann Peter (1792–1854), 784

  Eckhel, Joseph Hilarius (1737–98), 500

  École Militaire, Mézières, 513

  École Militaire, Paris, 285, 307, 546

  École Normale, Paris, 512, 514

  École Polytechnique, Paris, 512, 514

  economics: in Encyclopédie, 641, 647;

  Helvétius’ views on, 688–89;

  d’Holbach’s views on, 707–8;

  Hume’s contributions to, 155–56

  Écossaise, L’ (Voltaire), 765

  “Écrasez l’infâme!” (Voltaire slogan), see infame, L’

  Ecuador, 552

  Écumoire, L’ (Crébillon fils), 331

  Edesheim, 695

  Edict of Nantes, see Nantes, Edict of

  Edinburgh, 92, 108, 110–11, 556

  Edinburgh, University of, 108, 140, 147, 557, 579;

  Faculty of Advocates, 156

  Edinburgh Review, The, 162

  education, philosophes* theories of: 775–76, 785;

  Diderot’s, 690;

  Helvétius’, 583, 682, 683–84, 688, 690–91, 775;

  d’Holbach’s, 706, 707;

  Rousseau’s, 583, 775

  education and schools, 493, 494, 786

  IN FRANCE: 19, 33, 252, 286–87, 324, 512, 608, 773–76;

  under Jesuits, 256, 498, 765–67, 769–70;

  Lavoisier’s plan for, 536;

  military, 271, 285;

  under National Convention, 583;

  proposals and campaign for secularization of, 684–85, 691, 697, 738, 766, 770–71, 773–75;

  reorganized, 775

  IN OTHER COUNTRIES: England, 62–63, 71, 118;

  German states, 399–400, 407, 411, 415, 438, 772;

  Ireland
, 105, 106;

  Scotland, 107, 108;

  Switzerland, 476, 480, 481;

  United States, 691

  Edward VI, King of England (r. 1547–53), 54

  Effner, Josef (1687–1745), 398–99, 406

  Eger, Bohemia, 272, 455

  Egmont, Septimanie de Richelieu, Comtesse d’ (1740–73), 289, 293

  egoism, universal, theory of, 149, 301, 459, 687–88, 691, 706, 707, 777;

  disputed, 690;

  satirized, 762

  Egypt, 501, 506, 549

  Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar, 411, 412–13

  Elbe River, 399, 437

  Eleatics, 645

  Elective Attractions (Bergman), 524

  electricity, 51, 514, 517, 518–23, 526

  “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (Gray), 182, 183

  Elementa Physiologiae Corporis humani (Haller), 477, 588

  Éléments de la philosophie de Newton (Voltaire), 375, 378

  Éléments de musique théorique et pratique (d’Alembert), 516

  Éléments de physiologie (Diderot), 655

  Éleuthéromanes, Les (Diderot), 666*

  Élie de Beaumont, Jean Baptiste Jacques (1732–86), 730

  Elisabeth Christina of Brunswick-Bevern (1715–97), Queen of Frederick II of Prussia, 442, 460, 461

  Elizabeth I, Queen of England (r. 1558–1603), 40, 52, 65, 224, 518

  Elizabethan era, 75, 188, 224, 262

  Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress of Russia (r. 1741–62), 510

  Éloge de Richardson (Diderot), 192–93, 669

  “Eloïsa to Abelard” (Pope), 167–68

  Émile (Rousseau), 324, 589, 755, 766;

  burned, 737, 772

  enclosure of common lands, 46

  Encyclopaedia (Alsted), 499

  Encyclopaedia Britannica, 499–500

  Encyclopédie, L’, 23, 184, 633–49, 693;

  antecedents and history of, 499, 625, 630, 631, 633–44, 669, 670, 678, 737, 783;

  and anti-Christianity campaign, 21, 86, 116, 486, 636–42

  passim, 644–46, 648, 649;

  “Athée” article, 644, 758;

  Bacon’s influence on, 369, 370, 636;

  banning of, 639, 642, 682, 718;

  “Certitude,” 638;

  “Christianity” (Diderot), 644, 648;

  “Collège,” 766;

  “Discours préliminaire,” 635–37, 719;

  economic ideas in, 647;

  “Encyclopedia” article, 640–41, 646;

  government, articles on, 641, 646–47;

  and Jesuits’ fall, 644, 771;

  and Locke, 633, 636, 637;

  machines and technology, articles on, 262, 647–48;

  Malesherbes and, 348, 611, 638, 639, 641, 643;

  music articles, 297–98, 642;

  Mme. de Pompadour and, 279, 321, 639, 644*;

  “Prètre,” 644–45, 697;

  reviews and criticism of, 637–41

  passim, 756, 758, 759, 761;