The Renaissance

  Roselli, Cosimo (1439–1507), 135, 165, 397, 468

  Rossellino, Antonio (1427–79), 96, 131, 586

  Rossellino, Bernardo (1400–61), 82, 96, 237, 380, 386, 450

  Rossetti, Biagio (1495), 266

  Rossi, Properzia de’ (c. 1400–1530), 335

  Rosso (Giovanni de’ Rosso: 1494–1540), 708

  Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78), 8

  Rovere, Francesco Maria della, Duke of Urbino (1508–16), 344, 457, 482, 517–518, 520, 591, 623, 628, 629, 630, 632, 636, 662, 714

  Rovere, Giovanni della (d. 1501), 395, 308, 410

  Rovere, Giuliano della (1443–1513), see Julius II, Pope

  Rovere, Guidobaldo II della, Duke of Urbino (1538–74), 662

  Rovere, Leonardo della (d. 1475), 395

  Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640), 259, 308, 677, 683

  Rucellai, Cosimo (1513), 551

  Rucellai, Giovanni (1460), 587

  Rucellai, Giovanni (1475–1526), 508, 696

  Ruralia commoda (Crescenzi), 530

  Ruskin, John (1819–1900), 314, 516, 672, 684

  Rutilius Namatianus (416), 491

  S

  Sabba, Santi di Cola (fl. early 16th cent.), 502

  Sabellicus (Marcantonio Coccio: 1436–1506), 318

  Sacchetti, Franco (c. 1335–1400), 80, 584, 592, 697

  sacre rappresentazioni, 597

  Sacrosancta (Council of Constance), 365–366

  Sade, Donatien, Comte (better known as the Marquis) de (1740–1814), 5

  Sade, Laura de (d. 1348), 5, 6–7, 8, 10, 21, 36, 38, 47

  Sadoleto, Iacopo (1477–1547), 320, 458, 489, 490, 493, 574, 577, 633

  St. Peter’s (San Pietro in Vaticano), Rome, 195, 372, 379, 380, 441, 448, 449, 450–451, 472, 497–498, 502, 503, 639–640, 641, 719–720, 722

  dome, 719, 722

  Salaino, Andrea (fl. 1490–1520), 228

  Salutati, Coluccio de’ (1330–1406), 78, 81, 82

  Salviati, Francesco (d. 1478), 113, 468

  Salviati, Giovanni (1517), 520

  Salviati, Maria (1509), 544, 579

  San Gimignano, 130, 134, 135, 250

  San Marino, 339

  San Quentin, battle of, 711

  Sangallo the Elder, Antonio da (1455–1534), 449, 468, 652

  Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da (c. 1483–1546), 449, 498, 713–714, 716, 718

  Sangallo, Aristotele da (1500), 163

  Sangallo, Giovanni Francesco da (1500), 163

  Sangallo, Giuliano da (1445–1516), 129, 322, 341, 449, 468, 496, 497, 498, 499, 651

  sanitation, 286, 533

  Sanmicheli, Michèle (1484–1559), 323–324

  Sannazaro, Iacopo (1458–1530), 304, 355–356, 415, 602, 727

  Sano di Matteo (1420), 237

  Sano di Pietro (1405–81), 238, 357

  Sansovino (Andrea di Domenico Contucci: 1460–1529), 164, 294, 341, 470–471, 499, 650, 701

  Sansovino (Iacopo Tatti: 1486–1570), 178, 315, 324, 472, 499, 501, 649, 650–652, 656, 659, 674

  Santa Croce, Francesco di (d. 1484), 396

  Santi, Giovanni (c. 1445–94), 267, 343, 452

  Santo, Mariano (b. c. 1490), 533

  Sanudo, Marino (1466–1535), 318, 412, 576

  Sarto, Andrea del (1487–1531), 165, 166–168, 169, 472, 650–651, 702, 703

  Madonna of the Harpies, 167

  Sarton, George (1884-), 535*

  Sassetta (Stefano di Giovanni: 1392–1450), 238

  Savelli, Giambattista (d. 1498), 406

  Savelli, Silvio (1501), 415

  Savoldo, Giovanni Girolamo (c. 1480–1549),

  Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98), 95, 121, 123, 138, 139, 142, 143–162, 165, 166, 169, 187, 402, 411, 419, 465, 480, 544, 581, 595, 597, 607, 611, 715

  Savonarola, Michele (1384–1464), 143, 532

  Savoy, 176, 711

  Scala, Alberto della, despot of Verona (12771301), 15

  Scala, Can Grande I della, despot of Verona (1311–29), 15–16, 322

  Scala, Can Grande II della, despot of Verona (1351–59), 16

  Scala, Cansignorio della, despot of Verona (1359–75), 16

  Scala, Mastino I della, despot of Verona (1260–77), 15

  Scala, Mastino II della, despot of Verona (1329–51), 16

  Scala Santa, Rome, 569

  Scaliger, Julius Caesar (1484–1558), 322, 695, 728

  Scaligeri, see Scala, della

  Scarpagnino (Antonio Abbondi: d. 1549), 650

  Schiavone (Andrea Meldalla: c. 1522–82), 671, 677–678

  Schinner, Matthaeus (c. 1470–1522), 462

  Schism, the Great, 361–367, 543

  scholars and scholarship, 486–491, 582, 695–696; see also humanism and humanists

  Scholasticism, 80, 121, 537–538

  Schönberg, Nikolaus von (d. 1537), 625

  science, 528–530, 692

  Scolastica (Ariosto), 273

  Scrovegni, Enrico (1300 f.), 22

  seals, 706

  Sebastiano del Piombo (Sebastiano Luciani: 1485–1547), 306, 449, 462, 499, 502, 508, 513, 522, 599, 638–639, 656

  Clement VII, 625

  Three Ages of Man, 509, 637, 638

  Selim I, Sultan of Turkey (1512–20), 519

  Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (4 B.C.-A.D. 65), 488

  Senigallia, tragedy of, 424, 548, 560

  Serlio, Sebastiano (1475–1554), 713

  servants, 587

  Sforza (Muzio Attendolo: 1369–1424), 182

  Sforza, Ascanio (d. 1505), 164, 402, 406, 408, 410, 430, 470–471

  Sforza, Battista, Duchess of Urbino (d. 1472), 232

  Sforza, Bianca Maria, wife of Maximilian I, 188, 207, 614

  Sforza, Caterina (1463–1509), 338–339, 419, 420, 548, 584, 699

  Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan (1450–66), 76, 177, 182–184, 193, 389, 390, 533, 610

  Sforza, Francesco Maria, Duke of Milan (1522–35), 621, 626, 627, 636, 645, 711

  Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, Duke of Milan (1466–76), 111–112, 177, 179, 184, 206, 338, 600

  Sforza, Giangaleazzo, Duke of Milan (147681), 184, 185, 188–189

  Sforza, Giovanni (d. 1510), 416, 420, 421, 429, 442

  Sforza, Lodovico (1451–1508), Duke of Milan (1481–99), 173, 179, 184–191, 192, 197, 202, 203, 204, 206–207, 219, 257, 266, 200, 338, 345, 419, 429, 430, 457, 591, 600, 611, 612, 613–614

  Sforza, Massimiliano, Duke of Milan (1512–15), 188, 214, 618, 619

  Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), 15, 47, 272, 280, 455, 698, 699*, 726

  shoes, 583–584

  Sidney, Sir Philip (1554–86), 356, 727

  Siena, 34–37, 236–240

  church of Fontegiusta, 640

  duomo, 27, 35, 237

  Fonte Gaia, 237;

  Palazzo Pubblico, 35, 36

  Torre di Mangia, 35

  Siena, Council of, 368

  Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1411–37), 353, 364–365, 366, 367, 370

  Signorelli, Luca (1441–1524), 173, 233–236, 245, 397, 450, 457, 458, 475, 498, 703, 722

  Holy Family (Uffizi), 234

  Orvieto frescoes, 234–235, 475, 722

  School of Pan, 234

  silk industry, 186

  Silvestri, Guido Postumo (1479–1521), 492

  Simonetta, see Vespucci, Simonetta

  simony, 53–54, 154, 400–401, 408, 414, 442, 519, 589, 623, 637

  singing and singers, 600, 601, 602

  Sismondi, Simonde de (1773–1842), 230

  Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere), Pope (1471–84), 112–113, 114–115, 130, 138, 165, 234, 245, 263, 292, 343, 374, 393–399, 400, 405, 418, 441, 477, 484, 495, 526, 528, 529, 573, 601, 602, 610, 689

  Skanderbeg (George Castriota: c. 1400–68), 390

  skepticism, 539, 540–544, 569

  slavery, 174, 591, 592, 690

  Society of Jesus, 689, 691, 714

  Soderini, Francesco (1453–1524), 472, 624

  S
oderini, Pietro (c. 1450–1513), 149, 162, 163, 210, 213, 469, 470, 472, 547, 549

  Soderini, Vittorio (1503), 426

  Sodoma (Giovanni Antonio Bazzi: 1477–1549), 214, 228, 233, 235, 238–239, 457, 458, 461, 502, 508, 639

  sodomy, 576

  Solari, Andrea (fl. 1493–1515 or 1520), 228, 295

  Solari, Cristoforo (c. 1450-c. 1500), 187, 190, 196, 197, 295

  Solari family, see also Lombardo

  Sophinisba (Trissino), 598

  Soppositi, I (Ariosto), 273, 490

  Sopra la bellezza delle donne (Firenzuola), 582

  Soranus of Ephesus (c. 100), 532

  Sorel, Agnès (c. 1422–50), 606

  Sorte, Cristoforo (1577), 650

  Spagno, Lo (Giovanni di Pietro: c. 1470–1528) 484*

  Sposalizio del Mare, Venice, 290

  Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), 558

  Spenser, Edmund (c. 1552–99), 356, 727

  spices, 594

  Spilimbergo, Irene da (1530), 314–315

  Spinello Aretino (c. 1346–1410), 230

  Spinoza, Baruch (1632–77), 538, 728

  Spoleto, 106

  sports, 595

  spy system, 699

  Squarcialupi, Antonio (d. c. 1475), 115, 601, 602

  Squarcione, Francesco (1394–1474), 251, 252, 280–281, 298, 302

  Stamina, Gherardo (c. 1354-c. 1408), 100

  state as god, 565–566

  States of the Church, see Papal States

  Stefaneschi, Iacopo Caetani (c. 1270–1343), 25–26

  Stefano da Zevio (c. 1374-c. 1439), 324–325

  Stephanium (Armonio), 291

  Storia Florentina (Guicciardini), 544–545

  Storia d’Italia (Guicciardini), 545–547

  Storie Florentine (Machiavelli), 545, 554

  Strabo (c. 60 B.C.-c. A.D. 25), 378

  Strozzi, Alessandra (fl. 1447–65), 568, 578

  Strozzi, Ercole (1471–1508), 270, 440

  Strozzi, Filippo (1426–91), 129, 130, 140, 576

  Strozzi, Giambattista (1530), 644

  Strozzi, Lorenzo (1519), 577–578

  Strozzi, Palla (1372–1462), 77, 79, 377

  Strozzi, Tito Vespasiano (c. 1422-c. 1506), 270, 276, 440

  Stuart, Bernard, Seigneur d’Aubigny (c. 1447–1508), 615

  Suleiman I the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey (1520–66), 527

  Summis desiderantes (Innocent VIII), 527

  surgery, 532–533

  Sweynheim, Conrad (1465), 315

  Swineshead, Richard (1337), 692

  Swiss mercenaries, 613, 618, 619, 621

  Sylvae (Politian), 123

  Sylvester I, Pope (314–35), 352, 450

  Symonds, John Addington (1840–93), 639–640, 673

  syphilis, 441, 534–536, 537

  Syphilis (Fracastoro), 536

  T

  Table Talk (Luther), 533–534

  Tacitus, Cornelius (c. 55-after 117), 43, 78, 488

  Tafi, Andrea (c. 1250–1320), 91

  Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (1828–93), 728

  Talanta (Aretino), 658

  Talenti, Francesco (14th cent.), 24

  Talleyrand-Périgord, Hélie de (1301–64), 37

  tapestries, designed by Raphael, 506

  Tarralba, Eugenio (1528), 543–544

  Tartaglia, Niccolò (c. 1500–47), 691

  Tartuffe (Molière), 658

  Tasso, Bernardo (1493–1569), 255, 606

  Tasso, Giambattista (1540), 706

  Tasso, Torquato (1544–95), 602, 606, 712

  taxation, 263, 637

  Tebaldeo, Antonio (1463–1537), 440, 492

  Telesio, Bernardino (1500–88), 695, 727

  Tenda, Beatrice, Duchess of Milan (d. 1415), 182

  Teogenio (Alberti), 108

  Terence (Publius Terentius Afer: c. 190–159 B.C.), 169, 291, 598

  Tertullian (c. 160-c. 230), 378

  Teseide (Boccaccio), 11

  Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths (474–526), 554

  Theologia platonica (Ficino), 538

  Thomas Aquinas, St. (c. 1225–74), 143, 537, 538, 539

  Thomas of Sarzana, see Nicholas V, Pope

  Thucydides (c. 470-c. 400 B.C.), 378

  Tibaldi, Pellegrino (1527–96), 712

  Tiepolo, Bajamente (d. c. 1329), 285

  Tiepolo, Ginevra, 3rd wife of Giovanni Sforza, 429

  Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista (1696–1770), 683

  Tintoretta (Marietta Robusti: 1560–90), 675, 676

  Tintoretto (Domenico Robusti: 1565–1637), 675–676

  Tintoretto (Iacopo Robusti: 1518–94), 295, 649, 650, 656, 668–677, 681, 682, 694

  Bacchus and Ariadne, 673

  Crucifixion, 672

  Doges’ Palace frescoes, 675–676, 677

  Glory of Paradise (Doges’ Palace), 675–676

  Origin of the Milky Way, 673

  portraits, 674

  religious subjects in categories, 670*-671*

  Scuola di San Marco frescoes, 669–670

  Scuola di San Rocco frescoes, 671–673, 677

  Tiraboschi, Girolamo (1731–94), 191

  Titian (Tiziano Vecelli: 1477–1576), 198, 259, 295, 301, 305, 306–311, 312–313, 321. 331, 335, 501, 594, 651, 659, 661–668, 669, 670, 673, 677, 678, 679, 681, 684, 685, 722

  Alfonso I d’Esté, 501

  Pietro Aretino, 659, 666

  l’Assunta, 310

  Bacchus and Ariadne, 309

  La Bella, 662

  Burial of Christ, 661

  Charles V, 661–662

  doges’ portraits, 665

  Francis I, 665

  Isabella of Portugal, 663

  Lavinia, 666

  Man with a Glove, 665

  Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, 664

  mythological subjects, 664–665

  Paul III, 662–663

  Pesaro Family Madonna, 310

  Philip II, 663

  Presentation in the Temple, 663*

  Ippolito Riminaldi (“Duke of Norfolk”), 666

  Sacred and Profane Love, 308–309

  self-portrait, 666

  Supper at Emmaus, 664*

  Tribute Money, 309

  Venus of Pardo, 664

  Venus of Urbino, 662

  Tivoli, 714

  Tomacelli, Pietro (c. 1335–1404), see Boniface IX, Pope

  Tolstoi, Count Lev Nikolaevich (1828–1910), 220

  Torbido, Francesco (c. 1483–1561), 325

  Torelli, Barbara (1508), 270

  Torelli, Ippolita (d. 1520), 346

  Tornabuoni, Giovanni (1485), 135, 136

  Tornabuoni, Lucrezia (1425–82), 585

  Torre, Marcantonio della (1478–1511), 214, 222, 531

  Torresano, Andrea (1479), 316, 317

  Torrigiano, Pietro (1472–1522), 163–164, 464–465

  Torriti, Iacopo (late 13th cent.), 91

  Toscanelli, Paolo (1397–1482), 530

  tournaments, 593, 595

  town and country, 588

  town planning, 263

  Tractatus de bello (Giovanni da Legnano), 592

  trade, 282, 283

  trade routes, 686–687, 688

  Traini, Francesco (14th cent.), 36

  Trattato del governo della famiglia (Pandolfini), 587–588

  Trattato della famiglia (Alberti), 587

  Trattato… dell’ Orificeria (Cellini), 710

  Traversari, Ambrogio (1386–1438), 78, 82, 84, 571

  treachery, 591

  Trent, Council of, 69, 529, 598, 645, 683, 689, 690–691

  Treviso, 321

  trionfi, 596

  Trionfi (Petrarch), 38

  Trissino, Gian (1478–1550), 508, 696*

  Trivulzio, Gian Giacomo (1441–1518), 190, 214

  Tromboncino, Bartolommeo (d. after 1550), 600–601

  Tron, Niccolò, Doge of Venice (1462–71), 295

  Tullia d’Aragona (1537), 577–578

  Tura, Cosimo
(1430–95), 266–267, 452

  Turin, 711

  Turner, J. M. W. (1775–1851), 659

  type design, 316–317

  typhus, 534

  U

  Ubaldi, Baldo degli (c. 1327–1400), 592

  Uccello, Paolo (1397–1475), 91, 99–100, 343

  union of the Latin and Greek Churches, 370–371

  universities, 4–5, 47, 50, 51, 85, 120, 145, 186, 262, 268–269, 334, 397, 407, 486, 531, 538, 539, 543, 600, 692, 711, 713

  Urban IV (Jacques Pantaléon), Pope (1261–64), 51, 461–462, 610

  Urban V (Guillaume de Grimoard), Pope (1362–70), 42, 52, 54, 57, 58–59, 64

  Urban VI (Bartolommeo Prignano), Pope (1378–89), 15, 61, 64, 361–362

  Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini), Pope (1623–44), 339

  Urbino, 319, 341–345, 452, 518, 594

  V

  Vaga, Perino del (1501–47), 178, 472, 505, 632, 713, 714

  Valla, Lorenzo (1406–57), 79, 80, 83, 103–104, 350–352, 353, 374, 378, 382, 387, 392, 537, 571

  Valori, Francesco (1439–98), 152, 160

  Valori, Niccolò (1492), 128

  Vanini, Giulio Cesare (1585–1619), 539

  Varano, Costanza (d. 1447), 582

  Varano, Giulio Cesare (d. 1502), 419–420, 439

  Varchi, Benedetto (1503–65), 77, 119

  Varna, battle of, 371

  Varoli, Costanzo (1543–75), 691, 693

  Varro, Marcus Terentius (116–27 B.C.), 393

  Vasari, Giorgio (1511–74), 25, 36, 67*, 87, 89, 96, 101, 104, 105, 106, 108, 128–129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139–140, 164, 199, 204, 205*, 206, 208, 214–215, 219, 225, 226, 227, 230, 232, 235, 239, 241, 246, 305, 322, 323, 325, 331, 336, 337, 398, 407, 468, 469, 499, 500, 503, 512, 513, 514–515, 640, 650, 654, 656, 663, 667, 700, 702, 703–705, 711, 712, 714, 716, 718, 720, 721

  Vatican, 380, 622, 628

  Appartamento Borgia, 380, 407

  Belvedere, 450, 622

  Library, 343, 377, 379, 393, 397, 488, 632

  Museum, 406

  Pauline Chapel, 714, 716

  Sala Regia, 719

  Sistine Chapel, 165, 234, 244, 245, 329, 397, 473–476, 601, 641; see also Michelangelo (Last Judgment; Sistine ceiling); St. Peter’s, Rome

  Vaucluse, 7–8

  Vecchietta (Lorenzo di Pietro: c. 1412–80), 237, 238

  Velásquez, Diego Rodríguez de Silva y (1599–1660), 727

  Vellano da Pádova (1488), 132

  Vendramin, Andrea, Doge of Venice (1476–78), 295, 299

  venereal disease, 441, 446

  Venice, 39–41, 173, 263, 280, 423, 438, 443–444, 576, 577, 593, 614, 616–619, 633, 649–650, 651, 655, 656, 657, 658–83

  passim, 684–685, 687–688

  Ca d’Oro, 294

  cathedral (former), 204

  Frari, 40, 294–295, 310, 667–668

  Grand Canal, 40, 289, 294, 649, 678