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    Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief

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      on Butler’s occupation of Baltimore

      conflict with McClellan

      evacuation of Fort Sumter urged by

      failure to meet expectations

      Lincoln’s assertion of authority over

      Lincoln’s orders to retake forts

      Lincoln’s visit in June 1862

      retirement of

      as Virginian

      secession:

      Baltimore’s enthusiasm for

      Lincoln on latent Unionism of seceded states

      Lincoln’s denial of legitimacy of

      Lincoln’s efforts to keep border states from seceding

      of lower South states of Tennessee of Virginia

      Second Confiscation Act

      Seven Days’ battles

      Seven Pines, Battle of

      Seward, William H.:

      Emancipation Proclamation’s postponement urged by

      evacuation of Fort Sumter urged by

      at Hampton Roads Conference

      Lincoln’s announcement of Emancipation

      Proclamation to

      on Lincoln’s first inaugural address

      and Lincoln snubbed by McClellan

      McClellan on in Powhatan misadventure

      on reinforcements from East to Rosecrans

      Republican attempt to force out

      on Southern Unionism

      Shenandoah Valley:

      in Early’s Washington raid

      in Grant’s coordinated strategy for 1864

      Jackson’s 1862 campaign in

      in Lee’s march into Pennsylvania

      in Lincoln’s strategy of July 1861

      in McDowell’s plan for Bull Run

      Sheridan given command in

      Sheridan’s campaign in

      Sigel defeated at New Market

      Sheridan, Philip H.

      Sherman, William Tecumseh:

      Atlanta taken by

      to Chattanooga

      distance from Washington as advantage for

      East Tennessee invasion called off by

      given command in West by Grant

      in Grant’s coordinated strategy for 1864

      learning to reduce supplies

      Lincoln’s role in giving top command to

      march to the sea

      political sponsorship of

      stalled short of Atlanta

      talking Grant out of resigning

      in Vicksburg campaign of 1862

      in Vicksburg campaign of 1863

      Shields, James

      Shiloh, Battle of

      Sigel, Franzslavery: colonization supported by Lincoln

      Congress’s prohibition on returning slaves to their masters

      in evolution of Lincoln’s policy

      freed slaves in Union army

      freed slaves’ view of Lincoln in Richmond

      Frémont’s liberation of slaves

      Hampton Roads discussion on

      Hunter’s liberation of slaves

      Lincoln’s abolition efforts in border states

      Lincoln’s attitude toward

      in Lincoln’s conditions for peace

      Lincoln’s denials of threat to

      Lincoln’s proposed constitutional amendment to abolish

      McClellan’s attitude toward

      Maryland and Missouri abolition movements

      military strategy affected by

      Northern attitude hardened against

      Northern backlash against emancipation

      Peace Democrats on

      Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction on

      in Second Confiscation Act

      Thirteenth Amendment’s abolition of

      See also Emancipation Proclamation

      Smith, William F.

      South Carolina:

      islands off coast captured

      as only state with secessionist majority

      Port Royalsecession of

      Sherman’s march through

      Unionists on enforcing federal law in

      See also Charleston

      Special Order No. 1 (Lincoln)

      Spencer repeaters

      Stanton, Edwin M.:

      appointed secretary of war

      on Burnside’s proposed move across Rappahannock

      on court-martialing McClellan after Second Bull Run

      Dana sent to check on Grant by

      Hitchcock offered command by

      Hooker’s removal supported by

      Lincoln’s failure to heed advice from

      McClellan’s blaming for defeat on Peninsula

      McClellan’s demand for removal after Antietam

      on McClellan’s Harpers Ferry fiasco

      and McClellan’s refusal to take responsibility for failure on Peninsula

      and McClernand’s in de pen dent command

      Meade favored for army command by

      prisoner exchanges suspended by

      public criticism of after Seven Days

      on reinforcements from East to Rosecrans

      relations with McClellan

      returning McClellan to command opposed by

      on Rosecrans’s Tennessee campaigns

      on Thomas’s delays in attacking Hood

      Stephens, Alexander

      Stones River, Battle of strategy. See military strategy; national strategy Streight, Abel

      Stuart, Jeb

      tactics

      Taney, Roger B.

      Tennessee:

      Battle of Shiloh

      Battle of Stones River

      Buell’s attempt to liberate East

      Chattanooga

      Confederate cavalry raids in 1862

      exemption from Emancipation Proclamation in

      Union

      fall of Forts Henry and Donelson

      Forrest’s raid of March 1864

      Knoxville

      Lincoln’s call for militia refused by

      Lincoln’s continuing concern for in 1864

      in McClellan’s August 1861 plan

      Memphis

      Nashville

      Rosecrans’s campaigns of 1863

      Unionists in East

      Texas

      Thirteenth Amendment

      Thomas, George H.: advance toward East Tennessee

      Battle of Chickamauga

      given army command by Grant

      Hood defeated at Nashville by

      left by Sherman to deal with Hood

      Lincoln’s desire to replace Buell with

      Lincoln’s role in giving top command to

      Thomas, Lorenzo

      Trent affair

      Tullahoma campaign

      Vallandigham, Clement L.

      Van Dorn, Earl

      Vicksburg:

      Banks given responsibility for taking

      black troops in siege of

      Grant’s 1862 campaign against

      Grant’s 1863 campaign against

      holding out in 1862

      McClernand’s plan for campaign against

      Northern morale lifted by capture of

      surrender of

      Virginia:

      Alexandria

      becoming main theater of the war

      Butler’s declaration that slaves were contraband of war in

      Campbell’s proposal that legislature repeal secession ordinance

      exemption from Emancipation Proclamation in federal-occupied

      federal military officials and commanders from

      in Grant’s original strategy for 1864

      Grant’s Overland campaign of 1864

      Harpers Ferry

      initial rejection of secession

      Lincoln’s attempt to prevent secession by

      Lincoln’s call for militia refused by

      in McClellan’s August 1861 plan

      McClellan’s delay in late 1861

      in McClellan’s Urbana plan

      Norfolk

      Occoquan Valley

      Petersburg

      secession of

      U.S. military bases seized in

      See also Manassas; Peninsula campai
    gn; Richmond; Shenandoah Valley

      Wade, Benjamin

      Wade-Davis bill

      War Powers of the President (Whiting)

      Washburne, Elihu B.

      Washington, D.C.:

      Early’s raid on outskirts of

      enemy batteries on Potomac below

      Lincoln’s insistence on defense for

      Lincoln’s opposition to arrest of Confederate sympathizers in

      McClellan’s overestimate of threat to

      slavery abolished in

      strengthening defenses of

      Welles, Gideon:

      anger with McClellan after Second Bull Run

      on casualties of 1864

      on Du Pont’s attack on Charleston

      on failure to follow up Antietam victory

      on Lincoln after Lee’s escape from Gettysburg

      Lincoln’s announcement of Emancipation

      Proclamation to

      Lincoln’s complaints about Meade to

      on Lincoln’s doubts about Hooker

      McClellan on

      on mood in Washington in early 1864

      receiving word of Vicksburg’s surrender

      on retaliation for killing black soldiers

      Whiting, William

      Wilder, John T.

      Wilderness, Battle of the

      Wright, Horatio

      Yorktown, siege of

      PHOTOGRAPHIC INSERT

      Abraham Lincoln may have been the most photographed president before the twentieth century. Portraits by Mathew Brady, Alexander Gardner, and other photographers show a president who aged a lifetime over the four stressful years of war; in this photograph from the middle of the war, he appears much older than his age of fifty-four. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

      General-in-chief of the U.S. Army at the outbreak of the Civil War, Winfield Scott was America’s most celebrated soldier since George Washington. He had fought in the War of 1812 and led the army that captured Mexico City in 1847. But by 1861 he was seventy-five years old, weighed more than three hundred pounds, suffered from edema and vertigo, and sometimes fell asleep during conferences. His physical incapacities were matched by the passiveness of his “Anaconda Plan” strategy. On November 1, 1861, he retired from the army. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

      Few Union officers looked less like a general than Benjamin Butler. A prewar Democrat, he had actually supported Jefferson Davis for the party’s presidential nomination in 1860. But the initiative and energy he showed in the occupation of Annapolis and Baltimore with Union militia at the beginning of the war earned Lincoln’s gratitude and Butler’s promotion to major general. His war record thereafter, however, was decidedly mixed. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

      At the age of thirty-four, George B. McClellan was appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac in July 1861 and general-in-chief in November of that year. Newspapers extolled him as “the Young Napoleon,” an image that he tried to convey in this Napoleonic pose for the photographer. Lincoln soon discovered, however, that McClellan’s generalship was anything but Napoleonic. NATIONAL ARCHIVES

      A former Democrat and a close friend of General McClellan in 1861, Edwin M. Stanton shared with McClellan a contemptuous opinion of the Lincoln administration. After Lincoln appointed him secretary of war in January 1862, however, Stanton’s opinions of the president and the general underwent 180-degree reversals. An efficient administrator, Stanton was also a lighting rod for hostility from McClellan and his supporters. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

      The author and translator of books on military history and theory, mining law, and international law, Henry W. Halleck was known as “Old Brains.” On the strength of his administrative ability and the success of armies under his command in the Kentucky-Tennessee theater in 1862, Lincoln appointed him general-in-chief in July of that year. Halleck’s indecisiveness, however, caused Lincoln to lose faith in him. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

      Gen. Ambrose Burnside successfully commanded a small army that won control of key areas and cities on the North Carolina coast in 1862. Disappointed with McClellan after the Seven Days’ battles and Second Bull Run, Lincoln twice offered Burnside command of the Army of the Potomac. Burnside declined and urged second and third chances for McClellan. Lincoln decided not to give that general a fourth chance, however, and appointed a reluctant Burnside to the command in November 1862. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

      This photograph of Lincoln and McClellan in a tent near the Antietam battlefield was taken by Alexander Gardner on October 3, 1862, during Lincoln’s visit to the Army of the Potomac after the battle. Ten days later the president wrote to McClellan, reminding him of their discussion of “what I called your over-cautiousness.” That conversation probably occurred in this tent. McClellan did not take Lincoln’s advice to heart, and a month later the president removed him from command. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

      An obscure colonel of an Illinois regiment in 1861, Ulysses S. Grant disovered that the enemy colonel during a minor confrontation in Missouri “had been as afraid of me as I had been of him. The lesson was valuable.” He demonstrated this lesson in the capture of Fort Donelson, in seizing victory from the jaws of defeat at Shiloh, in the capture of Vicksburg, and in the victory at Chattanooga. Lincoln appointed Grant general-in-chief in 1864, expecting that he would finally infuse this spirit into the officer corps of the Army of the Potomac, which was previously more afraid of Robert E. Lee than Lee was of them. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

     
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