Rousseau and Revolution

  Goya, Eugracía Lucientes, 300

  Goya, José (Goya’s father), 300

  Goya y Lucientes, Camilo, 300

  Goya y Lucientes, Francisco José de (1746–1828), 227, 276, 298–99, 300–9

  caprichos of, 305

  as court painter, 302, 304

  deafness of, 303

  death of, 297, 309

  death of wife, 307

  as director of painting in Academy, 302, 304

  early life and personality of, 300

  growth of, 300–2

  Joseph Bonaparte and, 297

  later years of, 302, 308

  love affairs of, 302–3

  majas of, 291, 303–5

  marriage to Josefa Bayeu, 300

  nudes of, 305

  portraiture of, 305

  rationalism of, 306

  social views of, 306–8

  in Spanish war of liberation, 307–8

  war paintings of, 307–8

  Goya y Lucientes, Javier de (b. 1784), 304, 308

  Goya y Lucientes, Josefa, nee Bayeu, 300–3, 307

  Goya y Lucientes, Mariano de, 308–9

  Gozzi, Bettina, 322

  Gozzi, Carlo (1720–1806), 239, 242–43, 310–11

  Gozzi, Gasparo (1713–86), 242

  Gozzi, Padre (fl. 1740), 322

  Grabowska, Pani, 479

  Gradot café, 99

  Graff, Anton (1736–1813), 524

  ‘Graffigny, Françoise d’Issembourg d’Happoncourt de, 78

  Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3d Duke of (1735–1811), 731–32

  Junius’ attacks on, 705–6

  ministry of, (1760–70), 700, 703, 705–6; 710

  Graham, Mrs. (fl. 1777), 756

  “Grains” (Quesnay), 73

  Gramont, Béatrixe de Choiseul, Duchesse de (1731–94), 907

  Gran Consiglio (Great Council) of Venice, 229

  “Grandes Remontrances” of Paris parlement, 91

  Grand Trunk Canal, 672

  Granja, La (Palace of San Ildefonso), 297

  Grasse, Comte François-Joseph-Paul de (1722–1788), 117, 669, 871

  Grattan, Henry (1746–1820), 759, 760, 761–62

  Gravina, Gian Vincenzo (1664–1718), 240

  Gray, Thomas (1716–71), 228, 700, 741–42, 815, 887

  Chatterton’s poem and, 809

  death of, 795

  Samuel Johnson’s views on, 837

  Horace Walpole and, 792

  Graz, university at, 360

  Great Lakes, French control of, 57

  Great Rebellion of 1688, 735

  Greatness and Decadence of the Romans (Montesquieu), 254, 801

  Greco, El (1541?–1614), 227

  Greece, ancient, 21

  art of, 510

  Goethe’s admiration for, 593, 623–24

  influence of, 118

  poetry of, 599

  Winckelmann’s analysis of, 510

  Greece, modern, 411

  Turkish conquest of (1715), 415

  war of liberation (1821), 623

  Greek Orthodox Church, 452, 472, 475, 480

  Greeks, Byzantine, 312

  Greenland, 652

  Grégoire, Abbé Henri (1750–1831), 642

  Greiffenklau, Karl Philipp von, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg (fl. 1750), 239

  Grenoble, 849, 947–48

  Grenville, George (1712–70), 696

  ministry of, 700

  policies toward American colonies, 709–710

  Grétry, André-Ernest-Modeste (1741–1813), 883, 909–10

  Greuze, Gabrielle, nee Babuti (b. 1726), 112–13

  Greuze, Jean-Baptiste (1725–1805), 111–15 , 116–17, 120, 235, 888, 904, 911

  as Freemason, 939

  portrait of Gluck, 371

  sensuality of, 116

  Grimaldi, Marchese Geronimo de’ (1761), 282, 286, 325

  Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, later Baron von Grimm (1723–1807), 18, 27, 104, 108, 656, 882, 892–93, 908, 910

  on d’Alembert, 127

  attitude toward French music, 909

  on ancient monuments, 110

  becomes baron, 813

  Catherine II and, 447, 449, 452, 463, 466, 894

  death of, 894

  Diderot and, 34

  early life of, 33

  edits Correspondance littéraire, 34–35

  Mme. d’Épinay and, 35–37, 156–57, 159–61, 449

  on French music, 100

  friendship with monarchs, 897

  Mme. Geoffrin and, 120–21

  goes to Seven Years’ War, 36

  on inevitability of revolution in France, 95

  influence in Germany, 507

  later years of, 893–94

  on Lettre sur la musique français, 26

  Mozart and, 384–85, 390, 392

  personality of, 35

  on Prussia after Seven Years’ War, 63

  returns to Germany, 894

  Rousseau and, 3–4, 5*, 18, 23, 153, 159–62, 170, 201, 207–8, 212

  skepticism of, 893–94

  on Voltaire’s visit to Paris, 877

  Gros, Father (fl. 1729), 10

  Gross-Jägersdorf, battle of (1757), 432

  Gross-Jägersdorf, convention of, 48

  Grosskophta, Der (Goethe), 322*

  Grote, George (1794–1871), 739

  Grotius, Hugo (1583–1645), 171, 177, 251, 427

  Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (Kant), 540–41

  Guadagni, Gaetano (1725?–92), 369

  Guadalajara, 288

  Guadeloupe, 58, 62, 89, 935

  Guardi, Francesco (1712–93), 236, 332

  Guardi, Giovanni Antonio (1698–1760), 332

  Guarini, Giovanni Battista (1537–1612), 637

  Guarneri, Giuseppe Antonio “del Gesù” (1687?–1745), 221

  Guglielmi, Gregorio (1714–73), painter, 345

  Guglielmi, Pietro (1727–1804), composer, 333

  Guibert, Alexandrine-Louise Boutinonde de Courcelles, Comtesse de, 130, 131*

  Guibert, Comte Jacques-Antoine de (1743–90), 128–30, 131*, 892, 906, 908

  Guicciardini, Francesco (1483–1540), 766

  guilds: in Austria, 344, 356

  in England, 676–77

  in France, 72, 862, 932

  in Spain, 289

  Guilford, Francis North, 1st Earl of (1704–90), 701

  Guillard, Nicolas-François (fl. 1778), 372

  Guillemardet, Ferdinand, 305

  guillotine, 899

  Guines, Comte de, later Duc de (fl. 1776), 392, 864

  guitar, 417

  Guizot, François (1787–1874), 97*

  Guldberg, Ove Hoegh- (1731–1808), 653

  Gunpowder Plot (1605), 735

  Gustaf Adolf Adelmod (Gustavus III), 659

  Gustaf Adolf och Ebba Brahe (Gustavus III), 659

  Gustaf Vasa (Gustavus III), 659

  Gustavus I Vasa, King of Sweden (r. 1523–60), 655

  Gustavus II Adolphus, King of Sweden (r. 1611–32), 655

  Gustavus III, King of Sweden (r. 1771–92), 121, 655–66, 883, 897, 941, 964

  army mutiny against, 663

  assassination of, 665

  conflict with nobles, 663–64

  correspondence with Voltaire, 139

  coup against Riksdag, 657

  diplomacy of, 460

  early popularity of, 656

  fear of French Revolution, 662, 664

  Freemasons and, 938

  influence of French culture on, 655–56

  Jews protected by, 635

  later reactionary policies of, 662

  literary works of, 659

  loses confidence of people, 662

  marriage to Princess Sophia Magdalena, 655

  personality and education of, 655–56

  physiocrats and, 76

  reforms of, 657–58

  Swedish Enlightenment and, 658–60

  war against Russia and Denmark, 663–64


  Gustavus Adolphus, Prince of Stolberg-Gedern (fl. 1750), 339

  Gutenberg, Johann (1400?–68), 895

  Gyllenborg, Count Carl (1670–1746), 654

  Gyllenborg, Gustaf Fredrik (1731–1808), 660

  Gymnnasien, 352

  gypsies, 684

  Haarlem, 361

  Hadik, Andreas, Count Hadik von Futak (1710–1790), 49

  Haffner, Sigismund (fl. 1782), 398

  Hafiz (1320–89), Persian poet, 613–14

  Hague, The, 361

  haidamacks, 633

  Haidar Ali (1722–82), Maharajah of Mysore, 717

  Hainaut, 342

  hair styles, 99

  Haiti, 935

  Hales, Stephen (1677–1761), 671

  Halevy, Jehuda (1086?–1141?), 637

  Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, 2d Earl of (1716–71), 702–3

  Haller, Albrecht von (1708–77), 11, 169, 645

  Hamadan, battle of (1731), 418

  Hamann, Johann Georg (1730–88), 518–19, 567

  Hamburg: Freemasonry in, 507

  Jews in, 634

  opera in, 558

  Hamburgische Dramaturgie (Lessing), 511

  Hamilton, Emma, Lady, nee Lyon (1765–1815), 758

  Hamilton, Gavin (fl. 1785), 773

  Hamlet (Shakespeare), 511, 742, 842

  Hamond, Walter (fl. 1640), 31

  Hanbury-Williams, Sir Charles (1708–59), 436, 478

  Handel, George Frederick (1685–1759), 100, 222, 234, 256, 334, 368, 396, 517, 742

  Commemoration Concert (1784), 746

  Haydn on, 377

  Hanover, 653

  England and, 38

  French evacuation of, 53

  in League of Princes (1785), 362

  Seven Years’ War in, 46, 60

  Hanoverian dynasty, 699

  Hansard, Luke (1752–1828), 707

  Hapsburgs, Spanish, last of, 273

  Harewood House, 748

  Hargreaves, James (d. 1778), 673

  harim (harem), 413

  Harlequin (comic figure), 241

  Harmonies de la nature, Les (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre), 916

  Harrach, Count von (fl. 1792), 378

  Harsch, General (fl. 1758), 54

  Haschka, Leopold (fl. 1796), 379

  Hasenkampf, J. C. (fl. 1774), 564

  Hasidism, 636

  Haskalah movement, 641–42

  Hasse, Johann Adolf (1699–1783), 220, 240, 386

  Mozart’s rivalry with, 387

  Hastenbeck, battle of (1757), 48

  Hastings, Warren (1732–1818), 59, 696, 716–18, 943

  exploitation of India, 717–18

  trial of, 719–21, 805

  Hats (Swedish party), 654, 657

  Haugwitz, Count Ludwig (fl. 1753–80), 374

  domestic policies of, 344

  Hauptschulen, 352

  Haüy, Valentin (1745–1822), 905

  Havana, 62

  Havre, Le, 944

  Hawkins, Sir John (1719–89), 827–28, 840

  Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804–64), 889

  Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732–1809), 100, 227, 341, 373–81, 526, 964

  Beethoven and, 378–80

  contribution to music, 380, 528

  death of, 380

  early life and education of, 373

  in England, 377–78, 746

  with Esterházy family, 375–77, 379

  in Kantorei, 374

  marriage, 375

  in Melk, 374

  Mozart and, 376–78, 397

  as music teacher, 373

  Napoleon and, 380

  personality of, 374

  operas of, 376, 379–80

  oratorios of, 377

  religiosity of, 380–81

  social context of music, 381

  string quartets of, 374, 380

  symphonies of, 376–78, 380–81

  in Vienna, 374–77

  writes Schöpfung oratorio, 379

  Haydn, Johann Michael (1737–1806), 374, 385

  Haydn, Maria Anna, 375

  Heathfield, George Augustus Eliott, Baron (1717–90), 752

  Heaven and Its Wonders and Hell (Swedenborg), 658

  Hébert, Jacques-René (1757–94), 890

  Hebrews, 578; see also Jews

  Hebrides: Johnson-Boswell tour of, 785, 835–38, 840

  Macpherson’s tour of, 767

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 331, 551, 618

  Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), 543, 880

  Heinse, Wilhelm (1749–1803), 522

  Hell-Fire Club, 702

  Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821–94), 618

  Helvetic Republic, proclaimed (1798), 645; see also Switzerland

  Helvetische Gesellschaft, 643

  Helvétius, Anne-Catherine, nee de Ligniville d’Autricourt (1719–1800), 869, 915

  Helvétius, Claude-Adrien (1715–71), 31, 73, 105, 119, 162, 219, 220, 280, 294, 324, 501, 641, 769

  atheism of, 183

  death of, 892

  equalitarianism of, 141

  ethics of, 739

  Franklin and, 870

  French Revolution and, 84, 940

  Gibbon and, 799

  on Index Expurgatorius, 316

  influence of, 230, 320

  opposition to monarchy, 897

  as tax farmer, 936

  Hénault, Charles-Jean-François (1685–1770), 123, 125

  Henriade (Voltaire), 10, 149, 528, 629, 655

  Henry, Patrick (1736–99), 709

  Henry II, King of France (r. 1547–99), 942

  Henry IV, King of France (r. 1589–1610), 142, 462

  Henry VI, King of England (r. 1422–61, 1470–71), 698

  Henry VIII, King of England (r. 1509–47), 266, 360

  Henry of Prussia, Prince (1726–1802), 54–56, 59, 483

  attitude toward Frederick II, 495

  in battle of Freiberg, 61

  on Louis XVI, 856

  Henry the Navigator, Prince (1394–1460), 142

  Hepplewhite, George (d. 1786), 748

  Herat, 417–18, 421

  Herbert, Lord, 753

  Herculaneum, excavations at, 110, 248, 910

  Herder, Caroline, nee Flachsland (1750–1809), 568–69, 577

  Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744–1803), 503, 506–7, 567–69, 577–80, 589, 628, 639, 641, 645, 815

  death of, 580

  description of Kant, 532

  early life of, 567

  Enlightenment and, 567, 569

  esthetic theories of, 567–68

  Frankfurter gelehrte Anzeigen and, 52

  as Freemason, 507

  on Gluck, 373

  goes to Weimar, 569

  Goethe and, 559, 561–62, 568–69, 577, 580, 591, 600, 608, 613

  hatred of Prussia, 530

  historical theories of, 578–80

  historical writings of, 569

  Kant and, 549, 567

  marriage of, 569

  in Ossian controversy, 768

  philosophical views of, 580

  responsibilities at Weimar, 577

  Rousseau’s influence on, 518, 889

  Sturm und Drang and, 522, 569

  views on religion, 578–79

  visit to Italy, 579–80

  welcomes French Revolution, 590

  Winckelmann’s influence on, 331

  writings on literature, 567

  Hermann und Dorothea (Goethe), 601, 627

  Hermitage, Catherine II’s, 468

  Hermitage, L’, Rousseau’s stay at, see Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, AT HERMITAGE

  Hero of Alexandria (fl. A.D. 200), 673

  Heroic Life of St. Anne (Malagrida), 267

  Herschel, Sir William (1738–1822), 791

  Hertford, Lady, 729

  Hervey, Carr, Lord (1691–1723), 792

  Hervey, Frederick Augustus (1730–1803), bishop of Derry, 761

  Hervey, John, Baron Hervey of Ickworth (1696–
1743), 792

  Hervey, Mary, Lady, nee Lepell (1700–68), 792

  Herz, Henrietta, nee de Lemos (1764–1847), 640–41

  Herz, Marcus (1747–1803), 640–41

  Herzlieb, Wilhelmine (1789–1865), 611–12

  Hesketh, Harriet, Lady, nee Cowper (1733–1807), 813

  Hesse, Andreas von (fl. 1770), 568

  Hesse-Cassel: in League of Princes (1785), 362

  mercenary troops of, 504

  Hesse-Cassel, Landgrave of (r. 1760–85), see Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel

  Hesse-Darmstadt, Prince [Ludwig] of (fl. 1773), 34, 449

  hidalgos, 274

  “Highland Mary” (Burns), 775

  Hildebrandt, Johann Lukas von (1668–1745), 341

  Hirsch, Abraham (fl. 1750), 509, 630

  Histoire de Jenni (Voltaire), 138

  Histoire de Juliette (Sade), 904

  Histoire de la guerre de Sept Ans (Frederick II), 529

  Histoire de la Russie sous Pierre le Grand (Voltaire), 137, 432

  Histoire du Parlement de Paris (Voltaire), 92–93

  Histoire générale (Voltaire), see Essai sur les moeurs

  Histoire philosophique des deux Indes (Raynal), 902

  Historia del famoso predicador Fray Gerundio (Isla), 295

  Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard III (Walpole), 794

  historiography: in England, 795–808, 815

  in Germany, 578–80

  in Scotland, 765–66

  History of Agathon, The (Wieland), 553–55

  History of Ancient Art (Winckelmann), 110, 329, 332, 588

  History of Animated Nature (Goldsmith), 815

  History of Denmark, A (Holberg), 650

  History of England (Hume), 766

  History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, The (Johnson), 819, 825–26, 829

  History of Rome (Niebuhr), 253

  History of Russia (Tatishchev), 427

  History of Scotland during the Reigns of Queen Mary and of James VI (Robertson), 766

  History of the Jews, A (Holberg), 650

  History of the Protestant Variations (Bossuet), 797

  History of the Rebellion (Clarendon), 856

  History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V (Hume), 766

  History of the Religion of the Jews (Basnage), 641

  History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great (Voltaire), see Histoire de la Russie sous Pierre le Grand

  History of the Thirty Years’ War (Schiller), see Geschichte des Dreissigjährigen Krieges

  Hobbema, Meindert (1638–1709), 647

  Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 172, 280, 294

  Hochkirch, battle of (1758), 54

  Hofdemel, Franz (fl. 1789), 405

  Hofer, Franz (fl. 1770), 407–8

  Hoffmeister, music publisher, 402

  Hogarth, William (1697–1764), 524, 724

  Hogland, battle of (1788), 663

  Hohenberg, Johann Friedrich von (1732–1816), 345

  Hohenzollerns, rising power of, 63

  Holbach, Baron Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’ (1723–1789), 104, 118, 168, 220, 496, 572, 618–19, 641, 893