Rousseau and Revolution

  influence of, 521

  Soubise, Charles de Rohan, Prince de (1715–87), 48–49, 53, 67

  extravagance of, 84

  tactics of, 50

  Soufflot, Jacques-Germain (1713–80), 110 , 120

  South Africa, 646

  South Carolina, 708

  Southey, Robert (1774–1843), 631

  South Sea “Bubble,” 796

  South Sea Company, 279

  Souvré, General, 95

  Spa, 342, 361

  Spain, 273–309

  agriculture in, 273–74, 287–88

  Alberoni’s reforms, 277

  alliance against England (1779), 871

  ambitions in Italy, 277–78

  American colonies of, 273, 288, 871

  American Revolution and, 290, 713

  architecture in, 297

  art in, 285–86, 297–309

  Austria and, 277–78

  Austrian Netherlands and, 45

  Catholic Church in, 246, 274–76, 279, 281, 283–85, 290, 292–95, 302, 306, 317

  censorship in, 285

  concordat with papacy, 246, 279

  conflict with papacy, 318

  drama in, 296

  dress in, 291

  dynastic conflicts in, 273

  education in, 275–76, 287, 293–94

  England and, 273, 277–78, 290, 669, 713, 761

  Enlightenment in, 280–81

  expulsion from Florida, 709

  expulsion of Jesuits from, 281, 283–85, 293, 317

  Farinelli in, 223, 279, 292

  Florence and, 228

  Florida returned to (1783), 714

  France and, 277–78, 280, 293, 296–98, 306–7

  geography of, 273

  Gibraltar and, 290

  guilds in, 289

  individualism in, 293

  industries, commerce, and natural resources of, 273–74, 286–89

  Inquisition in, 275–76, 279, 280, 292, 294–95, 302, 306

  intellectual activity in, 293–97

  Italian opera in, 224, 292

  Italy and, 217, 226

  Jesuits in, 275, 281, 283–85, 293, 317

  Jews in, 275–76, 285, 287, 630–31

  Joseph Bonaparte in, 296–98, 306–7

  land reform in, 287–88

  Liberals in, 306

  literature in, 295–96

  Milan and, 226

  Minorca returned to (1783), 714

  morality and marriage in, 290–91

  Moslems in, 283, 285

  music and dancing in, 224, 291–92

  Naples and, 217, 228, 250, 273, 277–78, 315

  national character of, 290–92

  Peace of Versailles (1783) and, 290

  population of, 273

  Portugal and, 262–63, 268

  Protestants in, 285

  reign of Charles III,. 281–90, 291

  reign of Charles IV, 302–4, 306

  reign of Ferdinand VI, 279–81

  reign of Ferdinand VII, 306–7

  reign of Philip V, 276–79

  religious orders in, 294, 295

  Scarlatti in, 257, 279, 292

  in Seven Years’ War, 60, 62, 290

  social classes in, 274, 280, 289–90

  taxation in, 288

  Treaty of Versailles (1756) and, 42

  Turkey and, 288

  war against Moors in, 283

  war against papacy (1768) in, 317

  war of liberation in, 296, 306–7; see also Spanish Succession, War of the

  Spanish Academy, 295

  Spanish America, 273, 288, 871

  Spanish Armada, 842

  Spanish Hapsburgs, 273

  Spanish Netherlands, 273

  Spanish Succession, War of the (1702–13), 42, 273, 297, 630, 646, 669

  Sparta, 21, 253

  influence on Rousseau, 177

  philosophes and, 898

  Spectator, 320

  Spencer, Lord Robert, 753

  spinning jenny, 673

  spinning wheel, 673

  Spinoza, Baruch (1632–77), 510, 557, 562, 565, 578, 619

  anti-rationalist reaction to, 519

  Lessing’s views on, 516

  Moses Mendelssohn adheres to, 638

  Spirit of Laws, The (Montesquieu), 320, 797, 808

  Catherine II on, 435

  Sprecher (commander of Breslau), 52

  Sprüche in Prosa (Goethe), 618

  Squillaci, Marchese de’ (fl. 1761), 282

  Stackelberg, Count Otto von (fl. 1764), 479

  Stadion, Count Johann Philipp von (1763–1824), 553

  Staël, Germaine de, nee Necker, Baronne de Staël-Holstein (1766–1817), 103, 118, 188, 506, 644, 647, 891, 908, 961

  on Austria, 345

  on culture in Weimar, 553

  death of, 908

  early life of, 908

  Gibbón and, 802

  on Guibert, 128

  on La Nouvelle Héloïse, 170

  on morality of German courts, 504

  on Rousseau, 887

  salon of, 908

  on Schiller, 604

  Staffordshire, potteries in, 749

  Stamitz, Johann (1717–57), 221, 380–81

  Stamp Act (1765), 700–1, 709–10, 868

  Stanislas I Leszczyński, King of Poland (r. 1704–9, 1733–35), ruler of Lorraine and Bar (r. 1737–66), 23, 24, 34, 86, 430, 475–76.

  Stanislas II Augustus (Stanislas Poniatowski), King of Poland (r. 1764–95), 120, 473, 477–90

  aid from Russia, 478–81, 483–84

  appearance and personality of, 477–78, 489–92

  attempts to strengthen monarchy, 476, 480

  Catherine II and, 436–37, 460, 478–81, 487, 489

  Confederation of Bar and, 482–83

  conflict with Russians, 488–89

  correspondence with Voltaire, 139

  death of, 492

  difficulties with nobility, 479

  early life of, 477–78

  election to kingship, 477

  final dismemberment and, 491–92

  first partition of Poland and, 484

  foils Frederick II’s partition plan, 479–81

  Mme. Geoffrin and, 121, 477–78

  intellectual interest of, 478–79

  literature and, 485–86

  love affairs of, 479

  promotes Enlightenment in Poland, 485

  second partition and, 488–91

  succession to, 487

  Starhemberg, Count Georg Adam von (fl. 1753), 41–42

  Starov, Ivan (1743–1808), 469

  State of Prisons in England and Wales, … and an Account of Some Foreign Prisons (Howard), 738

  States-General, French (1789), 84, 938

  cahiers of, 950–51

  conflict between classes in, 957–61

  conflicts with King, 958–61

  declares itself National Assembly, 958

  demands for, 945–47

  disputes over organization of, 949

  early demands of, 92

  electoral arrangements for, 949–51

  as feudal institution, 946

  national hopes for, 951

  number of deputies in, 956

  opening of (1789), 956

  summoning of (1788), 948

  Statute of Popular Schools (1786), Russian, 453

  steam engines, 70, 673–76, 932

  Steele, Sir Richard (1672–1729), 732

  Steevens, George (1736–1800), 830

  Stein, Charlotte von, nee von Schardt (1742–1827), 521, 588, 589, 590, 600, 603

  appearance of, 582

  death of, 626

  in Goethe’s Tasso, 584–85

  love affair with Goethe, 582–84, 586

  Schiller and, 591

  Stein, Fritz von (b. 1773), 583, 588

  Stein, Johann Andreas (1728–92), 390

  Stein, Baron Josias Gottlob von (1735–93), 582–83

  Sterne, Elizabet
h, nee Lumley, 787, 789

  Sterne, Laurence (1713–68), 465, 750, 787–90, 791, 793, 842

  death of, 790; Diderot and, 789

  domestic difficulties of, 787

  early life and education of, 787

  Elizabeth Draper and, 789–90

  influence of, 518

  love affairs of, 787, 789–90

  success as author, 789

  tour of France, 789

  writes Sentimental Journey, 789–90

  writes Tristram Shandy, 787–89

  Sterne, Lydia, 787

  Sterne, Richard (1596?–1683), Archbishop of York, 787

  Stillingfleet, Benjamin (1702–71), 730

  Stock, Dorothea (1760–1832), 572–73

  Stock, Minna (1762–1843), 572–73

  Stockholm, Treaties of (1719–20), 653

  Stockholmsposten, 661–62

  Stoke-on-Trent, 749

  Stolberg, Count Christian zu (1748–1821), 566

  on Weimar court, 552

  Stolberg, Count Friedrich Leopold zu (1750–1819), 566

  Stormont, David Murray, Lord (1728?–83), 730

  Stosch, Baron Philipp von (1690–1757), 328

  Stradivari, Antonio (1644?–1737), 221

  Strahan, William (1715–85), 212, 786, 800

  Stratford-on-Avon, 743

  Stravaganze del conte (Cimarosa), 334

  Strawberry Hill at Twickenham, 747, 793, 795, 809

  Streicher, Andreas, 571–72

  Streit der Fakultäten, Der (Kant), 547

  strikes, labor, 933–34

  Strinasacchi, Regina (1764-C.1823), 396–97

  Struensee, Johann Friedrich (1737–72), 652–53

  Stuart, Charles Edward, Count of Albany, the Young Pretender (1720–88), 51, 53, 137, 635

  marriage and death of, 339

  Stuart, James Francis Edward (“James III”), the Old Pretender (1688–1766), 247

  Stuart dynasty and Tories, 699

  Study of Works of Art, The (Winckelmann), 328

  Sturm und Drang (Klinger), 521–22

  Sturm und Drang movement, 63, 345, 388, 511, 520–22, 661

  aims of, 520, 522

  Goethe and, 560–61

  Herder and, 569

  Kant’s influence on, 551

  Schiller and, 570–71, 593

  social concepts of, 522

  Wieland and, 576

  Styria, 341, 358

  Suard, Jean-Baptiste (1733–1817), 131, 214, 894

  Suard, Mme., nee Panckoucke (1750–1830), 873, 894

  Suárez, Francisco (1548–1617), 177

  Subterranean Journey of Niels Klim (Holberg), 650–51

  Sudbury, sale of votes in, 685

  Sumarokov, Alexis Petrovich (1718–77), 427–28

  Summa theologiae (St. Thomas Aquinas), 241

  Sunni sect, 412, 418–19

  superstition and Catholic Church, 316

  Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville (Diderot), 31

  Sur la législation et la commerce des grains (Necker), 860, 867

  Sur la régéneration physique, morale, et politique des Juifs (Grégoire), 642

  Süssmayr, Franz Xaver (1766–1803), 408

  Sutherland, Elizabeth Gordon, Countess of, 758

  Suvorov, Aleksander Vasilievich (1729–1800), 455, 460, 470

  in dismemberment of Poland, 491–92

  tomb of, 467

  Svarez, K. G. (1780), 500

  Svea Rikes Historia (Dalin), 659

  Svensksund, battle of (1790), 664

  Sweden, 653–65

  aid to Turkey, 363

  army reforms in, 657

  art in, 662

  coup against Riksdag, 657

  Denmark and, 654, 663–64

  drama in, 659

  economy of, 657, 662

  education in, 657, 659

  Enlightenment in, 658–62

  France and, 89, 654

  free press in, 657

  government structure of, 654

  growing power of nobles of, 654–55, Jews in, 635, 657

  in League of Armed Neutrality (1780), 457, 713

  legal reforms in, 657

  literature in, 659–62

  Poland and, 475–76

  Prussia and, 653–54, 663

  reign of Adolphus Frederick, 655

  reign of Charles XII, 653

  reign of Frederick I, 654

  reign of Gustavus III, 655–65, religious tolerance in, 657

  Russia and, 458, 460, 653–56, 663–64

  science in, 658–59

  social classes in, 654–55, 657, 663–64

  taxation in, 654

  territorial losses of, 653–54; Turkey and, 460

  weakening of monarchy of, 654–55

  IN SEVEN YEARS’ WAR: Invasion of Pomerania, 54

  pledge to Austria, 45–46

  Pomerania promised to Sweden, 45–46, 48

  results of conflict, 63

  Swedenborg, Emmanuel (1688–1772), 658

  Swieten, Gerhard van (1700–72), 343, 355

  Swieten, Baron Gottfried van (1734–1803), 379, 395–96

  Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745), 485, 759, 790, 842

  Switzerland, 143, 643–45

  art in, 644–45

  banking in, 643

  cantonal confederation in, 643

  conflict of middle class with patricians, 143

  conflicts over franchise in, 643–44

  education in, 644, 888

  Enlightenment in, 645

  French Revolution and, 644, 645, 805–6

  French subsidies to, 89

  internal divisions in, 643

  Jews in, 639

  manufacturing and commerce in, 643

  oligarchy in, 142

  peasants in, 27

  population of, 643

  Rousseau’s flight to, 189

  symphonic music: evolution of, 221, 528

  rise of, 526

  Syria, 411

  Système de la nature (Holbach), 572, 618

  Szczekociny, battle of (1794), 491

  Tableau de Paris (Mercier), 901, 919

  Tableau économique (Quesnay), 73–74

  Tableau philosophique des progrès successifs de l’esprit humain (Turgot), 77

  Taboureau de Réau (fl. 1776), 866

  Tacitus, Caius Cornelius (55?–120?), 435

  Taganrog, 458

  Tahmasp II, Shah of Persia (r. 1730–32), 418

  Taine, Hippolyte (1828–93), 588, 897

  Talavera, 288

  Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de (1754–1838), 606, 644, 875, 955, 957–58

  Talma, François Joseph (1763–1828), 607, 920

  Talmont, Mme. de, 118

  Talmud, 629, 635

  Tambirini, Pietro (1737–1827), 316

  Tambroni, Clotilda (1758–1817), 219

  Tancrède (Voltaire), 136, 874

  Tanucci, Marchese Bernardo di (1698–1783), 249, 250, 315, 327

  Goethe on, 589

  reforms of, 142

  seizes papal cities, 317

  tapestry, 910

  Targowica, Confederation of, 488–90

  tariffs: Austrian, 344

  French, 935

  Tartaglia (comic figure), 241, 243, 452, 455–56

  Tartini, Giuseppe (1692–1770), 221, 229

  Tartuffe (Molière), 923

  Task, The (Cowper), 811–12

  Tasso, Torquato (1544–95), 464

  Tatishchev, Vasili Nikitich (1686–1750), 426–27

  Taurida,. Jews in, 633

  Taurida Palace, 469

  Tavares de Sequeira, Dr. Eusebio (fl. 1758), 265

  Tavora, Dom Francisco de Assiz, Marquis of (d. 1759), 263–65

  Tavora, Dona Leonor, Marchioness of (d. 1759), 263

  Tavora, Dom Luis Bernardo de Assiz, “Younger Marquis” of (d. 1759), 263

  taxation: in American colonies, 709–10

  in Austria, 356–57

  in Engl
and, 686

  in France, 931, 935–36, 944, 959

  in Hungary, 341

  in Persia, 420

  physiocratic theory of, 73

  in Prussia, 500–01

  Rousseau’s theory of, 174

  in Russia, 424, 470

  in Spain, 288

  in Sweden, 654

  Voltaire’s views on, 147

  Taxation No Tyranny (Johnson), 833

  tax farmers in France, 935–36

  Taylor, Dr. John (1711–88), 822

  tea drinking in England, 729

  Teatro alla moda, 223, 234

  Teatro alla Scala, 312

  Teatro Capranico, 257

  Teatro crítico (Feijóo y Montenegro), 294

  Teatro Filarmonico of Verona, 245

  Teatro Reale, 245

  Teatro San Cario of Naples, 250

  technology: Industrial Revolution and, 671–76

  machine-wrecking and, 679

  Télémaque (Fénelon), 179, 450

  Telemann, Georg Philipp (1681–1767), 526

  Teller, Wilhelm Abraham (1734–1804), 507

  tenant farmers, 274

  Tencin, Claudine-Alexandrine Guérin, Marquise de (1681–1749), 119, 123

  Tencin, Pierre Guérin, Cardinal de (1679–1758), 47–48, 246

  Tennis Court Oath (1789), 958–59

  Terence (184?–159? B.C.), 241, 508, 650

  Teresapol, battle of (1794), 491

  Terray, Abbé Joseph-Marie (1715–78), 89–90

  Terror, Reign of, 496, 725

  Tersac, Jean de (fl. 1778), 876, 879, 893

  Teschen, Treaty of (1779), 354

  Tessin, Count Carl Gustaf (1695–1770), 654, 658, 662

  Tessin, Nicodemus (1654–1728), 662

  Testa, bishop of Monreale (d. 1773), 316

  Test Act (1673), 760, 761

  Testament (Messlier), 80, 141

  Teutonic Order, 484

  teutsche Merkur, Der, 506, 555, 591

  textile industry: in England, 672–73, 676, 678

  in France, 932

  Textor, Johann Wolfgang, 556

  Thames River, 745

  theater, 245

  in Austria, 346

  bourgeoisie and, 104

  in Denmark, 650–51

  in England, 695–96, 739–43, 815–16

  in France, 101–6, 920–26

  in Germany, 509–10, 513–15, 560–61, 584–85, 588, 592, 601–3, 604–5

  in Italy, 220, 232, 239–44, 336–40

  in Poland, 486

  in Portugal, 260

  Rousseau’s theories of, 163

  in Russia, 463–65

  in Sweden, 659

  Voltaire’s contribution to, 136–37

  Theatines, 224

  Théâtre des Italiens, 113, 244

  Théâtre-Français, 101, 102, 147, 256, 920

  Théâtre National de l’Odéon, 910

  Theophrastus (d. c. 287 B.C.), 508

  Théorie de l’impôt (Mirabeau père), 74

  Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith), 769

  “Theory of the Weather, The” (Goethe), 615

  Theresa, Saint (1515–82), 267