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    The Age of Faith

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      Valois dynasty, 696

      Vandals, 4, 22, 28, 37-38, 48, 73, 74, 95, 107, 109, 450, 453, 510, 579, 605

      Varangians (Vaeringjar), 447-448

      Varro, Marco Terentius, 466, 915

      vases, 318, 847

      vassals, 560, 563, 667, 786

      Vatican, 134, 290, 441, 707, 823, 850, 909

      vaults, 342, 457, 866-867, 869-872, 876, 883, 884

      Vedanta, 244

      Vegetius, Flavius, 122

      veils, 341, 834

      venereal disease, 823

      Venetians, 436, 451, 608, 652, 654, 713, 831

      Vent Creator Spiritus, 515, 604

      Veni Sancte Spiritus (Innocent III), 897*

      Venice, 318, 370, 376, 426, 431, 441, 453-455, 469, 586, 592, 602, 603, 605, 606, 612, 615, 616, 617, 619, 624, 627, 628, 629, 633, 635, 642, 651, 680, 706, 708-712, 722, 761, 811, 812, 846, 848-851, 854, 857, 868, 902, 919, 989, 993, 1065, 1085

      Venus, 137, 987, 991, 1025, 1027

      Vercelli, 712

      Council of, 543

      Verdun, 543

      Treaty of, 473, 511, 686

      vernaculars, 450, 484, 903-906, 1030

      Verona, 40, 98, 451, 617, 662, 708, 722, 770, 916, 1065

      verse, 263-270, 398, 400, 498, 755, 1022, 1045, 1057

      verticality, 858, 865, 866, 872, 874

      Vespers (Aquinas), 964-965

      Vestiges of the Past (al-Biruni), 243

      vestments, 440, 850, 876

      veterinary science, 122, 429

      Vexilla regis (Fortunatus), 94

      Vézelay, 594, 599, 671

      Via Francesa, 727, 728

      vicarius, 32, 757

      Vicenza, 40, 662, 708, 722, 723, 783, 918

      Vico, Giovanni Battista, 957

      Victimae paschali laudes (Wipo), 897*

      Victoire, St., 745

      Victor II, 545

      Victor IV, 761

      Victory (statue), 34-35, 56

      Vienna, 619, 624, 664

      Council of, 404

      University of, 929

      Vienne, 12, 688

      Council of, 740, 816, 979

      Vigilius, 115

      Vikings, 447, 448, 471, 485, 502, 504-510

      Vilgardus, 916

      villages, 445, 558-560, 797, 803, 841

      Villani, Giovanni, 578, 735, 915

      Villard de Honnecourt, 864

      Villehardouin, Geoffroi de, 603, 604, 697, 868, 1020, 1021

      villas, 272, 299, 432, 435, 552, 558

      Vincent of Beauvais, 736, 843, 988, 1005, 1016

      “Vinland,” 504

      Virgil, 32-33, 52, 78, 85, 915, 972, 1018, 1024, 1044, 1057-1058, 1067-1071, 1073-1076, 1081, 1085-1086

      Virgin Birth, 186, 735, 771, 1008

      virginity, 53, 76, 361, 807

      virtues, 362, 691, 801, 820, 974, 985

      Visby, 618, 619, 666

      Visconti, Otto, 726

      Visigoths, 22, 24, 25, 36, 37, 43, 47, 87, 95, 107, 114, 349, 423, 620, 699, 771

      “Vision of Ezekiel,” 441

      visions, 807, 810, 987, 1068, 1081

      Visitation, 747, 889

      Vistula River, 22, 445, 462, 618, 659, 665

      Vita (Boccaccio), 1065

      Vita nuova, La (Dante), 1050, 1059, 1065-1067

      Viterbo, 513, 675, 701, 706, 770, 962

      vivisection, 121, 245

      vizierate established, 197

      Vladimir, 442, 654, 656

      Vladimir I, Grand Duke of Kiev, 448-449, 536

      Vladimir of Bulgaria, 444

      Vladimir and Kossara, 446

      vocabulary, 578, 903

      Voislav, Serbian prince, 446

      Volga River, 24, 38, 208, 339, 443, 446, 616, 621, 654, 655, 656, 658, 659, 993

      Volkhov River, 447, 449, 619, 654

      Volsungasaga, 508, 1032, 1033

      Voltaire (François Marie Arouet), 75, 87, 250, 485, 719, 739, 759*, 983, 1086

      Voluspa, 508

      Vortigern, 80, 81

      Vouillé, battle of, 91

      Vulgate, 54, 466, 1009

      Wace, Robert, 1045

      Wafa, Abu’l-, 242

      wages, 119, 487, 647, 826, 917-918

      Wagner, Richard, 711, 1032, 1048

      Walafrid Strabo, 515

      Walcher of Lorraine, 991

      Waldemar I, King of Denmark, 665

      Waldemar II, King of Denmark, 665-666

      Waldemar, King of Sweden, 666

      Waldenses, 767, 769-770, 783, 784, 809, 907

      Waldo, Peter, 769-770

      Wales, 80-82, 484, 493, 495-496, 501, 570, 675, 678-679, 681-685, 832, 871, 899, 992, 1003, 1032, 1045

      Walid I, 194, 222, 230, 276

      Walid II, 195, 221, 228, 270, 274, 280

      Walkelin, Bishop of Winchester, 871

      Wallace, William, 683

      Wallada, 306

      Wallia, 37

      Walloons, 685, 832

      walls, 271, 432, 835, 865, 867-868, 870, 872-873, 888

      Walter of Châtillon, 1022

      Walter de Merton, 924

      Walter, Hubert, 673, 674

      Walter the Penniless, 589

      Walter, Archbishop of Sens, 1025

      Walter Cornutus, Archbishop of Sens, 402

      Walther von der Vogelweide, 905, 1039, 1041, 1049

      Waltham, 494, 495

      Wandering Jew, 1020

      “wandering scholars,” 1024-1025

      war, 79, 158, 264, 279, 292, 310, 339, 423, 429, 430, 431, 433, 443, 444, 445, 450, 451, 480, 496, 500, 503, 513, 514, 521, 532, 565, 566, 569-572, 576, 578, 618, 666, 700, 729, 755, 757*, 779, 812, 828, 829, 844, 906, 928, 979, 1004

      civil, 292, 296, 392, 459, 472, 473, 501, 550, 639, 706, 798, 1063

      holy, 424, 774-776

      Waraqah ibn Nawfal, 163

      wars, 285, 343, 442, 458, 464, 474, 531, 579, 560, 640, 642, 651, 698, 699, 727, 765, 766, 775, 784, 811, 854, 894, 1005, 1013, 1057, 1086

      Albigensian, 776, 817

      Balkan, 657

      Carolingian, 465

      English, 679

      Italian, 762

      Portuguese, 701-702

      Russian 653-654

      Wars of the Roses, 565, 578

      Wartburg Castle, 1039, 1047

      wastelands, 465, 578, 766

      Waterford, 500, 682

      Wathiq, al-, 201*, 251

      Wazo, Bishop of Liége, 778

      wealth, 266, 299, 302, 311, 360, 378, 393, 405, 432, 435, 454, 456, 463, 473, 475, 527, 578, 647, 786, 794, 795, 802, 824, 829, 833, 835, 845, 854, 870, 920, 949, 989, 1018, 1075

      Byzantine, 118-121, 431-437

      Christian, 386

      Church, 547, 767, 770, 813

      French, 876

      Moslem, 190, 208, 701

      weapons, 569-570, 572

      Wearmouth, 483, 488, 491

      weavers, 135, 298, 342, 487, 648, 704

      weddings, 419, 823, 824, 838

      Wedmore, Peace of, 484

      weights and measures, 378

      Weimar, 263

      Weinsberg, 661

      Welfs (Guelfs), 661

      wells, poisoning of, 386, 393, 1003

      Wells Cathedral, 883, 885

      Well-Tempered Clavichord (Bach), 980

      Wenceslas I, 660

      Wenceslas II, 660, 661

      Wends, 445, 510, 511

      wergild, 90, 464, 486, 487, 506, 641

      Werner, Archbishop of Mainz, 391

      Wessex, 483, 484, 493

      West, 845, 846

      Christian, 50-57, 395, 457, 468, 627, 913, 1000

      decline of, 450-482

      Islamic, 315-317

      Western Empire, 98, 103, 132

      Westminster, 679, 752, 995

      Abbey, 494, 677, 681, 744, 852, 861, 870, 883, 885, 1020

      Palace, 642

      Westphalia, 622, 785

      whisky, 997

      Whitby, monastery of, 490

      Synod of, 534

      Whitman, Walt, 86

      “Why Ignorant Physicians Have More Success,” etc. (al-Razi
    ), 247

      widows, 379, 381, 464, 531, 755, 778, 805

      Wilfred, St., 491, 534

      will, 406, 528, 972, 981, 1005

      William the Lion, King of Scotland, 683

      William I the Conqueror, King of England, 369, 481, 482, 494-495, 504, 510, 550, 564, 640, 666-668, 670, 672, 679, 681, 684, 788, 822, 825, 851, 869, 870, 871, 893

      William I the Bad, King of Sicily, 705

      William II Rufus, King of England, 589, 669

      William II the Good, King of Sicily, 705

      William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, 1036

      William X, Duke of Aquitaine, 827

      William, Count of Holland, 723

      William of Auvergne, 402, 406, 414, 956-958, 988

      William of Champeaux, 808, 920, 933-935, 953

      William of Chartres, 692

      William of Conches, 476, 921, 945, 950, 951, 953

      William of Durham, Archbishop of Rouen, 924

      William the Englishman, 884

      William Fitzobert (Longbeard), 648

      William of Innsbruck, 868

      William of Malmesbury, 81, 488, 498, 533, 587, 822, 870, 1019

      William de la Mare, 977-978

      William of Moerbeke, 611, 912, 962

      William of Nogaret, 815, 816

      William of Norwich, 392

      William of Rubruquis, 608, 993, 1010, 1012

      William of St. Carilef, 871

      William of St. Cloud, 991

      William of St. Thierry, 789, 939* 946, 950

      William of Saliceto (Guglielmo Salicetti), 1001, 1016

      William of Sens, 884

      William, Archbishop of Tyre, 598, 599, 611, 1020

      William of Volpiano, 479

      Willibrord, 534-535

      wills, 419, 754, 765, 766

      Wilton, battle of, 484

      Winchester, 81, 392, 487, 492, 578, 622

      Cathedral, 87, 491, 866, 883, 884, 902

      School, 915

      windows, 272, 286, 342, 835, 846, 847, 856-857, 865, 867, 868, 872, 876, 877, 879-880, 881, 883, 884, 885-886, 887, 888, 891, 892, 1085

      Windsor, 676

      Castle, 893

      wine, 358, 379, 553, 645, 740-741, 749, 786, 787, 837, 928, 997, 1000

      Wipo, 897*

      witchcraft, 410, 416, 433, 451, 531, 568, 970, 985-986

      Witelo, 288, 1011

      Witenagemot, 485, 486, 493, 494, 666, 668, 678

      Witigis, 109

      Witiza, 97

      Wolfger, Bishop of Passau, 1041

      Wolfram von Eschenbach, 905, 1039, 1045, 1046-1047, 1049, 1085

      women, 137-138, 264, 269, 271, 278, 363, 381, 418, 432, 496, 505, 559, 569, 575, 576, 635, 697, 701, 731, 746, 757*, 771, 787, 798, 805, 806, 818, 822, 823, 824, 825-828, 832, 839, 840, 850-851, 896, 905, 973-974, 985, 986, 1007, 1018, 1025, 1036, 1052, 1054, 1059

      Anglo-Saxon, 487-488

      Byzantine, 433

      dress of, 833-834

      German, 515

      Italian, 1057

      Jewish, 379, 380, 386, 387

      Moslem, 158-159, 180-182, 220-223, 387

      Slav, 77, 113, 121, 341, 445, 579, 748, 1039, 1044

      wood carving, 286, 287, 318, 848

      woodcuts, 906

      woodwork, 274, 700, 847, 848

      wool, 624, 685, 700

      Worcester, 392, 487

      Cathedral, 871

      words, 342, 807, 816, 905-906, 912

      workers, 296, 442, 575, 648, 650, 718, 864, 878

      Works (Voltaire), 759*

      World War, First, 880, 886

      Second, 467, 519, 862, 870, 893

      Worms, 369, 386, 401, 403, 511, 513, 514, 516, 543, 619, 633, 640, 1034, 1035

      Cathedral, 870

      Concordat of, 760

      council at, 548

      worship, 356, 765

      Arab, 160-161

      Coptic, 289

      freedom of, 292, 299, 451

      phallic, 745

      Worstead, 624

      Wright, Thomas, 825, 1024*

      Wulfilaich, 57

      Würzburg, 391

      Cathedral, 1041

      Wyclif, John, 74, 678, 784, 926*, 1082

      Wyvill, Peter, Bishop of Exeter, 1082

      Yahya, 197, 198, 199, 207, 208, 278

      Yahveh, 161, 177, 184, 348, 353, 357, 358, 382, 384, 386, 395, 416, 717, 742, 746, 769

      see God

      Yaqub ibn Qillis, 284, 285, 287

      Yaqub Yusuf, Abu, 314, 315, 334, 335-336

      Yaqubi, Ahmad al-, 229, 230, 236, 242

      Yaqut, 230, 237, 329

      Yarmouth, 645

      Yarmuk River, battle of the, 189

      Yaroslav, 448-449, 653

      Yathrib, see Medina

      Yazuri, 287

      year, 956

      Jewish civil, 359

      Moslem, 171

      Yekutiel ibn Hassan, 396, 397

      yellow badge, 373

      Yemen, 156, 366

      Yezdegird I, 140

      Yezdegird III, 151-152

      Yezid I, 193

      Yezid II, 195, 384

      Yezid III, 195

      Yezid, Abu, 258

      Yolande of Brienne, 716

      Yom Kippur, 214, 359

      York, 369, 405, 483, 488, 491, 495, 642, 863

      cathedral school of, 914

      Minster, 871

      Ypres, 615, 618, 622, 623, 642, 648, 685, 886, 888

      Yuhanna ibn Masawayh, 246

      Yunus, Ali ibn, 288

      Yusuf, Emir, 372

      Yusuf ibn Omar, 226

      Yusuf and Zuleika (Firdausi), 268

      Y wain (Chrétien), 1045

      Zab River, battle of the, 196

      Zacharias (Zachary), Pope, 461, 542

      Zahra, al-, palace of, 302-303

      Zahira, 294, 296

      Zahrawi, Abu’l Qasim al- (Abulcasis), 305

      Zaid, 164, 172

      Zaid ibn Thabit, 175

      Zallaka, battle of, 307

      Zamora, 892

      Council of, 373

      Zangi, 310, 594

      Zara (Zadar), 446, 603

      Zarqali, Ibrahim al-, 305, 991

      Zayrids, 314

      “Zealots,” 300-301, 802

      Zemzem, 216, 285

      Zeno, Emperor, 42-43, 49, 97, 103, 115

      Zeno, philosopher, 9, 101, 1070

      zero, 241, 912, 990

      Zobaida, 198, 199, 221, 222

      Zobeir, 190, 191, 193, 227

      Zoë, fourth wife of Leo VI, 429

      Zoë, wife of Romanus Argyrus, 430

      Zonaras, 650

      zoology, 429, 720, 994

      Zoroaster (Zarathustra), 139, 147, 183

      Zoroastrianism, 47, 136, 137, 139, 142, 174, 194, 200, 218, 219, 243, 305, 416

      Zosimus, 70, 125

      Zuhair, Kab ibn, 171

      Zuhr, Abu Marwan ibn (Avenzoar), 330, 910

      Zurich, 624, 687

      About the Authors

      WILL DURANT was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, on November 5, 1885. He was educated in the Catholic parochial schools there and in Kearny, New Jersey, and thereafter in St. Peter’s (Jesuit) College, Jersey City, New Jersey, and Columbia University. New York. For a summer he served as a cub reporter on the New York Journal, in 1907, but finding the work too strenuous for his temperament;, he settled down at Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey, to teach Latin, French, English, and geometry(1907–11). He entered the seminary at Seton Hall in 1909, but withdrew in 1911 for reasons he has described in his book Transition. He passed from this quiet seminary to the most radical circles in New York, and became (1911–13) the teacher of the Ferrer Modern School, an experiment in libertarian education. In 1912 he toured Europe at the invitation and expense of Alden Freeman, who had befriended him and now undertook to broaden his borders.

      Returning to the Ferrer School, he fell in love with one of his pupils—who had been born Ida Kaufman in Russia on May 10, 1898—resigned his position, and married her(1913). For four years he took graduate work at Columbia University, specializing in
    biology under Morgan and Calkins and in philosophy under Wood-bridge and Dewey. He received the doctorate in philosophy in 1917, and taught philosophy at Columbia University for one year. In 1914, in a Presbyterian church in New York, he began those lectures on history, literature, and philosophy that, continuing twice weekly for thirteen years, provided the initial material for his later works.

      The unexpected success of The Story of Philosophy (1926) enabled him to retire from teaching in 1927. Thenceforth, except for some incidental essays Mr. and Mrs. Durant gave nearly all their working hours (eight to fourteen daily) to The Story of Civilization. To better prepare themselves they toured Europe in 1927, went around the world in 1930 to study Egypt, the Near East, India, China, and Japan, and toured the globe again in 1932 to visit Japan, Manchuria, Siberia, Russia, and Poland. These travels provided the background for Our Oriental Heritage (1935) as the first volume in The Story of Civilization. Several further visits to Europe prepared for Volume 2, The Life of Greece (1939), and Volume 3, Caesar and Christ (1944). In 1948, six months in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and Europe provided perspective for Volume 4, The Age of Faith (1950). In 1951 Mr. and Mrs. Durant returned to Italy to add to a lifetime of gleanings for Volume 5, The Renaissance (1953); and in 1954 further studies in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and England opened new vistas for Volume 6, The Reformation (1957).

      Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume 7, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so great that justice required the union of both names on the title page. And so it was on The Age of Louis XIV (1963), The Age of Voltaire (1965), and Rousseau and Revolution (winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1968).

      The publication of Volume II, The Age of Napoleon, in 1975 concluded five decades of achievement. Ariel Durant died on October 25, 1981, at the age of 83; Will Durant died 13 days later, on November 7, aged 96. Their last published work was A Dual Autobiography (1977).

      * An occasional hiatus in the numbering of the notes is due to last-minute omissions.

      * Blackened with time and fire, it is now known as the Burnt Pillar.

      * The story that he died exclaiming, “Thou hast conquered, Galilean,” appears first in the Christian historian Theodoret in the fifth century, and is now unanimously rejected as a legend.56

      * Our chief authority here is still the moralistic Tacitus (Germania, 18–19); but cf. a letter of Bishop Boniface, c. 756: “In old Saxony if a virgin in her father’s house, or a married woman under the protection of her husband, should be guilty of adultery, they burn her, strangled by her own hand, and hang her seducer over her grave; or else, cutting off her garments to the waist, modest matrons whip her, and pierce her with knives, till they destroy her”2—an extreme device for pegging a price.

     
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