The Age of Voltaire

  Scienza nuova (Vico), 359*

  Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius (237–183 B.C.), Roman general, 233

  Scone, Scotland, 92

  Scotists, 747

  Scotland, 95, 107–9, 157;

  and 1715 Jacobite rebellion, 91–93;

  and 1745 Jacobite rebellion, 82, 107, 110–12, 224–25;

  Methodism in, 132, 133, 135;

  parliamentary union with England, 91, 107, 200;

  and witchcraft superstition, 106, 494

  Scotland, Kirk of (Presbytery), 108, 139, 141, 158, 184–85

  Scott, Sir Walter (1771–1832), 202

  Scottish Enlightenment, see Enlightenment, Scottish

  Scribe, Augustin Eugène (1791–1861), 328*, 330

  Scriblerus Club, 169, 185

  sculpture, 24, 214–15, 308–10, 405, 433–34, 666, 668

  scurvy, 591

  Seasons, The (Thomson), 179, 180

  Second Silesian War (1744–45), 455–57

  Second World War, 399, 405, 406

  Secret Memoirs of the Regency (Duclos), 6–7, 337*

  Séguier, Antoine Louis (1726–92), 780

  seismology, 556

  Seitz, Johann (1717–79), 406

  Selkirk, Alexander (1676–1721), 558

  Sémiramis (Crébillon père), 329

  Sémiramis (Voltaire), 388, 482, 497

  Semler, Johann Salomo (1725–91), 502

  Sénart, forest of, 280

  Senebier, Jean (1742–1809), 568

  Senesino (Francesco Bernardi; 1690?–1750?), 232–36

  passim

  Senones, Abbey of, 471, 501

  Sens, 308, 309

  Sens, bishop of, 254

  sensationism, see psychology, sensationist

  Sense and Sensibility (Austen), 192

  September Massacres (France, 1792), 512

  Septennial Act (Britain, 1716), 93

  Serbia, 435

  serfdom: in Austria and Hungary, 431, 432;

  in England, 46;

  in France, 252, 254, 259, 608;

  in Germany, 397, 448;

  in Switzerland, 475

  Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life (Wm. Law), 127–28, 130

  Serlio, Sebastiano (1475–1554), 165

  Sermon des cinquantes, Le (Voltaire), 740–41

  Serse (Handel), 237

  Servan, Joseph Michel Antoine (1737–1807), 739, 781

  Servandoni, Jean Nicolas (1695–1766), 307

  Serva padrona, La (Pergolesi), 297

  Servetus, Michael (1511–53), 480

  Servien, Abbé (fl. 1710), 4–5

  Séry, Mlle. de (fl. 1692), 8

  Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 115, 285, 303, 538, 726;

  American phase of, 264, 560;

  English-French conflicts leading to, 264, 768–69;

  French losses in, 607;

  French-Prussian phase, 489, 767–68;

  Hanover in, 541;

  India phase, 265;

  Mahón siege (1756), 289;

  Meissen sacked, 404;

  Russian-Prussian phase, 510

  Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de (1626–96), 205, 209, 213

  Sèvres, 282;

  porcelain of, 214, 261, 281, 282, 303

  sextant, invention of, 537–38

  Shaftesbury, Earl of (fl. 1745), 241

  Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3d Earl of (1671–1713), philosopher, 79, 138, 172, 178, 625

  Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), 174, 182, 184, 197–98, 326;

  Germany and, 477, 565;

  Kent’s statue of, 215;

  Pope’s edition of, 169;

  Roubillac’s bust, 214;

  songs of, 224;

  Voltaire on, 165, 246

  Sheffield, England, 214

  Shelburne, Sir William Petty, 2d Earl of, later 1st Marquis of Lansdowne (1737–1805), 526, 528

  Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), 713

  Shenstone, William (1714–63), 180

  Sheppard, John or Jack (1702–24), 22, 70

  Sheriffmuir, battle of (1715), 92

  Sherlock, Thomas (fl. 1729), bishop of London, 117, 123–24

  Short Treatise (Hoyle), 77

  Shrewsbury School, 62

  Si, Les (Morellet), 763

  Siberia, 557

  Sicily, 435

  Siddons, Sarah, nee Kemble (1755–1831), 184

  Sidney, Algernon (1622–83), 353

  Siècle de Louis XIV, Le (Voltaire), 156, 365, 374, 463–65, 484, 719

  Sigorgne, Abbé (fl. 1765), 755–56

  Silbermann, Andreas (1678–1734), 408

  Silbermann, Gottfried (1683–1753), 408, 417

  Silesia, 285, 402, 450–51, 453–57

  passim, 459;

  invaded by Prussia’ (1740), 109, 436, 451, 772, 779;

  Jesuits in, 772, 773

  Silesian Wars (1740–45), 436, 451–57

  Singakademie, Berlin, 430

  Sir Charles Grandison, The History of (Richardson), 192, 193

  Siroe (Handel), 234

  Sirven, Élisabeth (d. 1762), 732–33

  Sirven, Pierre Paul (b. 1709), 732–33, 735, 751, 783

  Sisters of Charity, 751

  Six Discourses on the Miracles of Our Saviour (Woolston), 120

  Skerrett, Maria (Molly), later Lady Walpole (d. 1738), 212

  slavery, 68, 101–2, 254, 768;

  denounced by Montesquieu, 354, 358;

  —by Wesley, 135;

  Voltaire on, 358, 726

  slave trade, 55, 59, 67–68, 74, 102, 137, 264, 646

  Sloane, Sir Hans (1660–1753), 499, 589, 600

  Slough, England, 542

  Slovens, 75

  Smeaton, John (1724–92), 551

  Smedley, London publisher, 171

  Smellie, William (1697–1763), 597

  Smith, Adam (1723–90), 63, 107, 556;

  and division of labor, 53, 647;

  ethical views of, 178, 376, 690;

  and free trade, 98, 155–56;

  on Gray, 182–83;

  and Hume, 155–56, 159, 690;

  in Paris, 696, 780

  Smith, James Edward (fl. 1788), 565

  Smollett, Nancy Lascelles, 200

  Smollett, Tobias (1721–71), 61, 65, 199–205, 213;

  and Bath, 80, 203;

  satirizes medical profession, 600;

  and prisons, 74, 202;

  and sea life, 67, 200;

  his travels on Continent, 203–4;

  and Voltaire, 202, 204, 784;

  Warburton’s description of, 124

  smuggling, 67, 98, 101–2, 106, 535

  Sobieska, Maria Clementina (1702–35), 109

  Sobieski, Jan, see John III Sobieski

  Social Contract, The (Rousseau), see Contrat Social

  social-contract theory, 709–10, 758

  socialism, 646, 666

  Société de Prêtres Beaux-Esprits, 782

  Society Islands, 559

  Society of Jesus, see Jesuits

  Socinians (Unitarians), 118, 439, 481

  sociology, 348

  Socrates (470?–399 B.C.), 149, 616, 673, 739, 746, 749, 762

  soda water, first, 526

  Soissons, bishop of (1739–64), see Fitzjames, Duc de

  Solomon (Boyce cantata), 226

  Solomon (Handel), 241, 244

  Soluthurn, 473

  Somerset, Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of (1662–1748), 91

  Soor, Bohemia, battle of (1745), 457

  Sopha, Le (Crébillon fils), 331–32, 627

  Sophia (1630–1714), Electress of Hanover, 89

  Sophia Charlotte (1668–1705), Queen of Frederick I of Prussia, 94, 227

  Sophia Dorothea (1687–1757), Queen of Frederick William I of Prussia, 89, 94, 437, 439, 440, 442, 510

  Sophia Dorothea of Celle (1666–1726), wife of George Louis of Hanover (later George I of England), 89, 90, 93–94

  Sophists, Greek, 607
>
  Sophocles (496?–406 B.C.), 36, 184, 193, 669

  Sorau, Prussia, 411

  Sorbonne (Faculty of Theology, Paris), 494, 495, 496, 775;

  and Buffon, 571–72;

  Diderot and, 600, 638, 639, 668;

  and Jesuits, 504, 765;

  Prades affair, 638, 639

  Sorel, Agnès (1422?–50), mistress of Charles VII of France, 275

  Sosarme (Handel), 234

  Soubise, Hôtel de, Paris, 307

  Source, La, 38, 93

  South America, 558, 561

  southern continent, legendary, 559

  Southey, Robert (1774–1843), 530

  South Sea Company (South Sea Bubble), 57–59, 96, 101–2, 185, 210, 232

  South Seas, 557, 558–59

  Spain, 11, 59;

  Austria, policy toward, 285, 435, 436, 452 f.;

  colonies of, see under America; and England, 32, 67–68, 93, 101–2;

  and France, 31–32, 93, 273, 435, 452–53, 457;

  in War of Austrian Succession, 452–53, 457;

  in War of Jenkins’ Ear, 101–3, 109, 558;

  in War of Polish Succession, 109, 435;

  and Treaty of Utrecht (1713), 67–68, 435; see also Inquisition

  Spallanzani, Lazzaro (1729–99), 576, 587, 589, 712

  Spanish Succesion, War of the (1702–13), 8, 24, 26, 231, 398

  Sparre, Axel, 362

  specialization, see labor, division of

  Species Plantarum (Linnaeus), 563

  Spectacle de la nature, Le (Pluche), 755

  Spectator, The, 166, 226, 341, 499

  Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), 359

  Spener, Philipp Jakob (1635–1705), 403

  Speyer, bishopric of, 397, 695

  spinning machine, first, 49, 51

  Spinoza, Baruch (1632–77), 108, 119, 145, 356, 404, 616, 633;

  atheism imputed to, 159, 610;

  and Diderot, 626, 658;

  and Goethe, 565;

  his pantheism, concept of God, 503, 572, 626;

  Voltaire and, 610, 711, 716, 748, 752

  Spirit of Laws, The, see Esprit des lois

  Spithead, England, 558

  Spitta, Philipp (1841–94), 412, 422, 427

  spontaneous generation (abiogenesis), 572, 576, 580, 653, 712

  Sprengel, Christian Konrad (1750–1816), 566

  Staal de Launay, Mme. de (Marguerite Jeanne de Launay, Baronne de Staal; 1684–1750), 23, 301, 325

  Stafford, Lady Henrietta, 331

  stage: in England, 128, 135, 183–87, 193, 772;

  in France, 28, 29, 36–38, 184, 313, 315, 325–30, 361–63, 377–78, 380, 388, 671–72;

  in Germany, 398, 400;

  in Italy, 193;

  Jesuits and, 37;

  private theatricals (French), 295, 325;

  in Switzerland, 481–82

  Stahl, Georg Ernst (1660–1734), 524, 527, 532, 534, 592, 621

  Stair, John Dalrymple, 2d Earl of (1673–1747), 19

  Stamitz, Johann (1717–57), 409

  Stammel, Josef (1695–1765), 433

  Stams Abbey, Austria, 433

  Stanhope, James, 1st Earl Stanhope (1673–1721), 19, 82, 91, 93, 101

  Stanhope, Philip (1732–68), son of Lord Chesterfield, 66, 82–88

  passim, 590

  Stanhope, Philip Dormer, see Chesterfield, 4th Earl of

  Stanislas I Leszczyński, King of Poland (r. 1704–9, 1733–35), titular King of Lorraine and Bar (1737–66), 271, 273–74, 308, 362;

  court of, 388, 389, 391;

  flees Lunéville, 276;

  his manifesto, 389

  Stanislas II Poniatowski, King of Poland (r. 1764–95), 677–78, 730, 733

  States-General (France), 352, 535, 601, 710

  steam engine, 49, 52, 517, 584, 585

  steel, 50, 261, 577, 647

  Steele, Sir Richard (1672–1729), 68, 79, 178, 183, 205, 217, 230

  Steenkerke, battle of (1692), 464

  Steindl, Matthias (fl. 1720), 433

  Stendhal (Marie Henri Beyle; 1783–1842), 679

  Sterne, Laurence (1713–68), 199, 202, 332, 541, 658, 696

  Stettin, 438

  Stevens, Jonna (fl. 1739), 593

  Stirling, Scotland, 92

  Stockholm, 563

  Stockport, Cheshire, England, 52

  Stoics, 347, 354–55, 621

  Stoke Poges, 181

  Stourbridge, Worcestershire, England, 55

  Stowe House, Buckinghamshire, 78, 215

  Strabo (63 B.C.?–A.D. 24?), Greek geographer, 616

  Strachey, John (1671–1743), 556

  Strada del Pò, Anna Maria (fl. 1730), 234, 235

  Strafford, Sir Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of (1593–1641), 157

  Stralsund, siege of, 438

  Strasbourg, 274, 305, 326, 470

  Strasbourg, Archbishop of, 254

  stratigraphy, 556

  Strawberry Hill, 182, 214

  Struensee, Count Johann Friedrich von (1737–72), 496

  Stuart, Charles Edward (“Bonnie Prince Charlie”), the Young Pretender (1720–88), 99, 109–12, 157;

  invades Britain, 54, 82, 110–12, 221, 224–25;

  expelled from France, 267, 457;

  death, 112

  Stuart, James Francis Edward (“James III”), the Old Pretender (1688–1766), 91–93, 99, 109, 110

  Stuart, house of, 32, 45, 63, 90, 105, 109, 117;

  and the “king’s touch,” 494;

  restoration attempts, 91–93, 109–12

  Stuart, Mary, see Mary Stuart

  Sturm and Drang, 659

  Sturtevant, Simon (fl. 1612), 50

  Stuttgart, 398

  Styria, 431

  Suard, Jean Baptiste Antoine (1733–1817), 676

  Suetonius (Caius Suetonius Tranquillus; 70?–121?), Roman historian, 487

  Suite de l’apologie de M. l’abbé de Prades (Diderot), 639–40

  Suites de Pièces pour le Clavecin (Handel), 231, 241–42

  Sully, Duc de (b. 1670), 34, 41

  Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Duc de (1560–1641), minister of Henry IV, 34

  Sully, Hôtel de, Paris, 23

  Sully-sur-Loire, France, 34, 37

  Sulpicians, 270

  Sulzer, Johann Georg (1720–79), 523

  Summa theologica (Aquinas), 735

  sumptuary laws, 76, 293, 476

  sun spots, 545

  Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville (Diderot), 558, 662–64

  Supremacy, Oath of (England), 118, 127

  Surat, 503

  surgery, 587, 593, 598–600, 602

  Sur la Loi naturelle (Voltaire), 463

  Sur le Bonheur (Maupertuis), 466

  Sur l’Origine des Francs (Fréret), 500

  Susquehanna River, 530

  Sutton, Daniel and Robert (fl. 1760), English physicians, 595

  Svenska Argus, 499

  Swabia, 453

  Sweden, 59, 453, 495, 590;

  in Great Northern War, 438;

  Riksdag, 563

  Swedish Royal Academy, 498

  Swedish Royal Academy of Science, 525, 563

  Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745), 57, 79, 90, 99, 106, 162, 188, 233, 243;

  on Ireland, 103–6

  passim; and Pope, 168–71

  passim, 210;

  and Voltaire, 246, 248, 387, 759

  Swiss Confederation (cantons), 473–78, 496;

  Diet of, 475;

  Forest Cantons, 475, 476

  Swiss Guards, 473

  Switzerland, 342, 438, 471, 472–89, 494, 495, 596;

  Diet of, see under Swiss Confederation; mountains of, 477, 561

  symphony, development of, 226, 241, 409

  Syracuse, Sicily, 569

  Syria, 560

  Systema Naturae (Linnaeus), 562, 563

  Système de la nature (d’Holbach), 697, 699–714, 752, 756

  Système de la nature (Maupertuis), 578, 651


  System einer vollständingen medizinischen Polizei (J. P. Frank), 591

  Système social, Le (d’Holbach), 707

  Tableau des saints, Le (d’Holbach), 697

  Tacitus, Caius Cornelius (c.55-c.120), Roman historian, 488

  Tahiti, 558, 559, 662–64, 665

  taille, 260

  Taine, Hippolyte (1828–93), 246, 359, 583

  Talbot, Charles (1685–1737), Baron Talbot of Hensol, Lord Chancellor, 179

  Talbot, Charles, pupil of Thomson, 179

  Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de (1754–1838), 291, 307, 513

  Tamerlane (Timur the Lame; 1336?–1405), 233

  Tancrède (Voltaire), 670

  tapestries, 261, 305, 311, 312, 314, 315

  tariffs, protective (import duties), 49, 98, 279, 475

  Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius, legendary king of Rome (r. 534–510 B.C.), 361

  Tartini, Guiseppe (1692–1770), 660

  Tasso, Torquato (1544–95), 230, 374

  Tavernier, Jean Baptiste (1605–89), 341

  tax farmers, see farmers general

  Taylor, Brook (1685–1731), 508

  Taylor, “Chevalier” (fl. 1750), 593

  Taylor, Jeremy (1613–67), 130

  technological advances, 48, 50–52, 106, 107–8, 584–85, 647–48;

  in agriculture, 46–47

  telegraph, 518

  Telemann, Georg Philipp (1681–1767), 411, 415, 427

  Télémaque (Fénelon), 368

  telescopes, 537, 540–43

  passim

  Telliamed (Maillet), 553, 578

  Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 217

  Temple, the, Paris, 4, 22, 715

  Temple de Gnide, Le (Montesquieu), 344

  Temple de la gloire, Le (Voltaire-Rameau), 385

  Temple du goût, Le (Voltaire), 365, 767

  Temple of Nature, The (E. Darwin), 580

  tenant farmers, see peasantry

  Tencin, Pierre Guérin, Cardinal de (1679–1758), 23, 254, 299, 300, 471

  Tencin, Claudine Alexandrine Guérin de (1681–1749), 22–23, 299–300;

  and d’Alembert, 23, 299, 515;

  in Bastille, 299–300;

  death of, 300;

  and Regent, 20, 23, 31;

  her salon, 280, 300, 301, 330, 515, 582

  Teniers, David, the Younger (1610–90), 25, 372, 668

  Tentamen novae Theoriae Musicae (Euler), 509

  Tercier, Jean Pierre (1704–67), 681

  Terra Australis, 559

  Terray, Abbé Joseph Marie (1715–78), 769

  Teseo (Handel), 230

  Tessé, Duchesse de, 782

  Tessin, Count Carl Gustav (1695–1770), 563

  Testament (Meslier), 611–17, 741

  Tetens, Johann Nicolaus, 583–84

  textile industry, 49–54

  passim, 261–62, 305, 475, 647;

  science and, 525, 584

  Thackeray, William Makepeace (1811–03): on English bishops, 177;

  on Fielding’s novels, 196, 199;

  on Hogarth, 218;

  on Humphrey Clinker, 203;