Rousseau and Revolution

  Potocki, Antoni (fl. 1744), 475

  Potocki, Count Stanislas Felix (1752–1805), 473, 488, 490

  Potsdam, 523–24

  Potter, John (d. 1747), Archbishop of Canterbury, 703

  Potter, Thomas (d. 1759), 703

  Pottle, Frederick A., 779*

  Poussin, Gaspard (Gaspard Dughet; 1613–75), 248

  Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665), 327, 466, 750

  power looms, 673

  Pozzuoli, 327

  Prado (Madrid), 289, 290

  Praga, 490, 492

  Prague, 641

  culture in, 342

  siege of (1757), 47

  university at, 360

  Praslin, César-Gabriel de Choiseul, Duc de (1712–85), 88, 447

  Pratt, Sir Charles (1714–94), 703

  Prayers and Meditations (Johnson), 734

  Précis du siècle de Louis XV (Voltaire), 137

  Précis sur M. Rousseau (La Tour), 214

  Preobrazhensky Regiment, 440

  Pre-Raphaelites, 888

  Presbyterians, 735, 760, 763

  press, freedom of: in England, 706–7

  French Revolution and, 940

  Goethe’s opposition to, 623

  Voltaire’s support for, 146

  see also censorship

  Pressburg, 360

  Prete Rosso, Ii, see Vivaldi

  Preveza, 229

  Prévost, Abbé (Antoine-François Prévost d’Exiles; 1697–1763), 119, 169, 842, 887

  Price, Richard (1723–91), 722–23

  Priestley, Joseph (1733–1804), 734

  ethics of, 739

  on Paris, 933

  Prince Khlor (Catherine II), 463, 464

  Princesse de Babylone, La (Voltaire), 136

  Princesse de Clèves, La (La Fayette), 169

  Principi di una scienza nuova … (Vico), 251, 254

  Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (Paley), 735

  printing press, 266

  prisons: in England, 737–38

  in France, 867

  in Holland, 738

  in Rome, 245

  Pritchard, Hannah, nee Vaughn (1711–68), 740

  Privy Council of Weimar, 581, 589

  Procope (café), 99

  Profession de foi d’un théiste (Voltaire), 136

  Profession de foi en musique française (Arnaud), 372

  progressive education, 888

  Projet concernant de nouveaux signes pour la notation musicale (Rousseau), 15

  Projet de constitution pour la Corse (Rousseau), 204–5

  Prokofiev, Sergei (1891–1953), 243*

  Prolegomena to Every Future Metaphysic That Will Be Able to Appear as Science (Kant), 539–40

  Prolegomena to Homer (Wolf), 253

  proletariat: in France, 933–34

  in Naples, 249

  Rousseau’s opinion of, 173

  in Spain, 274

  Voltaire’s opinion of, 174; see also workers

  Prometheus (Goethe), 620

  property: French Revolution and, 937–38

  Rousseau’s views on, 29–30, 32–34, 174

  Voltaire’s views on, 141; see also communist theories

  Propriété, c’est le vol, La (Proudhon), 938

  Prospectus d’un tableau historique des progrès de l’esprit humain (Condorcet), 895–97

  prostitution: in Austria, 344

  in England, 731–32, 744–45

  in France, 98, 903

  in Italy, 218, 225, 230

  Romantic Movement and, 888

  in Scotland, 763

  Protestant Association, 735

  Protestantism: in Austria, 343, 352, 357

  in England, 142

  in France, 91, 857, 950

  in Germany, 64, 142, 502

  Goethe’s views on, 620

  in Holland, 142, 646

  in Ireland, 759–62

  in Moravia, 353

  in Poland, 472, 475, 480

  Rousseau and, 5–6 26–27, 184–85

  in Scotland, 763

  in Spain, 285

  territory held by, 316

  Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1809–65), 174, 938

  Provence, 954

  Provence, Comte de, see Louis XVIII

  Prussia, 356, 364

  acquisition of Bayreuth and Ansbach, 354

  agriculture in, 500–1

  alliance with England (1756), 432

  alliance with Turkey (1790), 363

  army of, 43, 62, 497, 500, 686

  censorship abolished in 547

  clergy and religion in, 499

  conscription in, 62

  despotism in, 530, 848

  economy of, 43, 500–1

  education in, 500

  espionage system of, 43

  feudalism in, 43, 500–1

  fragmentation of, 43

  Jews in, 499

  in League of Armed Neutrality (1780), 457

  in League of Princes (1785), 362

  legal reform in, 500

  in Napoleonic wars, 530, 606

  Poland and, 474, 479–84, 487–88, 490–92

  population of, 43, 63

  reign of Frederick the Great, see Frederick II the Great;

  religious tolerance in, 499, 540

  Revolutionary France and, 488

  Russia and, 460–61, 484

  in Seven Years’ War, see Frederick II the Great, IN SEVEN YEARS’ WAR;

  state monopolies in, 501

  social classes in, 497, 500–1

  Sweden and, 653–54, 663

  taxation in, 500–1

  territorial acquisitions of, 653

  torture abolished in, 321

  West, 484

  Prynne, William (1600–69), 163

  Public Advertiser, The, 705–6, 786

  Public Ledger, The, 786, 814

  public libraries, 914; see also libraries

  public sanitation, 728

  Puccini, Giacomo (1858–1924), 243*

  Puchberg, Michael (fl. 1788), 405–6

  Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632–94), 171, 177

  Pugachev, Emelyan Ivanovich (1726–75), 455, 464, 469

  Pugnani, Gaetano (1731–98), 332–33

  Pulaski, Casimir (1748?–79), 481

  Pulaski, Józef (fl. 1750), 481

  Pulcinello (comic figure), 241

  Pulteney, William, Earl of Bath (1684–1764), 698

  Punch, 241

  Puritans (Independents), 735, 760

  Pushkin, Alexander Sergeevich (1799–1837), 427, 464

  Pyrrhonisme de l’histoire, Le (Voltaire), 136

  Pythagoras, 254

  quadrille, 292

  Quadruple Alliance (1718), 278

  Quakers, 684, 733, 834

  Qualtenburg, Franz Kressel von (1720–1801), 355

  Quantz, Johann Joachim (1697–1773), 234

  Quarenghi, Giacomo (1744–1817), 468

  quartet, 528

  Quebec, English conquest of, 58

  Quesnay, François (1694–1774), 72, 78, 769, aid to Mirabeau père, 74

  death of, 77

  devotion of disciples to, 74

  Genovesi and, 251

  influence on Adam Smith, 769

  personality of, 76

  practical program of, 76

  theories of, 73–74, 250

  Qu’est-ce que le Tiers-état? (Sieyès), 915, 954–55

  Quiberon Bay, battle of (1759), 57

  Quinault, Philippe (1635–88), 371

  Rabelais, François (1495–1553), 788

  Rachmaninov (Russian translator of Voltaire), 463

  Racine, Jean-Baptiste (1639–99), 103–4, 136, 169, 427, 511, 528, 588, 661, 889

  Råd, Swedish, 654

  Radcliffe, Ann, nee Ward (1764–1823), 691

  Radishchev, Alexander Nikolaevich (1749–1802), 465-66, 469

  Radziwill, Helen, 479

  Radziwill, Prince Karol (1734–90), 473

  Raeburn, Sir Henry (1756–
1823), 762, 765

  Raison par alphabet, La (Voltaire), 138

  Rambler, The (Johnson), 786, 822, 825

  Rameau, Jean-Philippe (1683–1764), 18, 368, 372, 909

  Ramírez, Juan (fl. 1760), 300

  Ramsay, Allan (1686–1758), poet, 765

  Ramsay, Allan (1713–84), painter, 699, 729, 765

  Ranc, Jean 298

  Rançon, M. (fl. 1757), 86

  Ranelagh, 744

  Ranke, Leopold von (1795–1886), on Pope Innocent III, 245–46

  Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio; 1483–1520), 248, 327, 466, 751

  Raskolniki, religious dissenters, 452

  Rasmus Montanus (Holberg), 650

  Raspe, Rudolph Erich (1737–94), 534, 568

  Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, History of (Johnson), 819, 825–26, 829

  Rastrelli, Bartolomeo (1700–71), 426

  Rastrelli, Carlo Bartolomeo (d. 1744), 426

  Räuber, Die (Schiller), 521, 570–71, 589

  Rauch, Father (fl. 1755), 327

  Rautenstrauch, Franz, 343

  Ravenna, 244

  Ravensburg, 48

  Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas-François (1713–96), 34, 108, 220, 280, 361, 798, 901, 908

  American Revolution and, 867

  clerical attacks on, 902

  death of 893

  later life of, 893

  at Mme. Geoffrin’s salon, 120

  Razumovsky, Alexis (fl. 1742), 431

  Razumovsky, Kirill, 439

  Real Academia Española, 280

  Réaumur, René-Antoine Ferchault de (1683–1757), 501

  Récamier, Jeanne-Françoise, nee Bernard (1777–1849), 118

  Recherches philosophiques sur le droit de propriété (Brissot de Warville), 938

  Recueil d’antiquités égyptiennes, étrusques, grecques, romaines, et gauloises (Caylus), 110, 749

  Redemptionists, 225

  Reflections (Pinto), 630

  Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 690, 722–23, 806

  Réflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses (Turgot), 79

  Reform Bill (1832; England), 739

  Reformation, 504, 620

  regaliste faction, 317

  Regulated Company, 732

  Reichstag of Holy Roman Empire, 502

  Reid, Thomas (1710–96), 763, 764–65

  Reimarus, Elise (fl. 1768), 512

  Reimarus, Hermann Samuel (1694–1768), 512–514, 578

  Reims: factories in, 932

  poverty in, 933

  riots in, 934

  statues in, 107

  stores in, 936

  Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (1758–1823), 539, 551, 594

  Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone (Kant), 531, 545

  religious toleration: in Austria, 348, 351–52, 357, 641–42

  in Austrian Netherlands, 361

  in Holland, 646–47

  in France, 863, 902

  French Revolution and, 642

  Jews and, see Jews;

  in Poland, 481, 487

  in Prussia, 499, 540

  Rousseau demands, 175–76

  in Russia, 438, 451–52

  in Sweden, 657

  Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (Percy), 518, 568, 676, 809

  Remarks upon the Architecture of the Ancients (Winckelmann), 328

  Rembrandt Harmensj von Rijn (1606–69), 466

  Remigius Franyó (fl. 1788), 363

  Renan, Joseph-Ernest (1823–92), 880

  Rennes, 107

  Parlement of, 92–93, 849, 947

  Renoir, Pierre-Auguste (1841–1919), 235

  Re pastore (Mozart), 389

  Repnin, Nikolai Vasilievich (1734–1801), 480, 481–82

  Reprimand to the Queen, A, 853

  Requiem, Mozart’s, 370, 380, 408

  Rerum italicarum scriptores (Muratori), 244

  Restif de La Bretonne, Nicolas-Edme (1734–1806), 918–19

  descriptions of Paris, 908

  on reading by workers, 914

  Re Teodoro (Paisiello), 334

  Re Turandote (Weber, Busoni, and Puccini), 243*

  Reutter, Georg (1656–1738), 374

  Réveillon factory riot, 956

  Rêveries d’un promeneur solitaire, Les (Rousseau), 23–24, 26, 171, 206, 886, 887

  Rey, Marc-Michel (fl. 1770), 178

  Reynolds, Frances (1729–1807), 745, 751

  Reynolds, Richard (fl. 1763), 671

  Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723–92), 238, 645, 699, 720, 728–29, 740, 750, 751 -54, 772, 789, 812, 828, 839

  description of Boswell by, 842

  in “the Club,” 827

  on development of artist, 754

  early life of, 751

  earnings of, 753

  esthetic theories of, 754

  fame of, 753–54, 756

  Gainsborough and, 756–57

  Goldsmith and, 816–17

  illness and death of, 754–55

  Samuel Johnson and, 840–41

  paean to Michelangelo, 754

  paintings of women and children of, 752–53

  president of Royal Academy of Arts, 754

  scope of portraiture of, 751–53

  studies in Italy, 751

  Ricardo, David (1772–1823), 739

  Ricci, Father, 283

  Ricci, Lorenzo (1703–75), 267, 317–18

  arrest and death of, 318

  Ricci, Marco (1676–1729), 235

  Ricci, Scipione de (1741–1810), bishop of Pistoia, 313–14

  Ricci, Sebastiano (1660–1734), 235

  Ricci, Teodora, 243

  Richard III (Shakespeare), 741–42

  Richardson, Jonathan (1665–1745), 751

  Richardson, Samuel (1689–1761), 136, 167, 169, 509, 518, 563, 661, 790, 793, 814, 825, 842, 887

  Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis de, Cardinal (1585–1642), 268, 344

  Richelieu, Louis-François-Armand de Vignerot de Plessis, Maréchal Duc de (1696–1788), 42–43, 53, 87, 89, 133, 879

  Richelieu, Marie-Élizabeth-Sophie de Guise, Duchesse de (d. 1740), 98

  Richmond, Charles Lennox, 3d Duke of (1735–1806), 713

  Richmond, Mary Bruce, Duchess of, 752

  Richter, Jean Paul (1763–1825), 611

  Riddarhus, Swedish, 654

  Riddell, Maria (fl. 1793), 778

  Ridolfo, Palazzo, 228

  Riesener, Jean-Henri (1734–1806), 107, 523, 910–11

  Riga, 423

  Righini, Vincente (1756–1812), 404

  Rights of Man, The (Paine), 340, 725

  Riksdag, Swedish, 654–57, 662, 664

  Rimnik, battle of (1789), 460

  Rimsky-Korsakov, Ivan (fl. 1778), 444, 446

  Rinaldi, Antonio (1709–90), 468

  Rinaldo di Capua (c.1710–c.1780), 254

  riots: in England, 735–36

  in France, 98, 934, 946, 956, 961

  Risorgimento and Alfieri, 340

  Rivals, The (Sheridan), 695

  Riza Kuli (fl. 1740), son of Nadir, 419–20

  Robbers, The (Schiller), see Räuber, Die

  Robert, Hubert (1733–1808), 111, 117, 120, 248

  Robertson, William (1721–93), 594, 762–64, 766, 767, 733, 800, 835

  Robespierre, Maximilien de (1758–94), 915

  in Club Breton, 939

  rejects philosophes, 880, 890

  Rousseau’s influence on, 890

  in States General, 957

  Robinson, Mary (Perdita), nee Darby (1758–1800), 740

  Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 182

  Robison, Sir James (fl. 1758), 674

  Rochambeau, J.-B.-Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de (1725–1807), 871, 872

  Rochelle, La, 944

  Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of (1730–82), 691, 700, 789

  ministries of, 700, 703, 710, 714, 761

  Rodney, George Brydges, Admiral (1719–92), 669

  Rodríguez, Ventura (1754), 297


  Roebuck, John (1718–94), 675

  Roentgen, David (1743–1807), 523, 911

  Roguin, Daniel (fl. 1760), 190, 882

  Rohan, Cardinal Prince Louis-René-Édouard de (1734–1803), 322, 942–43

  Rohikhand war, 717, 719

  Roland, Jeanne-Manon, nee Phlipon (1754–93), 937

  Roland (Gluck), 371

  Roland (Piccini), 371

  Roland (Quinault), 371

  Rolf Krage (Ewald), 651

  Rollin, Charles (1661–1741), 179

  Roman Elegies (Goethe), 598

  Romania, see Wallachia

  Romanina, La, see Bulgaretti, Marianna

  Romans, Mlle, de (fl. 1761), 68

  romantic love, 888

  Romantic movement, 768

  Alfieri and, 340

  definition of, 887

  in England, 809, 813

  in France, 3, 128, 157, 887

  in Germany, 508, 517–20

  Goethe on, 588

  influence of Middle Ages on, 809

  Kant and, 531, 551

  letters of Julie de Lespinasse and, 128

  in music, 399

  Rousseau and, 3, 157, 887

  spread of, 170, 888–89

  Rome, ancient, 21, 690

  influence of, 118, 315

  philosophes and, 898

  Rome, modern, 244–49, 256 , 310

  architecture in, 247

  cosmopolitanism of, 314–15

  cultural stagnation of, 247

  Freemasons in, 220

  Goethe in, 587–88

  Jews in, 631, 642

  population of, 245

  prison reforms in, 245

  prostitution in, 218

  ratio of priests to lay population, 224

  theaters in, 220

  university in, 219

  Winckelmann in, 327–28

  Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 740

  Romero, bullfighter, 291

  Romische Elegien (Goethe), 590

  Romney, George (1734–1802), 740, 757–58

  Rosciad, The (Churchill), 808

  Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of (1847–1929), 772

  Rosicrucians, 324, 465

  Rossbach, battle of (1757), 50, 67

  Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio (1792–1868), 245, 920

  Barber of Seville libretto and, 334

  on Mozart’s Don Giovani, 404

  Rothschild, Meyer Amschel (1743–1812), 634

  Rotrou, Jean de (1609–50), 109

  rotten boroughs, 685

  Rotterdam, 361

  Rouelle, Guillaume-François (1695–1762), 813

  Rouen: bread riots in, 934

  unemployment in, 935

  Parlement in, 849, 947

  Rousseau, Mme. (foster mother of d’Alembert), 126

  Rousseau, Isaac (father of Jean-Jacques), 5

  Rousseau, Jacques (1733–1801), 910

  Rousseau, Jeanette (fl. 1748), 918

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–78), 3–37, 99, 104, 113, 128, 136, 152–70, 280, 286, 336–37, 353, 465, 478, 485, 496, 532, 545, 559, 563, 636, 641, 643, 656, 661, 690, 725, 790, 808, 845, 852, 857, 881–92, 895, 910, 916, 919, 952, 964