Rousseau and Revolution

  Jews under, 633

  and Mengs, 248, 249

  Polish throne acquired by, 430

  promiscuity of, 344, 436

  “Auld Lang Syne” (additional passages by Burns), 777

  Aumont, Due Louis-Marie-Augustin d’ (1709–82), 25

  Austen, Jane (1775–1817), 791

  Austerlitz, battle of (1805), 726

  Austin, Lady (fl. 1785), 811

  Australia, 669

  Austria, 341–408

  abolition of torture and capital punishment in, 352, 356

  academic freedom in, 358

  agriculture in, 345, 356

  army of, 38–39, 311, 344, 356

  Bavaria and, 353–54, 362

  Catholic Church in, 343, 348, 351–52, 358–60

  censorship in, 343, 348, 358

  economy of, 344–45, 349, 356–57, 456

  education in, 343, 352, 358, 360

  empire of, 38, 341–42, 354, 357, 360–64

  England and, 277–78

  Enlightenment in, 343–46, 348–53, 355–61

  feudalism in, 345, 349, 356, 365

  France and, 488, 846

  as Holy Roman Empire, 341

  independence of Netherlands from, see Austrian Netherlands; Inquisition in, 343

  in Italy, 217, 227, 228, 249, 279, 311, 312, 313–14

  Jansenists in, 359

  and Jesuits, 318, 351–52

  Jews in, 343, 352, 357, 631–32, 641–42

  Joseph II’s reforms in, 348–53, 355–61, 364–66

  legal reform in, 344, 356

  literature in, 345–46

  morality in, 344, 348

  music in, 367–408

  Poland and, 475, 482–83

  population of, 357

  prostitution in, 344

  Protestants in, 343, 352, 357

  religious toleration in, 348, 351–52, 357, 361, 641

  Revolution of 1848 in, 366

  Russia and, 349, 362–63, 432

  social classes in, 344–45, 349, 356–57

  Spain and, 277–78

  Turkey and, 61, 363, 365, 411, 414–15, 430

  War of the Spanish Succession and, 273

  FOREIGN POLICY AND AGREEMENTS, 353–54

  Convention of St. Petersburg (1757), 45

  expansionist diplomacy, 362–63

  First Treaty of Versailles (1756), 42

  in League of Armed Neutrality (1780), 457

  in Quadruple Alliance (1718), 278

  Second Treaty of Versailles (1757), 42

  IN SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (1756–63): campaign in Bohemia, 47

  campaign in Saxony, 45

  coalition against Frederick II, 59–60

  diplomacy leading to, 38–42

  end of French subsidies, 61

  peace negotiations, 62

  results of conflict, 62–63

  Austrian Netherlands (Belgium), 42, 45, 341, 342, 361–64, 461

  declares independence (1790), 364

  Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–48), 15, 38, 40, 58, 240, 279, 648

  autos-da-fé, 276, 279, 285

  automobile, Cugnot’s, 70

  Auvergne, 928

  Avant-Courier, 114

  Aviero, Dom José de Mascarenhas, Duke of (1708–59), 272

  conflict with Pombal, 263

  philosophes and, 267–68

  trial and execution of, 265

  Avignon, 317

  Avis au peuple marseillais (Mirabeau fils ), 654

  Azov, 430, 458

  Baal Shem-Tob (Israel ben Eliezer; 1700?–60), 636

  Babeuf, François-Émile “Gracchus” (1760–97), 938

  Morelly’s influence on, 80–81

  Rousseau’s influence on, 891

  Babuti, Gabrielle, 112–13

  Bach, Johann Christian, the “Milan [or London] Bach” (1735–82), 526–27, 755

  in London, 746

  Mozart and, 384

  Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich, the “Bückeburg Bach” (1732–95), 526, 568

  Bach, Johann Ernst, of Weimar (1722–77), 526

  Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750), 221–22, 234, 256, 373, 395

  family of, 100, 526–27

  Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel, the “Berlin Bach” (1714–88), 374, 380, 399, 526

  contribution to music, 528

  Bach, Veit (d. 1619), 527

  Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann, the “Halle Bach” (1710–84), 526–27

  Bach, Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst (1759–1845), 526–27

  Bacon, Anthony, ironmaster (fl. 1785), 672

  Bacon, Sir Francis (1561–1626), 251, 294, 427, 794

  Baden, 362

  Baggesen, Jens (1764–1826), 594, 650

  Baghavand, battle of (1735), 419

  Bagnols, riots in, 954

  “Bahabec” (Voltaire), 151

  Bahamas, 669

  Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich (1764–1826), 507

  Baia, 327

  Bailey, Nathaniel (d. 1742), 820–21

  Bailly, Jean-Sylvain (1736–93), 957–58

  Bakhchisarai, 430

  Baku, 419, 470

  balalaikas, 425

  Balder’s Death (Ewald), 652

  Balkh, 417

  balloons, airborne, 932

  Balsamo, Giuseppe, see Cagliostro

  Balzac, Honoré de (1799–1850), 104, 919

  Bamberg, Prince-Bishop of (fl. 1525), 560

  Banco di San Carlos, 288

  Banco di San Giorgio, 227

  Bank of France, Turgot’s model for, 860–61

  banking: in England, 670

  in France, 235, 860–61

  in Holland, 646

  in Italy, 227, 288

  in Switzerland, 643

  Baptists, 735, 760

  Bar, Confederation of, 481–83

  Barbados, 669

  Barbarossa, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1152–90), 239

  Barbary States, 417–18

  Barbauld, Anna, nee Aikin (1743–1825), 787

  Barber, Francis (1745?–1801), 822

  Barber of Seville, The (Beaumarchais), 334, 923

  Barbiere di Siviglia, Il (Mozart and Paisiello), 334

  Barcelona, 288–89

  Barnave, Antoine-Pierre-Joseph (1761–93), 948, 957

  Baroccio, Federigo (1528–1612), 115

  Baron Munchausen’s Travels (Raspe), 534, 568

  Baronius, Henriette (fl. 1789), 405

  baroque architecture, 111

  Barré, Isaac (1726–1802), 704

  Barry, Mme. du, see Du Barry, Mme.

  Barry, Spranger (1719–77), 740

  Barthe, Nicolas (fl. 1778), 874

  Barthélemy, Abbé Jean-Jacques (1716–95), 917

  Bas Bleu Society, 730

  Basedow, Johann Bernhard (1724?–90), 506–7, 612, 888

  Basel, 643; Congress of (1795), 547

  Bashkir tribes, 455

  Basnage, Jacques (1653–1725), 641

  Bassano, 229

  Bassenge, Paul, jeweler (fl. 1785), 941–42

  Bassi, Laura (1711–78), Professor at University of Bologna, 219

  Bastille, fall of, 311, 364, 580, 934, 962–63

  Batavian Republic, formation of, 694; see also Switzerland

  Bath, 740

  Bath, Earl of, see Pulteney, William

  Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb (1714–62), 532

  Bavaria: Austria and, 362

  conflict between Joseph II and Frederick II over, 353–54

  secret societies outlawed in, 507

  united with Palatinate, 354

  Bayeu y Subias, Francisco (1734–95), 299, 303

  Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), 10, 13, 139, 183, 280, 326, 427, 435, 557

  clerical condemnation of, 890

  Bayreuth, 354, 525

  Bazhenev, Vasili (1737–99), 469

  Beatrice of Burgundy (d. 1184), 239

  Beauclerk, Lady Diana (1734–1808), 841

  Beauclerk, Topham (1739–80),
827, 839

  Beauharnais, Fanny, Comtesse de (1738–1813), 919

  salon of, 907

  Beauharnais, Joséphine de, nee Marie-Josèphe-Rose Tascher de La Pagerie (1763–1814), 907

  Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de (1732–99), 149, 852, 920–26, 944

  aid to American Revolution, 867–69, 922

  death of, 926

  early life and education of, 920

  in French Revolution, 925–26, 940

  jailed for bribery, 921

  philosophes and, 920

  plays of, 922–25

  publishes Voltaire’s collected works, 925

  in Spain, 921

  writes The Barber of Seville, 923

  writes The Marriage of Figaro, 403–4, 923–25

  Beaumont, Christophe de (1703–81), Archbishop of Paris, 90–91

  Rousseau persecuted by, 189, 193–97

  Beauregard, Captain (fl. 1722), 150

  Beauvau, Mme. de, 118

  Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Márchese di (1738–94), 312, 320–21, 451

  academic career of, 321

  economic theories of, 321

  ethics of, 739

  influence of, 145, 336

  influence of French Enlightenment on, 320

  legal reforms proposed by, 320–2

  Beckford, William (1760–1844), author, 255

  on beggars of Portugal, 259

  Beckford, William (1709–70), Lord Mayor of London, 704, 809

  Bécu, Anne, 86

  Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of (1710–71), 62

  Bedouins, 411

  Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770–1827), 334, 528

  Goethe’s views on, 613

  Haydn and, 378–80

  Mozart compared with, 397–98

  Beggars Opera, The (Gay), 696

  Beiträge zur Optik (Goethe), 615–16

  Belgium, see Austrian Netherlands

  Belgrade, 415, 460

  Bélisaire (Marmontel), 106, 463

  Belisarius (505?–565), 804

  Belisarius (Goldoni), 242

  Bellamy, Georgeanne (1731?–88), 740

  Bellarmine, Robert, Cardinal (1542–1621), 177

  Bellmann, Karl Mikael (1740–95), 660–61

  Belluno, 229

  Belsunce, Émilie de (fl. 1796), 894

  Benda, Georg (1722–95), 342

  Bender, 460

  Benedict XIII (Pietro Francesco Orsini), Pope (r. 1724–30), 246, 260

  Benedict XIV (Prospero Lambertini), Pope (r. 1740–58), 225

  aid to Jews, 633

  death of, 264

  enlightened policies of, 246–47

  gentleness of, 319–20

  Portuguese Jesuits and, 263–64

  Benedictines, 294

  Benevento, 244, 317

  Bengal, 715–17

  Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), 320, 738–39

  on Blackstone, 737

  Voltaire’s influence on, 881

  Benucci, Francesco (fl. 1786), 404

  Berengar of Tours (998–1088), 513

  Berezovsky, Sozonovich (1745?–77), 425

  Berg, Baron Friedrich Reinhold von, 328

  Bergamo, 218, 228

  Bergen, battle of (1759), 54

  Bergman, Torbern Olof (1735–84), 612, 658

  Berkeley, George (1685–1753), 183, 531, 759, 764, 834

  Berlichingen, Gottfried (Götz) von (1480–1562), 561

  Berlin, 63, 500, 530

  architecture in, 524

  factories in, 501

  Jews in, 634

  population growth in, 501

  in Seven Years’ War, 49, 55, 60, 510

  Berlioz, Hector (1803–69), 627

  Bern, 643–44

  revolts in, 645

  Rousseau expelled from, 191, 206–7

  Bernacchi, Antonio (1685–1756), 222, 232

  Bernard, Abraham, cousin of Rousseau, 6

  Bernard, Gabriel, uncle of Rousseau, 6

  Bernard, Samuel, banker (1651–1739), 16

  Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Désirée, nee de Pellepou, 917

  Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Félicité, nee Didot, 917

  Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques-Henri (1737–1814), 883–84, 886, 889, 904, 916–17

  Bernhard, Isaac (fl. 1750), 638

  Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo (1598–1680), 235, 247

  Bernis, François-Joachim de Pierre, Cardinal de (1715–94), 41, 67, 317–18

  Bernstorff, Count Andreas Peter von (1735–97), 653

  Bernstorff, Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von (1712–72), 517, 652

  Berthollet, Claude-Louis (1748–1822), 939

  Besenval, Mme. de (fl. 1742), 16

  Besenval, Baron Pierre-Victor de (1722–91), 960, 962–63

  Bessarabia, 411

  Bessenyei, György (1747–1811), 351

  Besterman, Theodore, 138

  Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Alexei (1693–1766), 431–32, 442

  Betsky, Ivan (1704–95), 453, 466

  Bevilacqua, Palazzo, 245

  Beyer, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (d. 1806), 345

  Bibiena, Alessandro Galli da (1687–1769), 245

  Bibiena, Antonio Galli da (1700–44), 245

  Bibiena, Ferdinando Galli da (1657–1743), 245

  Bibiena, Francesco Galli da (1659–1739), 245

  Bibiena, Giuseppe Galli da (1696–1756), 245

  Biblioteca Ambrosiana, 219

  Biblioteca Magliabechiana, 219

  Bibliothek der Schönen Wissenschaften und der Freien Künste, 638

  Bijoux, Les (Diderot), 596

  Bilderdijk, Willem (1756–1831), 647

  Bill of Rights, American Constitution, 872

  “Bill of Rights” of 1689, English, 699

  Birmingham: growth of, 681

  iron industry in, 672

  theater in, 740

  Biron, Ernst Johann von, Duke of Kurland (1690–1722), 429–30

  Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98), 502

  Black, Joseph (1728–99), 674–75, 763–64, 932

  Black Hole of Calcutta (1756), 715

  Black Plague, 312

  Black Sea, 456–58, 483

  Blackstone, Sir William (1723–80), 832, 736–38

  on conversion of Protestants to Catholicism, 797

  on English political structure, 686–87

  Blagden, Sir Charles (1748–1820), 841

  Blair, Catherine (fl. 1768), 783

  Blair, Hugh (1718–1800), 767, 768, 776

  Blake, William (1757–1827), 658

  Blanchard, François (1753–1809), 932–33

  Blenheim Gardens, 748

  Blondel, Jacques-François (1705–74), 110

  Blot, Mme. de (fl. 1760), 193

  Bobrinsky, Alexis (b. 1762), 437

  Bocage, Manuel Maria Barbosa du (1765–1805), 270

  Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–75), 515

  Boceage, Marie-Anne Fiquet du, nee Le Page (1710–1802), 799

  Boccherini, Luigi (1743–1805), 292, 333, 377

  Bodmer, Johann Jakob (1698–1783), 566

  Boerhaave, Hermann (1668–1738), 647

  Boguslawski, Wojciecz (1760–1829), 486

  Bohemia, 354

  Austria and, 38, 341, 350, 358, 365–66

  culture in, 342

  early history of, 341–42

  Jews in, 631–32, 641

  metal industry in, 344

  population of, 342

  revolt of serfs in, 350

  Seven Years’ War in, 47–48

  Thirty Years’ War in, 342

  Böhme, Frau Hofrat, 524

  Böhmer, Charles, jeweler (fl. 1785), 941–43

  Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas (1636–1711), 136, 169, 201, 528, 889

  Boisgelin de Cucé, Raymond de (1732–1804), 126

  Boisguillebert, François de (1592–1662), 72

  Boismont, Nicolas Thyrel de (1715–86), 126

  Boissel, François (fl. 1789), 938

  Boissieu, Jean-Jacq
ues (1736–1810), 116*

  Boizot, Louis-Simon (1743–1809), 106

  Bokhara, Emir of (1740), 420

  bolero, 292

  Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount (1678–1751), 687

  Bologna, 244–45, 310

  Goethe in, 587

  ratio of priests to lay population in, 224

  university in, 219

  Bolton, machine-wrecking in, 679

  Bolzano, 229

  Bombay, 58

  Bonaparte, Joseph (1768–1844), 296, 334

  in Spain, 296–98

  Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I

  Boncerf, Pierre-François (1745–94), 929

  Bonnefax, Father (fl. 1789), 901

  Bonnot de Condillac, see Condillac

  Bonnot de Mably, see Mably

  Book of Lismore, The (compiled by James Magregor), 767

  Bordeaux, 107, 932–33

  Bordes, Professor (fl. 1740), 14, 23

  Bordeu, Théophile de (1722–76), 130

  Bordoni, Faustina (1693–1783), 223, 232

  Borovikovsky, Vladimir (1757–1825), 466

  Bortniansky, Dmitri Stephanovich (1751–1825), 426

  Boscawen, Mrs., 730

  Boscawen, Edward (1711–61), 57–58

  Bosch, Hieronymus (1450?–1516), 305

  Bosnia, 411

  Bosporus, 458

  Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne (1627–1704), 569, 796–97

  Boston, 710

  Boston Tea Party (1773), 711

  Boswell, Alexander, Laird of Auchinleck (d. 1782), 778, 784, 836

  Boswell, Euphemia, Lady Auchinleck, nee Erskine (d. 1766), 779, 783

  Boswell, James (1740–95), 214, 729–31, 744, 753–54, 763–64, 778–85, 828, 964

  bouts with venereal disease, 779–80, 782–83, 785

  on Burke, 692

  conversion to Catholicism, 779

  death of, 842

  death of wife, 842

  dependence on alcohol, 784–85, 842

  description of, 842

  on Dutch women, 647

  early life and education of, 779–80

  in Edinburgh, 783–85

  fame as “Corsican Boswell,” 784

  family background of, 778–79

  on Gibbon, 805

  on Goldsmith, 817

  his honesty about himself, 785

  on lack of religion in England, 734

  as Laird of Auchinleck, 841

  later years of, 841–42

  in London, 745, 779–80, 785, 841–42

  love affairs of, 647–48, 779–83, 785

  marries Margaret Montgomerie, 784

  meets English celebrities, 780

  on Neuchâtel, 191

  Paoli and, 782–83

  Rousseau and, 133, 152, 201–4, 210, 782–83

  on Soho factory, 675

  supports American Revolution, 833

  Thérèse Levasseur and, 202–4, 783

  on towns in Holland, 646

  travels abroad, 781–83

  Voltaire and, 133–34, 782

  Wilkes and, 703, 782

  JOHNSON AND, 837

  conversations and opinions, 785, 820, 826–35, 839