The Age of Napoleon

Banks, Sir Joseph (1743–1820), 386, 388, 390, 391

  Baptists, 359

  Barante, Baron Guillaume-Prosper de (1782–1866), 294

  Barbaroux, Charles-Jean-Marie (1767–94), 47, 56–58 passim, 67

  Barbé-Marbois, Marquis François de (1745–1837), 164

  Barclay de Tolly, Prince Mikhail (1761–1818), 715

  Bardo della Selva Nera, 1l (Monti), 552

  Barère, Bertrand (1755–1841), 59, 63, 65, 84, 160

  Barnave, Antoine-Pierre-Joseph (1761–93), 13, 31, 34, 51, 67, 148

  baroque style, 139, 140, 554, 565, 610

  Barras, Paul (1755–1829), 82–83, 191

  commissions N. to defend Convention, 87, 95

  as director, 88, 106, 114, 119, 134, 136

  and Josephine, 96, 120, 136–37

  resigns, 121, 122

  and Mme. de Staël, 150, 151

  and Mme. Tallien, 108, 114, 136

  Bartenstein, 211

  Barthélemy, Marquis François de (1750–1830), 85, 106

  Barthélemy, Abbé Jean-Jacques (1716–95), 28*

  Bartholdy, J. S. (1779–1825), 612

  Basel, 169, 177, 721

  Peace of (1795), 85, 87, 97, 114, 126, 532, 594, 598

  Basire, James (1730–1802), 413

  Bassano, battle of (1796), 103

  Bassevilliana, La (Monti), 552

  Bastille, 10, 35, 132

  fall of, 18–19, 60, 78, 147, 310

  anniversary celebrations, 28, 38

  Batavian Republic, 85, 177

  Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo (1708–87), 140

  “Battle of Blenheim, The” (Southey), 424

  Bauer, Bruno (1809–82), 657

  Bautzen, battle of (1813), 244*, 716

  Bavaria, 387–88, 587

  allied with France, 202, 206

  and the Concordat, 183

  in Confederation, 206, 253, 589

  created as kingdom, 205

  invasions of, 97, 176, 231

  joins coalition, 718

  peace treaties, 179, 205, 233

  Bavaria, Elector and King of, see Maximilian Joseph

  Bay of Baie, The (Turner), 384

  Bayonne, 62, 223–24, 535, 719

  Bayreuth, 593, 595, 608, 625, 626

  Beatty, Sir William, M.D. (d. 1842), 524

  Beauharnais, Alexandre de (1760–94), 95–96

  Beauharnais, Eugène de (1781–1824), 95, 96, 107, 159, 218–19, 230

  character and relations with N., 108, 219, 221, 242, 244

  on Eastern expedition, 108, 112

  helps to reconcile N. and Josephine, 120, 219

  as viceroy of Italy, 546, 549, 557

  marriage and adoption, 206

  in 1809 campaign, 231, 232

  and mother’s divorce, 234, 235

  in 1812 Russian campaign, 699, 704, 705, 708, 710–11

  in 1813 campaign, 712, 715

  tries to hold Italy, 716, 719, 721

  death, 772

  Beauharnais, Marquis François de (1714–1800), 120

  Beauharnais, Hortense de (1783–1837), 95, 107, 159, 216–17, 242

  and Alexander I, 217, 726, 739, 772

  death of, 217, 772

  diamond necklace of, 217, 752

  and Enghien execution, 191

  in the Hundred Days, 274, 308, 739

  and Josephine’s divorce, 234

  and J.’s infidelity, 120

  marriage and separation, 92, 216–17, 770

  with N. at Malmaison (1814), 751–52

  and Mme. Récamier, 274, 297

  Beauharnais, Josephine de, see Josephine, Empress

  Beaulieu, Jean-Pierre de (1725–1819), 98, 99, 103

  Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de (1732–99), 6, 10

  Beaumont, Comtesse Pauline de, 314, 319

  Beaupuis, Michel de (1755–96), 420

  Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Marchese di (1738–94), 406, 543, 559, 685

  Becker, General, 752

  Beckford, William (1760–1844), author, 377–78

  Beckford, William (1709–70), Lord Mayor of London, 377

  Bedford, Francis Russell, 5th Duke of (1765–1802), 353

  Beer family, 613

  Beethoven, Caspar Karl van (1774–1815), brother of Ludwig, 567, 569, 573, 581, 582

  Beethoven, Johann van (d. 1792), 567, 568, 569, 572

  Beethoven, Karl van (b. 1807), nephew of Ludwig, 581–82, 583, 585

  attempts suicide, 582, 584

  Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770–1827), 104, 564, 567–86, 605

  appearance, 569, 572, 584

  in Berlin, 571, 594

  birth and youth, 567–69, 579

  character, 572, 580–81

  deafness, 572–74, 575, 580–81, 584

  death, 585

  first period (1792–1802), 569–74

  and Goethe, 580–81, 582

  “Heiligenstadt Testament” of, 571–72, 573–74

  patrons of, 565, 566, 568–71, 576–77, 731

  as pianist, 568, 570–71, 612

  and Romanticism, 155, 582, 630

  second period (1803–16), 574–81

  third period (1817–24), 582–84

  works: “Appassionata,” 571, 575

  Eighth Symphony, 581

  “Ein grosses deutsches Volk sind wir,” 571

  Fidelio, 565, 575

  Fifth Symphony, 576, 581

  First Symphony, 566, 571, 575

  Fourth Symphony, 576

  Golitsyn Quartets, 584–85

  “Grande Sonate Pathétique,” 571

  Hammerklavier Sonatas, 571, 582–83

  “Kreutzer Sonata,” 574

  Masses, 563, 576, 583, 584

  “Moonlight Sonata,” 571

  Ninth Symphony, 576, 583–84

  piano concertos, 575, 576

  Razumovsky Quartets, 575

  Rudolf Trio, 581

  “Die Schlacht von Vittoria,” 581, 732

  Second Symphony, 574, 575–76

  Seventh Symphony, 581

  Sixth Symphony (Pastoral), 576, 581

  Third Symphony (Eroica), 574–76;

  Three Grand Trios, 571

  “Waldstein Sonata,” 569

  Beethoven, Maria Magdalena Keverich Laym van (d. 1787), 567, 568

  Beethoven, Nikolaus Johann van (1776–1848), 567, 569, 573, 585

  Beethoven, Theresia van, 582

  Behn, Aphra (1640–89), 368

  Belgium (Austrian Netherlands), 3, 36

  under Austria, 558, 559

  French conquest of (1792), 37, 49–50, 516

  annexed by Convention, 53, 97

  ceded by Austria, 105

  rises against French (1799), 177

  French regain, 119, 169

  and Peace of Lunéville, 177

  under French rule, 115, 152, 178, 183, 207

  in kingdom of Netherlands, 733

  Bell, Andrew (1753–1832), 362

  Bell, Charles (1774–1842), 391

  Bellegarde, Count Heinrich von (1756–1845), 176

  Bellerophon, H.M.S., 755–57

  Bellezza dell’ universo, La (Monti), 552

  Bellingham, John (d. 1812), 527

  Benedictines, 3

  Bengal, 536

  Bennigsen, Count Levin August Theofil (1745–1826), 210–11, 676, 701, 718

  Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), 165, 386, 403–7, 685

  corruption attacked by, 367, 563

  French citizenship conferred on, 43, 406

  and law reform, 356, 404–7

  and the Mills, 404, 407, 503

  and Owen, 347

  skepticism of, 358, 404

  utilitarianism of, 398, 404–7

  Béranger, Pierre-Jean de (1780–1857), 773

  Beresford, William Carr Beresford, Viscount (1768–1854), 538

  Berezina River, 668, 709–10

  Berg, grand duchy of, 213, 220, 236

  in Confederation of Rhine, 206–7, 589

  under
Murat, 215, 590

  Bergson, Henri (1859–1941), 331, 397, 645

  Berkeley, George (1685–1753), 456, 636

  Berlin: architecture, 610

  art in, 610, 611

  Botanical Garden, 626

  morals in, 605

  N. in, 209, 549, 596, 668

  policed by French, 599, 641

  publishing in, 624

  Romantic circle in, 634, 640, 643

  Russians enter, 714

  Mme. de Staël visits, 293, 298

  theater in, 614, 615–16

  in War of Liberation, 717

  Berlin, University of, 606, 607, 643, 645, 648

  Berlin Academy of Sciences, 607, 641

  Berlin Decree (1806), 209–10, 222, 693

  Berlioz, Hector (1803–69), 137, 155, 282, 554

  Bern, revolt of, 187–88

  Bernadotte, Désirée, nee Clary, 661–62

  Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste-Jules (1763?–1844), King of Sweden as Charles XIV John (r. 1818–44), 104, 119, 120, 245

  ambassador to Vienna, 571

  conspires against N., 185–86, 190, 215, 273, 289, 300

  at Austerlitz, 204

  elected crown prince of Sweden, 236, 661–62

  makes alliance with Russia, 663

  visited by Mme. de Staël, 300, 635

  wins Norway, 714

  joins Allies, 300, 635, 716, 717, 718

  meets Constant at Hanover, 307

  in drive on Paris, 721–22

  in Paris (1814), 300

  Bernard, Jean, father of Mme. Récamier, 273

  Bernard, Mme. (d. 1807), 273, 274

  Bernard, Sir Thomas, 392

  Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques-Henri (1737–1814), 137, 311

  Bernhardi, Sophie, 633

  Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, Prince (1792–1862), 744

  Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo (1598–1680), 682

  Berthier, Louis-Alexandre (1753–1815), 122, 165, 235, 268

  at Erfurt, 226–27

  in Italy, 99, 100, 544

  made prince of Neuchâtel, 215, 221

  in Russia, 707

  urges N. to accept armistice, 716

  Berthollet, Claude-Louis (1748–1822), 64, 142, 265, 266, 323, 390

  and Egyptian expedition, 108, 114, 120

  Bertrand, Fanny, nee Dillon, 759, 761

  Bertrand, Gen. Henri-Gratien (1773–1844), 715, 718, 761

  accompanies N. to and from Elba, 727, 739, 761

  accompanies N. after second abdication, 751, 757, 761

  at St. Helena, 759–61, 764, 767–69

  and Napoleonic legend, 774

  at N.’s state funeral, 775–76

  Berzelius, Jöns Jakob (1779–1849), 662

  Besançon, 130, 738

  Besenval, Baron Pierre-Victor de (1722–91), 17, 18

  Bessborough, Frederick Ponsonby, 3d Earl of, 460

  Bestimmung des Menschen, Die (Fichte), 641

  Bethmann Museum, Frankfurt, 611

  Bhagavad-Gita, 635

  Bicêtre asylum, 45, 325

  Bichat, Xavier (1771–1802), 142

  Bidassoa River, 222, 719

  Bignon, Louis-Pierre-Édouard (1747–1825), 254*

  Bigot, Marie, 577, 578

  Bigot de Préameneu, Félix (1747–1825), 180

  Billaud-Varenne, Jean-Nicolas (1756–1819), 47

  in Committee, 59, 61, 77

  and Danton’s death, 77

  deportation and death of, 84

  and Robespierre, 79, 80, 82

  and September Massacres, 45

  Bingen, 588

  biogeography, 609

  Biographia Literaria (Coleridge), 441–42, 447

  biology, 325–29, 391

  Biot, Jean-Baptiste (1774–1862), 266

  Birmingham, 342, 354, 386

  Biron, Armand-Louis de Gontaut, Duc de (1747–93), 67

  birth control, 403

  Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98), 264, 590, 658, 733

  Black Sea, 563, 670, 672, 697

  Blackstone, Sir William (1723–80), 404–5

  Blake, Catherine, nee Boucher, 413

  Blake, Robert (d. 1787), 413

  Blake, William (1757–1827), 413–16

  engravings of, 370, 379–80, 413, 416

  and Joseph Johnson, 366, 409, 413

  poetry of, 340, 413–16

  and Romanticism, 155, 413, 416

  Blessington, Marguerite, Countess of, nee Power (1789–1849), 464, 498

  Blois, French government at, 725

  Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von (1742–1819), 301, 595, 652, 732

  in 1813 campaign, 717–19

  in drive on Paris (1814), 721–25

  at Ligny, 743–46

  at Waterloo, 746–49

  again advances on Paris (1815), 750

  vengeful toward N., 752

  Bocage, Manuel María Barbosa du (1765–1805), 532

  Bogotá, 609

  Bohemia, 558

  appeased by Leopold II, 559

  Catholicism in, 601

  Karl Ludwig retreats to, 232

  Böhme, Jakob (1575–1624), 601, 644

  Boieldieu, François-Adrien (1775–1834), 278

  Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas (1636–1711), 139, 629

  Boissy, Octave Rouillé de Coudray, Marquis de (1798–1866), 501

  Boissy d’Anglas, François-Antoine (1756–1826), 84, 95, 150

  Bologna, 542, 553

  ceded to France, 104

  in Cisalpine Republic, 544

  restored to Papacy, 183

  Bologna, University of, 551

  Bonald, Vicomte Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise de (1754–1840), 105, 332, 336

  Bonaparte, Carlo, see Buonaparte, Carlo

  Bonaparte, Caroline (Maria Carolina), see Murat, Caroline

  Bonaparte, Charles Joseph (1851–1921), 218

  Bonaparte, Charles-Louis-Napoléon, see Napoleon III

  Bonaparte, Elisa, see Bacciocchi, Elisa

  Bonaparte, Elizabeth, nee Patterson (1785–1879), 217–18

  Bonaparte, Hortense, see Beauharnais, Hortense de

  Bonaparte, Jérôme (1784–1860), King of Westphalia (r. 1807–13), 92, 111, 217–18, 224, 751, 770

  as king, 576, 590–92, 660, 719

  in Russia, 701

  at Waterloo, 218, 770

  Bonaparte, Jerome Napoleon (1830–93), 218

  Bonaparte, Joseph (1768–1844), King of Naples (r. 1806–08), King of Spain (r. 1808–13), 92, 93, 215–16, 548, 662

  N. writes to from Egypt, 111

  hopes to be N.’s heir, 92, 172, 215, 242

  negotiates peace treaties, 177, 215

  supports N.’s drive toward empire, 195

  fondness for money, 215, 770

  N.’s attitude toward, 216, 244, 251

  a profiteer, 269

  receptions of, 272

  and Mme de Staël, 288, 289, 294, 301

  as king of Naples, 216, 266, 278, 547, 548, 549, 553, 556

  grand elector, 270

  made king of Spain, 224, 535, 547

  forced from Madrid, 224–25

  restored by N., 228–30, 236

  commissions Llorente, 534

  his troubles as king, 537–39 passim

  in last days of empire (1814), 721, 724–25

  in Hundred Days, 308

  visits N. at Malmaison (1815), 751

  at Rochefort, offers to take N.’s place, 754–55

  to America, 755, 770

  death, 770

  Bonaparte, Josephine, see Josephine, Empress

  Bonaparte, Julie, nee Clary, 770

  Bonaparte, Letizia, see Buonaparte, Letizia

  Bonaparte, Louis (1778–1846), King of Holland (r. 1806–10), 92, 216–17, 224, 225, 270, 694, 770

  Bonaparte, Lucien (1775–1840), 92, 216, 762, 770

  and coup of 18th Brumaire, 92, 121, 122–23, 151, 216

  as minister of interior, 163

  offers himself as N.’s heir, 172
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  a profiteer, 269

  receptions of, 272

  and Mme. Récamier, 273

  during Hundred Days, 92, 216, 750–52, 770

  visits N. at Malmaison (1815), 751

  death, 770

  Bonaparte, Maria Carolina, see Murat, Caroline

  Bonaparte, Napoléon, see Napoleon I

  Bonaparte, Napoléon-Charles (1802–07), 216, 217

  Bonaparte, Napoléon-François-Joseph-Charles, see Napoleon II

  Bonaparte, Napoléon-Louis (1804–31), 216, 217

  Bonaparte, Pauline, see Borghese, Princess Pauline

  Bonaparte Crossing the Alps (David), 281

  Bonn, 567–69, 588

  Bonn, University of, 635

  Bonnefours, General, 755

  Bonnevard, François de, 477

  Bonpland, Aimé-Jacques-Alexandre (1773–1858), 608–9

  Bonstetten, Charles-Victor de (1745–1832), 294

  Bordeaux, 6, 75

  and the blockades, 118, 262, 693

  canal built at, 261

  Girondins in, 34, 35, 56, 62, 67

  in Hundred Days, 740

  Jews in, 275

  society in, 271

  Borghese, Prince Camillo (1775–1832), 92, 220, 771–72

  Borghese, Princess Pauline, nee Bonaparte (1780–1825), 92, 220

  Canova’s statue of, 92, 555, 771

  death of, 220, 772

  helps N. in exile, 727–28, 735–36, 771–72

  Borgia, Cesare (1475?–1507), 259

  Borisov, 709

  Borodino, battle of (1812), 324, 525, 703–4, 708

  N.’s condition at, 238

  Borodino, village of, 707

  Borovikovsky, Vladimir (1757–1825), 683

  Borovsk, 707

  Borrow, George (1803–81), 533

  Bosanquet, Bernard (1848–1923), 658

  Bosporus, 201, 671, 676

  Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne (1627–1704), 184

  Boswell, James (1740–95), 303, 363, 503, 505

  Botanic Garden (E. Darwin), 391

  botany, 328, 386, 626, 660

  Botany Bay, 517

  Bothnia, Gulf of, 661

  Bottot, M., 121

  Bouchard, M., 110

  Boucher, François (1703–70), 140

  Boufflers, Marie-Charlotte-Hippolyte de Saujon, Comtesse de (1725-c. 1800), 147

  Boulogne, 179, 189, 202, 522

  Boulton, Matthew (1728–1809), 342

  Bourbon, Duc Louis-Henri-Joseph de (1756–1830), 191

  Bourchotte, Jean-Baptiste, 64

  Bourges, Girondist revolt at, 62

  Bourmont, Louis-Auguste-Victor de (1773–1846), 738, 744

  Bourrienne, Louis-Antoine Fauvelet de (1769–1834), 217, 245

  at Brienne, 92

  as secretary to N., 92, 108, 114, 239, 241, 246

  and 18th Brumaire, 121–23

  and royalists, 185

  dismissed as secretary, 187

  at Hamburg, 210, 592

  cited passim

  Bourse, Palais de la, Paris, 206, 261, 280, 682

  Boyle, Robert (1627–91), 389

  Boynton, Harriet, 473–74