1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
Schimper, A. F. W. 1903. Plant-Geography Upon a Physiological Basis. Trans. W. R. Fisher, P. Groom, and I. B. Balfour. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1898).
Schorger, A. W. 1955. The Passenger Pigeon: Its Natural History and Extinction. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Schreiber, K. 1992. Wari Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Schultz, E. B., and M. J. Tougias. 1999. King Philip’s War: The History and Legacy of America’s Forgotten Conflict. Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press.
Schurr, T. G., et al. 1990. “Amerindian Mitochondrial DNAs Have Rare Asian Mutations at High Frequencies, Suggesting They Derived from Four Primary Maternal Lineages.” AJHG 46:613–23.
Scott, S., and C. Duncan. 2001. Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Seed, P. 1991. “ ‘Failing to Marvel’: Atahualpa’s Encounter with the Word.” Latin American Research Review 26:7–32.
Seeman, M. F. 1979. The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: The Evidence for Interregional Trade and Structural Complexity. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Society.
Semple, E. C. 1911. Influences of Geographic Environment on the Basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-Geography. New York: Holt.
Serrano, J. U. 2002. Zapotec Hieroglyphic Writing. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
Seton, E. T. 1929. The Lives of Game Animals. 3 vols. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, Doran.
Shabecoff, P. 1993. A Fierce Green Fire: The American Environmental Movement. New York: Hill and Wang.
Shady Solis, R. 2003a. “Flautas de Caral: El Conjunto Musical más Antiguo de América,” in Shady Solis and Leyva 2003, 289–92.
———. 2003b. “Las Flautas de Caral-Supe: Aproximaciones al Estudio Acústico-Arqueológico del Conjunto de Flautas más Antiguo de América,” in Shady Solis and Leyva 2003, 293–300.
Shady Solis, R., and C. Leyva, eds. 2003. La Ciudad Sagrada de Caral-Supe: Los Orígenes de la Civilización Andina y la Formación del Estado Prístino en el Antiguo Perú. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Cultura.
Shady Solis, R., J. Haas, and W. Creamer. 2001. “Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru.” Science 292:723–26.
Sharp, L. 1969. “Introduction,” in Holmberg 1969:iii–xix.
Shaw, J. H. 1995. “How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands?” Rangelands 17:148–50.
Shetler, S. 1991. “Three Faces of Eden,” in Viola and Margolis eds. 1991, 225–47.
Shimada, I. 2000. “The Late Prehispanic Coastal States,” in L. Laurencich-Minelli, ed., The Inca World: The Development of Pre-Columbian Peru, A.D. 1000–1534. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000.
Shorto, R. 2004. The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America. New York: Doubleday.
Shoumatoff, A. 1986. “A Reporter at Large (The Amazons).” New Yorker, 24 Mar., 85–107.
Shuffelton, F. 1976. “Indian Devils and Pilgrim Fathers: Squanto, Hobomok, and the English Conception of Indian Religion.” New England Quarterly 49:108–16.
Sidrys, R., and R. Berger. 1979. “Lowland Maya Radiocarbon Dates and the Classic Maya Collapse.” Nature 277:269–77.
Siegel, R. K., et al. 1977. “On the Use of Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica as a Huichol Smoking Mixture: The Aztec ‘Yahutli’ with Suggestive Hallucinogenic Effects.” Economic Botany 31:16–23.
Silverberg, R. 1968. The Mound Builders of Ancient America. New York: Graphic Society.
Silverman, H., ed. 2004. Andean Archaeology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Silverstein, J. E. 1998. “A Study of the Late Postclassic Aztec-Tarascan Frontier in Northern Guerrero, Mexico: The Oztuma-Cutzamala Project, 1998.” FAMSI. Online at http://www.famsi.org/reports/97014/.
Simmons, A. H., et al. 1988. “ ’Ain Ghazal: A Major Neolithic Settlement in Central Jordan.” Science 240:35–39.
Slater, C. 1995. “Amazonia as Edenic Narrative,” in Cronon ed. 1995, 114–31.
Sluyter, A. 1994. “Intensive Wetland Agriculture in Mesoamerica: Space, Time, and Form.” AAAG 84:557–84.
Smith, A. 1990. Explorers of the Amazon. New York: Viking.
Smith, B. D. 1992. Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian.
———. 1989. “Origins of Agriculture in Eastern North America.” Science 246:1566–71.
Smith, J. 1910. A Map of Virginia, with a Description of the Countrey, the Commodities, People, Government, and Religion, in Arber and Bradley 1910, 41–173 (1612).
Smith, M. E. 1984. “The Aztlan Migrations of the Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History?” Ethnohistory 31:153–86.
———. 1962. “The Codex Columbino: A Document of the South Coast of Oaxaca.” Tlalocán 4:276–88.
Smith, M. T. 1994. “Aboriginal Depopulation in the Post-Contact Southeast,” in C. Hudson and C. C. Tesser, eds., The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521–1704. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 257–75.
———. 1987. Archaeology of Aboriginal Culture Change in the Interior Southeast: Depopulation During the Early Historic Period. Gainesville, FL: University Presses of Florida.
Smith, N. L. 1995. “Human-Induced Landscape Changes in Amazonia and Implications for Development,” in B. L. Turner II, et al., eds., Global Land Use Change: A Perspective from the Columbian Encounter. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciónes Científicas, 221–51.
———. 1980. “Anthrosols and Human Carrying Capacity in Amazonia.” AAAG 70:553–66.
Snow, D. R. 1995. “Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations.” Science 268:1601–05.
———. 1994. The Iroquois. New York: Blackwell.
———. 1992. “Disease and Population Decline in the Northeast,” in Verano and Ubelaker 1992, 177–86.
———. 1980. The Archaeology of New England. New York: Academic.
Snow, D. R., and K. M. Lanphear. 1988. “European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics.” Ethnohistory 35:5–33.
Sombroek, W., et al. 2004. “Amazonian Dark Earths as Carbon Stores and Sinks,” in Lehmann et al. 2004, 125–39.
Soto-Heim, P. 1994. “Les Hommes de Lagoa Santa (Brésil): Caractères Anthropologiques et Position parmi d’autres Populations Paléoindiennes d’Amérique.” L’Anthropologie (Paris) 98:81–109.
Soulé, M. E., and G. Lease, eds. 1995. Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction. Washington, DC: Island.
Spence, K. 2000. “Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Astronomical Orientation of Pyramids.” Nature 408:320–24.
Spencer, C. S. 2003. “War and Early State Formation in Oaxaca, Mexico.” PNAS 100:11185–87.
Spencer, C. S., and E. S. Redmond. 2001. “Multilevel Selection and Political Evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca, 500–100 B.C.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20:195–229.
Spiess, A. E., and B. D. Spiess. 1987. “New England Pandemic of 1616–1622: Cause and Archaeological Implication.” Man in the Northeast 34:71–83.
Spinden, H. J. 1928. “The Population of Ancient America.” Geographical Review 28:641–60.
Spores, R. 1974. “Marital Alliance in the Political Integration of Mixtec Kingdoms.” AA 76:297–311.
Spotts, P. N. 2003. “Religion in the Americas Began in 2250 B.C.” Christian Science Monitor, 17 Apr.
Stahl, P. W. 2002. “Paradigms in Paradise: Revising Standard Amazonian Prehistory.” Review of Archaeology 23:39–51.
———. 1996. “Holocene Biodiversity: An Archaeological Perspective from the Americas.” Annual Review of Anthropology 25:105–26.
Stahle, D. W., et al. 1998. “The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts.” Science 280:564–67.
Stanford, D., and B. Bradley. 2002. “Ocean
Trails and Prairie Paths? Thoughts About Clovis Origins,” in Jablonski ed. 2002, 255–71.
Stanish, C. 2003. Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
———. 2001. “Formación Estatal Temprana en la Cuenca del Lago Titicaca, Andes
Surcentrales,” in Kaulicke and Isbell eds. 2001, 189–215.
Stannard, D. E. 2001. “Uniqueness as Denial: The Politics of Genocide Scholarship,” in A. S. Rosenbaum, ed., Is the Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2nd ed., 245–90.
———. 1992. American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. New York: Oxford University Press.
———. 1991. “The Consequences of Contact: Toward an Interdisciplinary Theory of Native Responses to Biological and Cultural Invasion,” in Thomas 1989–91, 3:519–39.
Stearman, A. M. 1987. No Longer Nomads: The Sirionó Revisited. New York: Hamilton.
———. 1986. “Territory Folks.” NH (March):6–10.
———. 1984. “The Yuquí Connection: Another Look at Sirionó Deculturation.” AA 86:630–50.
Stearns, P. N. 1987. World History: Patterns of Change and Continuity. New York: Harper and Row.
Steele, D. G., and J. F. Powell. 2002. “Facing the Past: A View of the North American Human Fossil Record,” in Jablonski ed. 2002, 93–122.
Steiner, C., W. G. Teixeira, and W. Zech. 2004. “Slash and Char: An Alternative to Slash and Burn Practiced in the Amazon Basin,” in Glaser and Woods eds. 2004, 183–93.
Steuter, A. 1991. “Human Impacts on Biodiversity in America: Thoughts from the Grassland Biome” (letter). Conservation Biology 5:136–37.
Steward, J. H. 1948. “Culture Areas of the Tropical Forests.” Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology 143:883–89.
Steward, J. H., ed. 1946. Handbook of South American Indians. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 7 vols.
Stewart-Smith, D. 1998. The Pennacook Indians and the New England Frontier, Circa 1604–1733. PhD diss. Union Institute, Cincinnati, OH.
Stirland, A. 1995. “Evidence for Pre-Columbian Treponematosis in Europe (England),” in O. Dutour et al., eds., The Origin of Syphilis in Europe. Toulon, France: Centre Archéologique du Var, 109–15.
Stirling, M. W. 1940a. An Initial Series from Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico. Washington, DC: National Geographic.
———. 1940b. “Great Stone Faces of the Mexican Jungle.” National Geographic (September):309–34.
———. 1939. “Discovering the New World’s Oldest Dated Work of Man.” National Geographic (August):183–218.
Stokstad, E. 2002. “Oldest New World Writing Suggests Olmec Innovation.” Science 298:1872–73.
Stone, A. 1989. “Disconnection, Foreign Insignia, and Political Expansion: Teotihuacán and the Warrior Stelae of Piedras Negras,” in R. A. Diehl and J. C. Berlo, eds., Mesoamerica After the Decline of Teotihuacán, A.D. 700–900. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 153–72.
Stott, P. 1999. Tropical Rain Forest: A Political Ecology of Hegemonic Mythmaking. London: Coronet.
Straus, L. G. 2000. “Solutrean Settlement of North America? A Review of Reality.” AmAnt, 65:219–26.
Stuart, D. 2000. “ ‘The Arrival of Strangers’: Teotihuacán and Tollán in Classic Maya History,” in D. Carrasco, L. Jones, and S. Sessions, eds., Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacán to the Aztecs. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Press, 465–513.
Stuart, G. E. 1993a. “New Light on the Olmec.” National Geographic (November):88–115.
———. 1993b. “The Carved Stela from La Mojarra, Veracruz, Mexico.” Science 259:1700–01.
Studd, H. 2001. “Essex Girl Claims an Historic First: Syphilis.” Times (London), 31 May.
Stuiver, M., et al. 1998. “INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24,000–0 cal BP.” Radiocarbon 40:1041–83.
Sullivan, T. D., and T. K. Knab, eds., trans. 1994. A Scattering of Jades: Stories, Poems, and Prayers of the Aztecs. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Sundstrom, L. 1997. “Smallpox Used Them Up: References to Epidemic Disease in Northern Plains Winter Counts, 1714–1920.” Ethnohistory 44:305–43.
Swadesh, M. 1971. “What Is Glottochronology?” in Swadesh ed. 1971, 271–84.
———. 1952. “Lexicostatistic Dating of Prehistoric Ethnic Contacts.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96:152–63.
Swadesh, M., ed. 1971. The Origin and Diversification of Language. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.
Tarkanian, M. J., and Hosler, D. Forthcoming. “America’s First Polymer Scientists: Rubber Processing, Use, and Transport in Ancient Mesoamerica.” Latin American Antiquity.
Tate, C., and G. Bendersky. 1999. “Olmec Sculptures of the Human Fetus.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 42:303–33.
Taylor, T. G. 1927. Environment and Race: A Study of the Evolution, Migration, Settlement and Status of the Races of Man. London: Oxford University Press.
Tehanetorens. 1971. The Great Law of Peace of the Longhouse People. Rooseveltown, NY: White Roots of Peace.
Temple, R. 1998. The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention. New York: Prion.
Teresi, D. 2002. Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Theis, J., and K. Suzuki. 2004. “Amazonian Dark Earths: Biological Measurements,” in Lehmann et al. 2004, 287–332.
Thomas, D. H. 2001. Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archaeology, and the Battle for Native American Identity. New York: Basic Books.
Thomas, D. H., ed. 1989–91. Columbian Consequences. 3 vols. Washington, DC: Smithsonian.
Thomas, H. 1995. Conquest: Cortés, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico. New York: Touchstone, 1993.
Thomas, P. A. 1979. In the Maelstrom of Change: The Indian Trade and Cultural Process in the Middle Connecticut River Valley: 1635–1665. PhD diss. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Thompson, D. 1916. David Thompson’s Narrative of His Explorations in Western America, 1784–1812. Toronto: Champlain Society.
Thompson, L. G., M. E. Davis, and E. Mosley-Thompson. 1994. “Glacial Records of Global Climate—a 1,500-year Tropical Ice Core Record of Climate.” HE 22:83–95.
Thomson, H. 2003. The White Rock: An Exploration of the Inca Heartland. Woodstock, NY: Overlook.
Thoreau, H. D. 1906: Works: The Writings of Henry David Thoreau. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, vol. 4, Cape Cod, 1–273 (1865); vol. 5, “Natural History of Massachusetts,” 103–31 (1842).
Thornton, R. 1987. American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History since 1492. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Thucydides. 1934. History of the Peloponnesian War. Trans. R. Crawley. New York: Modern Library. (*)
Tierney, P. 2000. Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon. New York: Norton.
Tolan-Smith, C. 1998. “Radiocarbon Chronology and the Lateglacial and Early Postglacial Resettlement of the British Isles.” QI 49/50:21–27.
Tooker, E. 1988. “The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League.” Ethnohistory 35:305–36.
Torroni, A., and D. C. Wallace. 1995. “MtDNA Haplotypes in Native Americans.” AJHG 56:1234–36.
Torroni, A., et al. 1994. “Mitochondrial DNA ‘Clock’ for the Amerinds and Its Implications for Timing Their Entry into North America.” PNAS 91:1158–62.
———. 1993. “Asian Affinities and Continental Radiation of the Four Founding Native American mtDNAs.” AJHG 53:563–90.
Townsend, W. R. 1996. Nyao Itõ: Caza y Pesca de los Sirionó. La Paz: Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés: FUND-ECO.
Treckel, P. A., and J. Axtell. 1976. “Letters to the Editor.” WMQ 33:143–53.
Trevor-Roper, H. R. 1965. The Rise of Christian Europe. London: Thames and Hudson.
Trigger, B. G.
1991. “Early Native North American Responses to European Contact: Romantic versus Rationalistic Interpretations.” JAH 77:1195–215.
Trigger, B. G., ed. 1978. Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 14 vols.
Trubitt, M. B. 2000. “Mound Building and Prestige Goods Exchange: Changing Strategies in the Cahokia Chiefdom.” AmAnt 65:669–90.
Turner, B. L. 1990. “The Rise and Fall of Maya Population and Agriculture, 1000 B.C. to Present: The Malthusian Perspective Reconsidered.” In L. Newman, ed. Hunger and History: Food Shortages, Poverty and Deprivation, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 178–211.
Turner, B. L., and S. B. Brush, eds. 1987. Comparative Farming Systems. New York: Guilford Press.
Ubelaker, D. H. 1992. “North American Indian Population Size: Changing Perspectives,” in Verano and Ubelaker 1992, 169–76.
———. 1988. “North American Indian Population Size, A.D. 1500 to 1985.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77:289–94.
———. 1976. “The Sources and Methodology for Mooney’s Estimates of North American Indian Populations,” in Denevan 1976, 243–88.
Uceda, S., and E. Mujica, eds. 1993. Moche: Propuestas y Perspectivas. Lima: Universidad Nacional de Trujillo.
Uhl, C. 1987. “Factors Controlling Succession Following Slash and Burn Agriculture in Amazonia.” Journal of Ecology 75:377–407.
Uhl, C., and C. F. Jordan. 1984. “Succession and Nutrient Dynamics Following Forest Cutting and Burning in Amazonia.” Ecology 65:1476–90.
Uhl, C., et al. 1982. “Ecosystem Recovery in Amazon Caatinga Forest after Cutting, Cutting and Burning and Bulldozer Treatments.” Oikos 38:313–20.
Uhle, M. 1925. “Report on Explorations at Supe,” in A. L. Kroeber, “The Uhle Pottery Collections from Supe.” University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 21:257–63.
———. 1917. “Los aborígenes de Arica.” Publicaciones del Museo de Etnología y Antropología de Chile 1:151–76.
Underwood, P. 1993. The Walking People: A Native American Oral History. San Anselmo, CA: A Tribe of Two.
United Nations Population Division. 1999. The World at Six Billion. New York: United Nations.