The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language

  Critical period, 25–26, 295–301, PS16–17

  Crystal, D., 455, 456, 459, 466, PS22

  Culicover, P., PS13.

  Culture, 5–6, 13–15, 19, 421–423, 429–432

  Cuneiform, 186

  Curtiss, S., 451, 461

  Czech, 139, 267

  Daly, M., 468

  Damasio, A. and H., 463

  Darwin, C., 6, 7, 149, 242, 254, 341, 351–352, 365–369, 370, 377, 381, 425, 435, PS10

  Dative, 14, 248, glossary

  Dawkins, R., 371, 372, 452, 465, PS5

  Deacon, T., 360, 465

  Deafness, 24, 25, 57–59, 269, 282, 296, 297–298, 307–308, 346–347, PS17

  Dean, D., 134

  Deep structure, 113–118, 218–222, 453, glossary

  Deixis, 71

  Dennett, D., 452, 465, PS5.

  Derivation, 121–123, 125–130, 393–394, 407–410, glossary

  Di Sciullo, A., 142–143, 453

  Diachronic linguistics. See Historical change

  Dialects, 15, 16–19

  Dictionaries, 119, 123, 143–145, 205, 396, 397, 416–417

  Dictionary, mental, 74–75, 91, 105–108, 114–116, 125, 130–152, 197–199, 317–321

  Didion, J., 61

  Discourse, glossary. See also Pragmatics

  Dronkers, N., 462

  Druyan, A., 344

  Dutch, 253

  Dylan, B., 83, 409–410

  Dyslexia, 186, 312, 329, glossary

  Dyson, F., 241–242

  Ebonics. See Black English Vernacular

  Education, PS17

  EEG, 219, 306, 319, 324

  Eimas, P., 266

  Einstein, A., 61–62

  ELIZA, 193–194

  Embedding, 86–87, 91–93, 201–206, 291–292

  Emonds, J., 405, 413

  English, history of, 32, 109, 130, 131, 163–164, 187, 241, 247–253, 278–279, 386–389, 392, 417–418

  English-only movement, PS23

  Ervin-Tripp, S., 460–461

  Espy, W., 399, 452, 454, 456

  Etcoff, N., 462

  Evoked potentials. See EEG

  Everett, D., PS10, P11, PS15

  Evolution, 241–245, 298–301, 308–313, 351–359, 365–373, 425, PS19–20

  Evolution of humans, 5, 260–262, 268, 352–365, 425, 447–448

  Evolution of language, 341, 351–366, 373–381, PS5, P10, PS19–21

  Evolutionary psychology, 425–427

  Extinction of languages, 262–264, PS16

  Faraday, M., 61–62

  Faulkner, W., 78

  Feral children, 281–282, 296–298

  Fernald, A., 461

  Finite-state devices, 80–90, 91–93, 123–124, 184, 203–204, 209, 213, 419–420, 452

  Fitch, T, PS20

  fMRI. See MRI

  Fodor, J., 419–421, PS4

  FOXP2 gene, 38, 331–332, PS12, PS20

  Frayn, M., 81–83, 84

  Frazier, L., 457

  Freeman, D., 428

  Freeman, J., PS21

  French, 112, 165, 251–252, 254, 267, 385, 289

  Function words, 35–36, 110–113

  Galaburda, A., 360, 461

  Gallistel, C.R., 425

  Gamow, G., PS5.

  Garden path sentences, 211–216

  Gardner, B. and A., 364, 350

  Gardner, H., 35–36, 449, 462

  Gardner, M., PS5

  Garnsey, S., 213

  Gazzaniga, M., 305, 312, 313, 425, 461, 463

  Geertz, C., 427

  Gelman, S., 443, 467

  Gender, 14–15, 111, 120–122, 277, glossary

  General Semantics, 46

  Genes, 62, 75–76, 259–261, 298–301, 311, 328–330, 333–336, 360–362, 370, 422–424, 426, 444–448, PS12, PS19–20, P22, glossary

  Genes and language, 37–38, 41–43, 302–304, 330–333, 337, 360, PS12, PS17, PS20

  Genie, 297

  German, 50, 112, 113, 165, 173, 235, 253, 277

  Geschwind, N., 461, 462

  Gleitman, L., 453, 455, 460

  Glossolalia, 168

  Glottis, 160, 165

  Golinkoff, R., 460, PS16

  Goodall, J., 347

  Goodglass, H., 462

  Goodman, N., 432–433

  Gopnik, M., 37–39, 302–303, 332–333

  Gordon, P., 140–141, 237, PS11

  Gould, S. J., 359, 370, 468, PS5

  Grammar, generative, 9, 76–81, 89–118, 124–143, 159, 195–197, 237–241, 383, glossary

  Grammar, prescriptive, 16, 19, 79–80, 383–418, PS21, glossary

  Grammar, Universal. See Universal Grammar

  Grammatical categories, 91–92, 97–99, 127, 138–139, 206–207, 289. See also Nouns, Verbs

  Greek, 120, 235, 254, 258

  Greenberg, J., 234–237, 256–259

  Grice, P., 228–230

  Grimm, J., 254

  Grimshaw, J., 453

  Hackers, 130–131, 133, 163

  Hagoort, P., PS 19

  Haig, A., 130

  Haldane, J., 369

  Hale, K., 264

  Halle, M., 10, 454, 456, PS14

  Harris, J. R., PS11, PS22

  Hauser, M., PS20

  Hawaiian, 257

  Hawaiian Pidgin and Creole, 20–23

  Hayakawa, S. I., 46

  Hadza, PS16

  Hearing, 153–154, 156–158

  Heath, S. B., 29

  Hebb, D. O., PS3.

  Heinlein, R., 134

  Hellman, L., 110

  Hickok, G., PS5, PS19

  Hieroglyphics, 186

  Hinton, G., 459

  Hirschberg, S. and T., PS23

  Hirsh-Pasek, K., 460, PS16

  Historical change, 242–248, 257–262, 416–418, PS15–16, PS23. See also English, history of

  Hockett, C., 159, 238

  Hofstadter, D., 452

  Hopi, 53, 120

  Humboldt, W. von, 75

  Humor and wordplay, 48, 75, 80, 82, 94, 107–108, 112–113, 130–135, 155–157, 163, 166, 168–169, 170, 171, 175–177, 182, 185, 192, 230, 390, 399–402

  Human nature, 419–448, PS10, PS21

  Hungarian, 256

  Hunter-gatherers, 5, 12, 259, 379–381, 425, 438–440, PS16

  Hurfbrd, J., 300, 461

  Hutchinson, J., 151

  Huttenlocher, P., 461

  Illiteracy, 186

  Indian, American. See American languages

  Indian languages, 234, 253–257, 259, 267

  Individual differences, 333–339, 444–448

  Indo-European, 132, 253–257, 259, 261, 278, PS15–l6, glossary

  Induction, 148–152, 432–436, glossary

  Infant cognition, 59, 151, 266–269, 441–442

  Infinity of language, 77–78, 84, 93, 122–124, 127, 292, 424

  Inflection, 25, 32–34, 38–39, 46, 120–122, 123–127, 131–141, 232–233, 236, 239–240, 277–279, 288, 320, 333, 388–389, 393–394, glossary

  Innateness of language, 5–7, 9–10, 13–15, 18–20, 31, 104, 141, 186, 243–244, 245, 281, 287, 327, 424–425

  Intonation, 160, glossary

  Irish. See Celtic

  Irregularity, 134–141, 187, 247, 255–256, 277–279, 288, 388, 393–394, PS4, PS6, glossary

  Italian, 120, 168–169, 170, 234, 254, 320

  Jackendoff, R., 425, 452, 453, 456, 468, PS10, PS13, PS14, PS21

  James, W., 7, 243

  Japanese, 103, 146, 168, 170, 186, 202, 233, 236, 245, 257, 259, 260

  Jesperson, O., 459

  Jeyifous, S., 468

  Johnson, S., 119, 417–418

  Joos, M., 232

  Jordan, M., 456

  Journalism, 223–226, 302–304

  Jusczyk, P., 266, 267

  Kaplan, S., 468

  Kay, P., 451

  Keenan, J., 25

  Kegl, J., 25

  Kenneally, C., PS19

  Kennedy, R. F.,
101

  Khan, Genghis, 256

  Khoisan, 135, 256, PS16

  Kilpatrick, J., 302–303, 332

  Kim, J., 454–466

  King, M. L., 339

  Kinsbourne, M., 309–311

  Kiparsky, P., 140, 454, 459

  Kipling, R., 281

  Kissinger, H., 296

  Kivunjo, 14, 120–121, 232

  Klima, E., 450

  Kluender, R., 458, 462

  Knight, A., PS16

  Konner, M., 467, 468

  Korean, 257, 259, 260, 287, 296

  Korzybski, A., 46

  Kosslyn, S. M., 449, 452, 462, PS4

  Krauss, N., 262–264

  Kuhl, P., 460

  Kutas, M., 458, 462

  Labov, W., 16–19

  Ladegoged, P., 459

  Lakoff, G., 458, 468

  Language acquisition. See Children

  Language death. See Extinction of Languages

  Language delay, PS9, PS23

  Language impairment, PS9, PS12. See also Specific Language Impairment

  Larson, G., 270, 343

  Larynx, 159–161, 165, 167, 269, 365, glossary

  Lasnik, H., 449

  Latin, 51, 97, 108–109, 112, 130, 251, 254, 262, 292, 386–387

  Law, 194, 216–218, 223–224, 224–226, 229

  Lawrence, E., 61

  Lear, E., 80

  Learning, 244, 287–293, 327, 342–343, 421–427, 431–436

  Lederer, R., 75, 132–133, 176, 247, 388, 399–402, 457, PS21

  Leibniz, G., 426

  Lenat, D., 458

  Lenneberg, E. H., 10, 50–51, 461

  Letterman, D., 139

  Lewontin, R., 359, 370, 459, 465, 466

  Lexical acquisition. See Word learning

  Lexicon, glossary. See also Dictionary, mental

  Liberman, A. M., 10, 455, 461, 462

  Liberman, M., PS21, PS22

  Lieberman, P., 359, 365, 455, 461, 462

  Limber, J., 460

  Linguistic determinism, 44–73, PS13. See also Whorf

  Linguistic relativity. See Linguistic determinism

  Lipka, S., 39

  Liu, L., 57

  Locke, J., 460, 463

  Loebner Prize, 191–193, 348, PS15

  Lord’s Prayer, 183, 250

  Lykken, D., 335–336

  Macaulay, Lord, 376

  MacDonald, M., 457

  MacWhinney, B., 451, 460, 466

  Makeba, M., 168

  Malay, 234, 256

  Malcolm, J., 224–225

  Maori, 234, 257

  Maratsos, M., 454, 458

  Marcus, G., 454, 460, 465, PS19

  Markman, E., 151–152, 443

  Markov model, glossary. See also Finite-state devices

  Marr, D., 425, 452

  Marslen-Wilson, W., 457

  Martin, L., 54–55

  Masson, J., 225

  Maxwell, J., 61

  Mayberry, R., PS17

  Maynard Smith, J., 370

  Mayr, E., 370, 465

  McCarthy, M., 110

  McCawley, J., 413

  McClelland, J., 454–463

  McDcrmott, D., 70

  McGuinness, D., PS14, PS22

  McGurk effect, 154–155

  McWhorter, J., PS11, PS21, PS22

  Mead, M., 48, 421–422, 428

  Medawar, P. B., 301, 376

  Mehler, J., 269, 460

  Memory, 75–76, 119, 132–133, 142–145, 187, 199–201, 205–206, 218–222

  Mencken, H. L., 133, 388, 453

  Mental representation, 65–73

  Metaphor, 230

  Miller, G., 10, 180, 453, 454, 455

  Milner, B., PS4

  Minimalist Program, PS 13

  Minsky, M, 190

  Modularity of mind, 33–43, 180–185, 213–216, 419, 435–436, 437–445

  Monkeys, 60–61

  Monty Python’s Flying Circus, 48

  Morphology, 120–142, 187–189, 236–237, 246–248, glossary. See also Compounds; Derivation; Inflection

  Motherese, 28–29, 30, 283–284, 295, PS11

  Motor control, 178–179, 311–312, PS12

  Mountain, J., PS16

  MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), 306, 313, 323, 324, 333, PS8, PS18–19

  Muppets, 168

  Murdock, G., 450

  Nabokov, V., 296, 338

  Nagy, W., 144

  Native Americans. See American languages

  Natural selection, 333–334, 341, 356–358, 365–381, 427, 435, 447, PS19–20

  Neanderthals, 365

  Neural development, 327–330, 333, PS19

  Neural networks, 126, 324–328, 373–374, glossary

  Neuroimaging. See MRI

  Neurons, 325–328

  Neville, H., 451

  Nevins, A., PS15

  New Guinea, 12–13, 257, 259

  Newell, A., 452

  Newmeyer, F., 464

  Newport, E., 26–28, 296, 461

  Nicaraguan Sign Language, 24–25, PS11

  Nicol, J., 458

  Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 44–45, 73

  Nixon, R., 221–224

  Nostratic, 259–262, PS16

  Nouns, glossary. See also Grammatical categories; Verbs

  Nowak, M., PS20

  Nunberg, G., 413, 466, PS21

  Ojemann, G., 322

  Onomatopoeia, 146

  Orians, G., 468

  Orwell, G., 44, 45, 47, 73, 134, 251,

  Osherson, D., 449, 461

  Ostler, N., PS23

  Paley, W., 371

  Parameters, 103–105, 239–241, PS15, glossary

  Parker, D., 171

  Parsing, 194–222, glossary

  Parts of speech, glossary. See also Grammatical categories

  Passive, 114–116, 220, 227–228, 406–410, glossary

  Patterson, F. P., 344, 350

  Penfield, W., 306–307, 322, PS4

  PET (Positron Emission Tomography), 306, 315, 319–320, 322, 324

  Peters, A., 461

  Peterson, S., 463

  Pesetsky, D., PS15

  Pettito, L. A., 147, 346–350, 450

  Philip, Prince, 21

  Phonemes, 154–175, 179–180, 187, 246, glossary

  Phonetic symbolism, 162–163, 165

  Phonics, PS14

  Phonology, 157–159, 168–176, 246, glossary

  Phrase structure, 28–31, 89–95, 98–105, 289

  Pidgins, 20–22, 24, 27

  Pig Latin, 170–171

  Pinker, S., 302, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458, 462, 463, 464, 465, 468, PS22

  Pirahã, PS10–11, PS15

  Pisoni, D., 154

  Plomin, R., 463

  Poetry, 170–171

  Poeppel, D., PS19

  Poizner, H., 462

  Polish, 165

  Politeness, 230

  Polynesian, 167

  Portuguese, 165, 254

  Posner, M., 449

  Pragmatics, 69–72, 221–230, 349, 390, 414–416, PS8, PS14–15, glossary

  Prasada, S., 454, 466, 468

  Premack, D., 350, 378–379

  Prescriptive grammar. See Grammar, prescriptive

  Prince, A., 452, 454, 463, 466, 468

  Prine, J., 183

  Pronouns, 14–16, 163, 402–406, glossary

  Prosody, 169–171, glossary. See also Intonation.

  Proto-World, 261–262, PS16

  Pullum, G., 54–55, 453, PS11, PS21, PS22

  Putnam, H, 10, 19, 451

  Quayle, D., 337–338, 412

  Quebec, 242

  Quine, W. V. O., 147–152, 177, 396, 433–436

  Race, 260–261, 447–448

  Radner, G., 182

  Rakic, P., 483

  Raymond, E., 453, 454

  Reading, PS 14, PS22–23

  Reagan, R., 46, 101, 116, 123

  Recursion, 93, 122–124, 126, 201–206, 291–292, 377, 380, PS21, glossary
br />   Reddy, R., 184

  Redundancy, 178

  Remez, R., 154

  Renfrew, C., 255

  Representational theory of mind, 64–73

  Rodrigues, C., PS15

  Rogers, C., 193

  Rolling Stones, 183, 388

  Rosch, E., 454

  Rozin, P., 425

  Ruhlen, M., 260–262

  Rumbaugh, D., 350

  Rumelhart, D., 454, 463

  Russell, B., 47

  Safire, W., 385, 402–412, PS21

  Safran, E., 462

  Sagan, C., 344

  Sahin, N., PS18

  Salinger, J. D., 391

  San. See Khoisan

  Sapir, E., 14, 46, 48

  Saussure, F. de, 75, 141, 145–147

  Savage-Rumbaugh, S., 350, PS20

  Savants, linguistic, 34, 39–43, 365

  Scandinavian languages, 253

  Schaller, S., 58–59

  Schank, R., 457

  Scholz, B., PS11

  Schwartz, M., 462

  Second language acquisition, PS9, PS16–17

  Seidenberg, M, 210, 246

  Selkirk, E., 454

  Semantics, 93–95, 97–101, 105–107, 108, 110–111, 127–129, 130, 147–152, 197–200, 213–216, 282, 289–290, PS8, PS14

  Semitic. See Afro-Asiatic

  Semitic languages, PS16

  Senghas, A., 25, 208, 216, PS5, PS11

  Serbo-Croatian, 164

  Seuss, Dr., 242, 338

  Sex differences, PS23

  Sexist language, 45, 111

  Seyfarth, R., 60, 362

  Shakespeare, W., 95, 143, 144, 146, 213, 246, 252, 338–339, 385, 454

  Shaw, G. B., 4, 77, 95, 176, 185–187, 192, 213

  Shepard, R., 62–63, 425

  Shieber, S., 457

  Sign languages, 24–28, 58, 120, 147–148, 188, 307, PS11, PS17

  Simon, H., 452

  Simon, J., 398, PS21

  Sine-wave speech, 153

  Skinner, B. F., 8, 345, 347, 433

  Slang, 16, 382–390, 410–413, 415

  Slavic languages, 254, 267

  SLI. See Specific Language Impairment

  Slobin, D., 462

  Social sciences, 10, 421–432

  Solan, L., 194, 216–218

  Sowell, T., PS23

  Spanish, 120, 245, 254, 267

  Specific Language Impairment (SLI), 37–39, 312, 330–333, 375, PS12, PS20

  Speech perception, 153–159, 165, 178–185, 266–268, PS14

  Speech production, 159–166, 175–178, 179, 246–247, 268–269, 271–273

  Speech recognition. See Speech perception

  Spelke, E., 441, 452, 455, 468

  Spelling, 185–189, PS14

  Sperber, D., 228–230, 425, 429

  Spina bifida, 39–12