The Story of Civilization

  Licinius Calvus (Stolo), Caius, tribune and consul (fl. 376-361 B.C..), 24

  Liege, 176

  Life of the Roman People (Varro), 160

  lighthouses, 325

  Ligurians, 4, 35, 468

  limes, 417, 480, 627

  Limonum (Limoges), 473

  Lindum (Lincoln), 477

  Linus, Bishop of Rome (fl. 1st century), 617

  Lisbon, see Olisipo literary criticism, 315, 513, 633, 636

  Literature, Etruscan, 5;

  Greek, 95-96, 104, 123, 259, 630;

  under the early Republic, 5, 73-75, 97-105, 108, 113, 123;

  under the Revolution, 144-146, 174, 178;

  under the Principate, 215, 225, 233-258, 259, 263, 287, 291, 293, 295-319, 367-368, 408, 415, 433-446, 456, 464, 467-468, 477, 483-486, 490-497, 509-510, 539-542, 555-595, 603, 606-616, 618, 620, 621;

  under the monarchy, 621, 625, 629, 635-638, 661, 662-663;

  of Rome, 671

  Liternum (Patria), 92, 347

  Lives of Illustrious Men (Suetonius), 442

  Lives of the Sophists (Philostratus), 635

  Livia, third wife of Augustus (1st century B.C.. and 1st century A.D.), 205, 223, 229-232, 262, 264, 268, 286, 299, 348, 350, 354

  Livia Orestilla, wife of Caligula (1st century A.D.), 266

  Livias, 508

  Livilla, daughter of Antonia and wife of Drusus (?-31 A.D.), 264, 268

  Livius Andronicus, earliest Roman poet (fl. 240 B.C..), 74

  Livy (TitusLivius), historian (59 B.C..-A.D. 17), 13, 14, 15, 21, 36*, 48, 53, 60, 72, 89, 94, 112, 225, 233, 250-252, 434, 636, 671

  Lixus, 39

  Locri, 35, 37, 51

  Logia (sayings of Christ), 556

  logic, 164, 425

  Logos, 501-502, 540, 541, 556, 589, 594-595, 604, 615, 658

  Loire (anc. Liger), 470

  Loisy, Alfred Firmin, French Orientalist and Biblical scholar (1857-1940), 554

  Lollia Paulina, wife of Caligula (1st century A.D.), 266, 273, 373

  Lollius, governor of Britain (fl. 2nd century), 476

  Lombards, 431

  Lombardy, 670

  London (anc. Londinium), 324, 476, 477, 523-524

  Longinus, Caius Cassius, jurist (fl. 1st century), 282

  Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, Greek philosopher and critic (213?-272), 630, 636

  Longinus, Lucius Cassius, governor of Syria (?-42 B.C.), 531

  Longobardi, see Lombards

  Longus, Greek sophist and novelist (fl. 3rd century), 516, 637

  lotteries, 219, 624

  Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715), 258

  Lourdes, 563

  Louvre, 348*

  love feast, see agape

  Luca (Lucca), 175

  Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), poet (39-65), 282, 295, 296, 316, 319, 408, 435, 470

  Lucanians, 35, 37, 51, 519

  Lucanus, Publius Terentius, senator (2nd century B.C.), 101

  Lucian, Greek satirical author (120?-200?), 60, 84, 299, 304, 312, 428, 487, 489, 494-497, 513, 597, 636

  Lucifer, 241, 289

  Lucilius, Caius, satirist (180-103 B.C.), 73, 97, 245, 437, 509

  Lucilius Junior, governor and Epicurean (fl. 1st century), 304, 306

  Lucilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius (2nd century), 426

  Lucilla, sister of Marcus Aurelius (2nd century), 447

  Lucina, 60, 236

  Lucius (in Apuleius’ Golden Ass), 467-468

  Lucius Caesar, grandson of Augustus (?-2 A.D.), 230-231, 473

  Lucretia, wife of Collatinus (6th century B.C..), 16, 23

  Lucretia (in Martial), 318

  Lucretius Carus, Titus, poet (99?-55? B.C..), 61, 73, 95, 98, 102, 146-154, 155, 164, 225, 234-235, 238, 241, 243, 245, 258, 296, 308, 388, 637, 667, 671

  Lucrinus, Lacus, 220

  Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, general and patron (?-57? B.C..), 129, 130, 132, 138, 139, 140, 171, 211, 265, 272, 322, 342, 353, 373, 508, 519

  Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, proconsul (fl. 2nd century B.C..), 87

  ludi (games), 74, 377-378, 381-387;

  ludi iu-venales, 277;

  ludi saeculares, 225-226, 248, 387;

  ludi scenici, 74, 377-378

  Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus, 635

  Ludovisi Juno, 349

  Lugdunum (Lyons), 234, 269, 271, 283, 324, 332, 470, 473, 474, 504, 611, 649

  Luke, St., evangelist (fl. 1st century), 553, 555-574, 575*, 583, 590

  Luke, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 575*, 583, 605

  Luna (Luni), 322, 357, 454

  Lupanaria, see prostitution

  Lupercalia, 63, 65, 195-196, 388

  Luperci (Brotherhood of the Wolf), 63, 65, 388

  Lusitania (Portugal), 87, 277, 311, 322, 470, 671

  lustrum, 29, 63

  Lutetia, see Paris

  Luther, Martin, leader of German Reformation (1483-1546), 592

  luxury, under the Republic, 54, 70-71, 88-89, 92, 97, 103, 128, 132, 136, 160, 185, 186, 204;

  under the Principate, 211, 213, 219, 223, 224, 232, 248, 251, 256, 297, 303, 305, 308, 311, 328-330, 331, 333, 337, 342, 364, 373-377, 438, 456, 465, 474, 478, 522, 608, 666, 667

  Lycaonia, 513

  Lyce, 247

  Lyceum, Aristotle’s, 421, 489-490

  Lycia, 203, 218

  Lyciscus, 369

  Lycopolis, 608

  Lycurgus, Spartan lawgiver (9th century B.C..), 32, 226

  Lydda, 548

  Lydia, 5, 6*, 9, 125, 513, 514-515, 523

  Lydia (Horace), 247

  Lyons, see Lugdunum

  lyre, 379-381

  lyric poetry, 82, 155-158, 244-250, 252-254, 278, 315-318, 379, 509-510, 637-638

  Lysias, Athenian orator (450?-380? B.C..), 95

  Lystra, 513, 582, 583

  M

  Ma, 147, 523

  Maccabee, Judas, Jewish patriot (fl. 167 B.C.), 542

  Maccabee, Simon, King of Judea (fl. 142 B.C.), 530

  Maccabees, see Hasmoneans

  Macedon or Macedonia, 51, 52, 85-87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 96, 136, 200, 203, 212, 216, 482, 483, 519, 583, 585, 623, 630, 633

  Macedonian Wars, 85-87, 482

  Macellum, 342

  machinery, 323, 356

  Macrina, Caelia, millionaire (2nd century), 411

  Macrinus (Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus), Roman emperor (164?-218), 529, 623-624

  Madaura (Medaura), 466, 467

  Madeira, 40, 308

  Madonna della Febbre, La (Our Lady of the Fever), 75

  Maeander (Menderez), 514

  Maecenas, Caius Cilnius, statesman and patron (?-8 B.C..), 212, 215, 219, 224, 225, 234, 237, 239, 244, 246, 250, 253, 280, 454

  Maelius, Spurius, politician (?-439 B.C..), 23

  Maesa, Julia, sister of Julia Domna (?-222), 623-626

  Maggiore, Lago (anc. Lacus Verbanus), 4, 454

  Magi, 525, 526, 529, 559, 606, 608

  magic, 60, 64, 75, 94, 308, 311-312, 388, 415, 419, 466-467, 485, 507, 512, 525-526, 537-538, 559, 656

  Magna Mater (Great Mother), 94, 147, 381, 390, 523, 595, 672; see also Cybele

  Magnesia (Manissa), battle in 190 B.C.., 55, 86, 208, 514

  Magnificat, 558

  Mago, Carthaginian general, brother of Hannibal (fl. end of 3rd century B.C..), 47

  Mago, Carthaginian writer in agriculture, 40, 42, 464

  Maia, 60, 67

  maiestate, lex lulia de, 262, 264, 269, 279, 416, 591

  Maimonides, Spanish Jewish rabbi and philosopher (1135-1204), 548

  Mainz (anc. Magontiacum), 291, 324, 627, 633

  Maison Carrée, 357, 473

  Malaga (anc. Malaca), 469, 470

  malaria, 193, 311, 312, 326*, 631, 666

  Malchus, Tyrian dyeing firm, 331

  Mallonia, critic of Tiberius, and suicide (1st century), 371

  Mallus, 95

  Malta, 40, 587

  Mamaea, Julia, daughter of Julia Maesa and
mother of Alexander Severus (?-235), 623-627

  Mamertines, 43-44

  Mammon, 340, 597

  Manes, 59

  Man, Isle of (anc. Monapia or Monarina), 476, 477

  Manchester (anc. Mancumium), 477

  Mani of Ctesiphon, Persian mystic (215-273), 605-606

  Mania, 7

  Manicheism, 606

  manifest destiny, 43

  Manilian Law, 140

  Manilius, senator (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 103

  Manilius, Caius, Roman tribune (fl. 66 B.C.), 140

  Manlii, Roman clan, 21

  Manlius, Lucius, conspirator (fl. 1st century B.C.), 144, 157

  Manlius, Marcus, general (?-384 B.C.), 23

  manners, 70-72, 90, 101, 102, 108, 134-135, 234-235, 286, 310, 316, 335

  mansio, 324

  mansions, 88, 92, 132, 133, 160, 162, 190, 195, 202, 213, 223, 245*, 290, 297, 326, 327, 328, 339, 340, 343-345, 351, 355, 362, 373-374, 421, 453, 456, 508, 635

  Mantua, 3, 8, 11, 235, 454

  Mantus, 7

  manumission, see emancipation

  manuscripts, 280, 662

  maps, 220, 308

  Marathon, battle in 490 B.C., 208, 442, 641

  Marcellinus, Roman Pope (reigned 296-304), 652

  Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, consul and conqueror of Syracuse (268?-208 B.C.), 50, 52, 82, 92

  Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, son-in-law of Augustus (43-23 B.C.), 219, 230, 239, 357

  Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, consul (?-46 B.C.), 181, 195

  Marcellus, Varius, father of Elagabalus (fl. 2nd century), 623

  Marcellus, For (Cicero), 195

  Marceotis, Lake, 525

  Marcia, wife of Cato, the Younger and Hortensius (fl. 1st century B.C.), 136

  Marcia, daughter of Cremutius Cordus (1st century), 301

  Marcia, Christian mistress of Commodus (2nd century), 447-448

  Marcian Aqueduct, 220, 340

  Marcion, Gnostic of Sinope (fl. 2nd century), 604-605, 616

  Marcomanni, 346, 429, 431, 432, 606, 627, 629

  Marcomannic Wars, 428-432, 443, 505

  Marcus, Gallic Gnostic (fl. 2nd century), 604

  Mariaba, 508

  Mariamne, wife of Herod the Great (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 534

  Marinus of Alexandria, famous surgeon (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 505

  Maritime Alps, 474

  Marius, Caius, general and consul (157-86 B.C.), 3, 26, 27, 116, 118-120, 122-126, 128, 144, 146, 160, 167, 169, 391, 453

  Marius, Caius, consul, son of preceding (109?-82 B.C.), 125

  Mark, St., evangelist (fl. 1st century), 553, 555-574, 576

  Mark, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 576

  markets, 78, 342

  Marquardt, Joachim, German antiquarian (1812-1882), 364

  marriage, in Etruria, 7;

  under the Republic, 57, 67, 68-69, 132, 134, 204;

  under the Principate, 222-224, 262, 266, 301, 363-364, 369-371, 396, 397, 438, 441, 443, 599, 605;

  under the monarchy, 656, 666;

  ancient concept of, 240, 369-370;

  St. Paul and the Church on, 590, 598, 600, 647

  Mars, 12, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66-67, 82, 193, 211, 346, 353, 388, 479; Ultor (the Avenger), 358

  Mars (planet), 309

  Mars Ultor, Temple of, 358, 383

  Marseilles (anc. Massalia), 43, 49, 119, 180, 184, 231, 313, 326, 470, 474, 504, 654

  Marsians, 270

  Marsyas, 298

  Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), Latin epigrammatist (40?-102?), 158, 234, 289, 290, 291, 295, 296, 312, 315-318, 319, 341, 342, 366, 369, 370, 371, 381, 385, 389, 398, 403, 408, 437, 441

  Mary, mother of Christ, 527, 558-559, 560, 572

  Mary, aunt of Christ, 572-573

  Mary Magdalene, cured by Christ (1st century), 563, 572-573, 577

  Masada, 544

  Masinissa, King of Numidia (238-148 B.C.), 53, 105-106, 107, 118, 166, 464

  Mass, Catholic, 578-579, 595, 599, 602, 603

  Massalia, see Marseilles

  Materia Medica (Dioscorides), 505

  Mater Matuta, Temple of

  materialism, in Lucretius, 146-154;

  in Seneca, 304

  mathematics, 414, 488, 503-504, 507

  Mathematiké Syntaxis (Ptolemy), 502-503

  Matho,.Libyan rebel leader (fl. 241-237 B.C.), 46

  Matius, citizen and friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C.), 191, 195

  Matthas, Dutch biblical scholar, 554

  Matthew, St., evangelist and apostle, 553, 555-574

  Matthew, The Gospel of St., 555-574, 613

  Mauretania (Morocco), 268, 413, 417, 466

  Mauretania Caesariensis, 466

  Mauretania Tingitana, 466

  Mauri, see Moors

  Mausoleum of Hadrian (Castel Sant’ Angelo), 4, 422

  Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius), Roman emperor (reigned 306-312), 653-654, 656, 661

  Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxi-mianus Herculius), Roman emperor (240?-310), 635, 640, 644, 651, 653-654, 663

  Maximilla, Montanist heretic (2nd century), 605

  Maximinus (Caius Julius Verus Maximinus “Thrax”), Roman emperor (i72?-238), 627-628

  Maximinus Daza, Roman emperor (reigned 308-314), 653-654

  Maximus Tyrius, Greek philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 426

  Maximus and Vibo, banking firm, 332

  measures, 78

  Mechanica (Hero), 504

  Medea, 256, 353, 385

  Medea (painting), 354

  Medea (Ovid), 255

  Medea (Seneca), 307

  Media, 413

  Medicamina Faciei Feminineae, De (Ovid), 255

  Medici, Lorenzo de’, Florentine poet, patron, and scholar (1448-1492), 131

  Medicina, De (Celsus), 313

  medicine, in Etruria, 6;

  under Rome, 75-76, 104, 135, 227, 308, 310, 311-313, 324, 368, 414, 465, 467, 488, 504-507, 510, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, 661, 671

  Mediolanum, see Milan

  Meditations (Marcus Aurelius), 425-426, 430, 431, 442, 443-446, 449

  Mediterranean, 3, 6, 18, 25, 29, 34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 54, 76, 78, 80, 81, 85, 105, 107, 112, 139, 169, 170, 177, 187, 188, 212, 218, 221, 241, 251, 266, 310, 320, 324, 325, 328, 337, 339, 355, 367, 419, 453, 462, 464, 465, 466, 468, 469, 470, 474, 484, 498, 499, 500, 508, 512, 513, 518, 523-524, 527, 535-536, 545, 547, 596, 602, 670

  mediums of exchange;

  in Etruria, 6, 17;

  in Carthage, 40, 46;

  under Rome, 17, 78-79, 184, 192, 205, 218, 287*, 330-332, 336, 448, 632, 641, 643, 668

  Megalesia (Feast of the Great Goddess), 94

  Megara, 239, 300, 487

  Meir, Jewish rabbi (fl. 2nd century), 547

  Mela, Lucius Annaeus, father of Lucan and brother of Seneca (?-65), 282

  Mela, Pomponius, geographer (fl. 1st century), 308

  Meleager, Greek epigrammatist (fl. 1st century B.C.), 509-510

  Melkart, 42, 45, 465

  Memmius, Caius, statesman (?-100 B.C.), 120

  Memmius, Caius Gemellus, politician and man of letters (fl. first century B.C.), 148, 155, 157

  memoirs, 123, 159, 275

  Memoirs (Agrippina the Younger), 275

  Memoirs (Sulla), 123

  Memphis, 498

  Menaechmi (Plautus), 100

  Menander, Greek comic dramatist (342-291 B.C.), 99, 100, 102, 513

  Menippus, Syrian Cynic philosopher (fl. 60 B.C.), 297, 509

  Menippus (in Lucian), 495, 497

  Mephitis, 75

  mercenaries, 43, 46, 48, 53, 106, 207, 429, 517, 624, 669, 670

  Mercury, 62, 63, 93, 342, 387, 473, 479, 601

  Mesopotamia, 342, 349, 413, 414, 428, 528, 530, 548, 608, 622, 627, 629, 630, 641

  Messala, Marcus Valerius, consul (fl. 1st century B.C.), 129

  Messala, Marcus Valerius Corvinus, general and patron (fl. 1st century B.C.), 221, 233-234,
252-253

  Messalina, Valeria, wife of Claudius (?-48), 272-273, 302

  Messana (Messina), 44, 464

  Messene, 329, 413

  Messiah, 226, 243, 538, 540-542, 548, 554, 558*, 559, 560, 564-57o, 577, 581, 582, 585, 588-589, 591, 593, 595, 603, 604, 605

  metallurgy, 77, 322-323, 328, 469, 479

  Metamorphose on Libri XI (Apuleius), see Golden Ass

  Metamorphoses (Ovid), 256, 257, 258

  metaphysics, 95, 147, 154, 164, 196, 300, 304, 591, 613

  Metapontum, 35, 51

  Metaurus (Metauro) River (battle of, 207 B.C.), 53

  Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, politician (fl. 1st century B.C.), 183

  Metellus Celer, Caius Caecilius, husband of Clodia (fl. 1st century B.C.), 135

  Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus Caecilius, general (fl. 1st century B.C.), 134

  Metellus Numidicus, Quintus Caecilius (fl. 109-99 B.C.), 119

  Metellus Pius, Caecilius (?-63 B.C.), general, 137

  Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintus Caecilius, general (? -46 B.C.), 186, 189, 194

  meteorology, 308

  Metrodora, Alexandrian woman physician (fl. 1st century), 505

  Metrodorus, Greek Epicurean philosopher (? -277 B.C.), 133

  Metronax, philosopher (fl. 1st century), 303

  Metropolitan Museum of Art, 347, 351

  Mexico, 469, 600*

  Michael, Archangel, 593

  Michelangelo (Buonarroti), Italian artist (1475-15 64), 4, 356, 443, 635

  Middle Ages, 178, 243, 249*, 258, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 503, 507, 592, 633, 644, 661, 672

  mid wives, 312

  migrations, Celtic, 118; into towns, 190

  Milan (anc. Mediolanum), 236, 454, 629, 635, 640, 644, 653, 654

  Milan, Edict of, 654, 657, 658

  Miles Glorio sus (Plautus), 100

  Milesian Tales, 297, 514, 636

  Miletus, 168, 312, 329, 513-514, 546

  military science, 327-328

  millefiori, 347

  Mill, John Stuart, English philosopher (1806-1873), 609

  Millenarium Aureum, 340-341

  millennium, see Kingdom of Heaven

  Milo, Pyrrhus’ general, 38

  Milo Papinianus, Titus Annius, politician (?-48 B.C.), 169, 173, 180, 184, 188, 189

  Milton, John, English poet (1608-1674), 243, 671

  mimes, 378, 389, 430

  Minas de Rio Tinto, 469

  Mincio (anc. Mincius), 235

  Minerva, 61, 81, 83, 311, 358; Pallas Minerva, 61; see also Pallas Athene

  Minerva, Temple of, 74

  Minervina, first wife of Constantine I (fl. 4th century), 663

  mining, Etruscan, 6;

  Carthaginian (in Spain), 40, 47, 469;

  Roman (in Spain), 54, 346, 469;