The Map That Changed the World

  WS’s map viewed by, 222–23, 227–28

  Greenough’s Liver Pills, 223

  Gregory, Richard, 157

  Gregory Mine, 200

  Greville, Charles, 247

  Grub-Street Journal, 23

  guinea, 61n

  Hackness, 191, 276–78, 277, 286, 287, 291, 300

  Hall, Sir James, 226, 227, 228

  Hardwicke, Lord, 217

  Hargreaves, James, 17n

  Harris, Cornelius, 61

  Harrison, George, 252

  Hastings, Selina, 129

  Hastings, Warren, 22n, 55–56

  Hatchett, Charles, 247

  Henry VIII, King of England, 243

  Hercynian orogemy, 48

  Herschel, Sir William, 123

  Hickling Marshes, 207

  High Littleton, 59, 60, 61, 62, 62, 68, 75, 84

  High Littleton Coal Company, 61

  highwaymen, 96n

  Highways Trust, 129

  Historic and Local New Bath Guide, The, 126–27

  History of Bath (Warner), 148

  Hooke, Robert, 37–38, 39

  Houlton, Joseph, 130

  House of Commons, 223, 248–49, 256, 296–99, 296

  see also Parliament, British

  House of Lords, 43

  see also Parliament, British

  Hume, Sir Abraham, 225

  Huskisson, William, 246

  Hutton, James, 68–69

  Huxley, Thomas, 182, 300

  Ice Age, 295 ichthyosaurs, 108, 108, 111, 112

  “improving farmer,” 151

  India, 55

  Industrial Revolution, 17, 45

  Inferior Oolite, 173, 185

  Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth, An (Whitehurst), 94

  Ireland, 129, 160, 265–66, 295

  iron production, 17–18

  Jermyn, Henry, 216

  Jessop, William, 85–86

  Johnes, Thomas, 196

  Johnson, Percival, 282n

  Johnson, Samuel, 21, 22, 110, 139

  Johnstone, Sir John Vanden Bempde, 277–78, 279, 286

  Johnstone family, 276–77, 277

  Jones, Lady Elizabeth, 57, 58, 60, 61–62, 85, 114

  Jones, Sir William, 57n, 60

  Journey Through Spain (Townsend), 130

  Jura Mountains, 176

  Jurassic period, 33n, 87n, 165–67, 176–91, 216

  Lower, 108, 115, 131, 141, 173, 180, 181–82, 189

  Middle, 53, 82, 109, 115–16, 116, 121, 173, 177, 180–90, 208, 298

  origin of name, 176

  outcrop of rocks from, 176, 178

  Upper, 179, 198

  Kennet and Avon Canal, 83, 86, 127, 207, 243

  Kent, 94

  King’s Bench Prison:

  Commitment Book of, 255, 261

  WS incarcerated in, 3, 5–6, 148, 236, 255–61, 259

  Kitten, Mrs. (housekeeper), 205, 206, 227 Korea, 69n

  lamp shells, 32

  Lansdown (landowner), 50

  lapides sui generis, 35

  Laugharne, 208n

  Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 36n

  Leioceras opalinum, 173–74, 173

  Lewis, James, 225

  Lewis, Thomas, 111

  Lias epoch, 168n, 173, 180

  Lias rock, 87–88, 115, 117, 143, 181

  limestone, 53, 66, 114, 180

  oolitic, 82, 115, 121, 131, 143, 183–87, 243–44, 289

  Westminster Palace rebuilt with, 296–98, 296

  Lincoln, Abraham, 22n

  Lingula, 71–72, 74

  literacy, 22

  Liverpool, Lord, 218

  Lloyd George, David, 42, 154

  Lobothyris, 33, 33

  London, xviii, xix, 9, 10, 15, 53, 93, 95, 108, 122, 140, 149, 202, 264, 266, 267, 271, 280, 284, 290

  description of, 1–2

  WS’s house and apartments in, 5, 6–7, 203–5, 205, 242, 245, 259, 262

  London Clay Club, 111

  Longman’s, 235

  “long pound,” 29

  Lowndes, William, 247, 250

  Luddites, 17n

  Lunar Society, 24n

  Lyme Regis, 108, 109

  Malm epoch, 173n

  Malthus, Thomas, 123, 198

  Map of Love, The (Thomas), 208n

  Mearns Pit and Colliery, 62–64, 63, 65–68, 70, 82, 84

  Mesozoic era, 168n

  Michell, John, 94–95

  mineralogy, 224–25

  Minsmere Drainage Scheme, 208

  Miocene epoch, 176n

  Moll, Gerard, 295

  Monmouthshire Canal Act (1792), 51

  Monthly Magazine, 267

  Morton, John, 93 mountain-building, 36, 48–49, 68, 71n

  mudstones, 71

  Murchison, Sir Roderick, 240, 278, 284, 286, 294

  Natural History Museum, London, 108, 111, 239–41

  WS’s fossil collection sold to, 240–41, 245–50

  Natural History of the Earth (Woodward), 94

  Naylor, W., 126, 128

  Neptunism, 226, 230

  New and Correct English Atlas, The (Cary), 140, 142

  Newcomen, Thomas, 46

  New Cyclopaedia (Rees), 198, 230, 267

  Newton, Sir Isaac, 289

  Noah’s flood, 39, 40, 214

  Nobel, Alfred, 282

  Noble, Matthew, 300

  Norfolk, 213

  Northallerton, 9

  Northamptonshire (Morton), 93

  Northanger Abbey (Austen), 121

  North Carolina, 253

  Notes on the History of English Geology (Fitton), 267–68

  Observations on the Different Strata of Earths and Minerals (Strachey), 89n, 93

  Observations on the Utility, Form and Management of Water Meadows (Smith), 209n

  Old Red Sandstone, 68

  oolitic limestone, 82, 115, 121, 131, 143, 183–87, 243–44, 289

  “Order of the Strata and their embedded

  Organic Remains, in the vicinity of Bath”(Smith), 131–36, 135, 148, 289

  Ordnance Survey, 211

  “Original Sketch and Observations of my First Subterranean Survey of Mearns Colliery in the Parish of High Littleton” (Smith), 65–68

  Orlov, Count Alexei, 252–53

  Osborne, Roger, 98–99, 100

  Ouse Navigation Canal, 207

  Overton, 200, 201

  Oxford clay, 142

  Oxfordshire (Plot), 93

  Oxford University, 27n, 57n, 109, 188, 245, 293, 293

  Ashmolean Museum of, 35, 179

  University Museum of, 54, 64, 65

  Packe, Christopher, 94

  Paine, Thomas, 22

  paleogeography, 115–17

  Paleozoic era, 64

  Palmer, Samborne, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98–99, 100

  Pangea, 48, 175

  Parliament, British, 129, 196, 246, 255

  canal and navigation acts passed by, 44, 51, 93, 140

  enclosure acts passed by, 18

  mineral collection purchased by, 247

  and rebuilding of Westminster Palace, 296–99, 296

  see also House of Commons; House of Lords “pendle,” 187

  Pennine Hills, 47 periods, 168n

  Perkins, Richard, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101

  Permian limestone, 296–99

  Permian period, 48, 174–76

  Permo-Triassic period, 134 Phanerozoic eon, 168n, 302

  Phillips, Elizabeth Smith (WS’s sister), 27, 245n

  Phillips, John (WS’s brother-in-law), 245n

  Phillips, John (WS’s nephew), 27n, 247, 248, 259, 261, 263, 275, 284, 287n, 299

  biography of WS written by, 131–32, 201, 204, 220, 228, 245n, 269–70, 272, 278, 295

  career of, 27n, 245, 292

  WS’s relationship with, 244–45

  Phillips, Richard and William, 224

  Philosophical Magazine, 267

  phlogiston, theory of, 36 br />
  Pickwick Papers, The (Dickens), 122

  Place, Francis, 204

  Playfair, John, 111

  Pleistocene epoch, 176n

  plesiosaurs, 109, 109

  Plot, Robert, 33, 93

  Poland, 48

  Pope, Alexander, 157

  Portland Screw, 179–80

  Portland stone, 179

  pound stones, 28–31, 31, 33, 36, 93n

  Precambrian epoch, 176n

  Priestley, J. B., 185

  Priestley, Joseph, 24, 123

  Prisley Bog, 209

  prisons, see debtors’ prisons

  pterodactyls, 109

  “pundibs,” 32, 133

  Pythagoras, 34

  Quakers, 195, 224

  Rack, Edmund, 122

  Radford, Emma Louise, 154

  Radstock Line, 85, 86, 88n

  railways, 79–83, 246n

  Raleigh, Sir Walter, 16n

  Rawthmell, John, 37

  red marlstone, 66, 67, 72, 82, 84, 87, 115

  Rees, Abraham, 198, 230, 267

  Rennie, John, 85, 258

  Reynolds, William, 136

  Rheic Ocean, 48

  Richardson, Benjamin, 114, 115, 124, 128–36, 144, 157–58, 161, 225, 245n, 289

  background of, 130

  fossil collection of, 130–31

  WS cautioned about plagiarism by, 146–47, 156

  WS’s “Table of Strata” dictated to, 131–36

  rocks:

  Hutton’s theory of, 69

  names of, 179

  Neptunist theory of, 226, 230

  strata of, see stratification

  WS’s naming of, 142, 151n

  Rome, ancient, 121

  Roope (WS’s assistant), 211

  Royal Society, 35, 200, 202, 204, 227, 266

  Rugborne Farm, WS’s home at, 60–61, 62, 64, 74, 95, 101, 300

  Russell, Francis, see Bedford, Francis Russell, fifth duke of

  Russia, Imperial, 252–53

  St. Aubyn, Sir John, 110

  Saint Peter’s Church, 299–300

  sandstone, 71, 115, 119

  Scarborough, 271–76, 291

  Scarborough City Museum, 274–75, 274

  Scarborough Philosophical Society, 275, 278

  Scotland, 68

  Scriptural Geology (Young), 112

  seat earth, 72

  sea urchins, 30–31, 31

  Sedgwick, Adam, 270, 278, 279, 284, 286, 287, 288–89

  sheepshearings, 152, 154–55, 201, 210

  Sheffield, 273

  Shipley, William, 196

  Siccar Point, 68

  Silurian period, 68, 278

  Sinclair, Sir John, 199, 211

  smectite, 105

  Smith, Ann (WS’s mother), 12, 16, 27

  Smith, Charles, 296 Smith, Daniel (WS’s brother), 27

  Smith, Elizabeth (WS’s sister), 27, 245n

  Smith, John (WS’s brother), 27

  Smith, John (WS’s father), 12, 16, 27, 241

  Smith, Mary Ann (WS’s wife), 9, 212–13, 226n, 259–60, 261, 263, 290

  death of, 212, 213, 294n

  physical and mental illness of, 213, 238, 244, 262, 272, 294n

  Smith, Sydney, 195n

  Smith, William:

  ambition of, 61–62, 85, 149, 195–96

  ancestry of, 16n

  award named for, 170n–71n

  awards and honors given to, xix, 209, 280, 283, 286–89, 293–95, 293

  birth of, 11–12, 17, 22n

  cartography as obsessive interest of, 61n, 194

  character of, xviii, 101, 137, 149, 159, 193–94, 198, 232, 268

  county maps of, 268, 271

  death of, 299 in debtors’ prison, 3, 5–6, 148, 236, 255–61, 259

  diaries and autobiographical writings of, xix, 9n, 32, 52, 54, 56–57, 64, 65, 74, 75, 87–88, 89, 95, 100, 124, 159–60, 202, 203, 206–7, 212, 219, 227, 242, 246, 253, 256–57, 259–60, 262–63, 267, 272, 273, 291–92

  as drainage engineer, 150–51, 155, 207–9, 246

  early geological interest of, 27–34, 52–53

  final years of, 291–99

  financial troubles and ruin of, xviii, 137–38, 146, 193, 213–14, 236, 241, 244–45, 247, 251–64, 268–69

  geological map of, see Delineation of The Strata of England and Wales with a part of Scotland, A

  geological writings of, 65–68, 119–20, 156–60, 250, 289

  as lecturer, 272–73

  memorials for, 299–300

  money earned by, 61, 101, 138, 208, 241–42

  nickname of, 65n, 193

  notion of making maps introduced to, 124–25

  pension granted to, 294

  period of exile of, xviii, 9–10, 264, 269–80

  Phillips’s biography of, 131–32, 201, 204, 220, 228, 245n, 269–70, 272, 278, 295

  physical appearance of, 5, 194–95

  plagiarism of writings and map of, xviii, 146–49, 214, 228–31, 237–38, 253n

  post-chaise fares paid by, 242n

  properties owned or rented by, 5, 6–7, 101, 102–5, 103, 104, 115, 136–37, 203–5, 205, 241–42, 243, 244, 245, 259, 262

  quarry venture of, 243–44, 245, 256, 268

  rehabilitated reputation of, xviii–xix, 264, 266, 278–79

  rheumatism of, 273

  self-image of, 213

  social standing of, 105, 114–15, 123–24, 136, 149, 155–56, 213, 225–26

  Smith, William (WS’s uncle), 27, 53, 55, 242

  Smith & Cruse, Land Surveyors, 197

  Society of Arts, 196–97, 203, 204, 209, 219

  Somerset Coal Canal Company, 127, 198 canal committee of, 90, 92

  WS as surveyor for, 51–52, 58, 61, 77–78, 83–91, 92–101, 115

  WS fired by, 137–38, 146, 151, 241

  WS’s survey charts for, 141

  Somerset Coal Measures, 48–51, 62–75, 73, 115 age of, 48, 64, 68 geology of, 64–68 stratification of, 48, 49, 63, 64, 70–75

  Somerset County

  Agricultural Report, 124–25

  Somerset Guardian, 82

  Sowerby, James, 240

  Spain, 114, 130

  Staffordshire (Plot), 93

  stages, 168n

  Stanley, Sir John, 246

  steam engines, 17, 46, 50, 65

  Steno, Nicolaus, 37, 38n, 39

  Stephens, James, 151, 156

  Stonesfield slate, 187 Stowey, 57, 60

  Strachey, John, 89, 93

  Strata Identified by Organized Fossils (Smith), 250

  stratification:

  first use of term, 65n

  formulation of WS’s theories on, 74–78, 84, 87–91, 87, 97–100, 115–20

  of Somerset Coal Measures, 48, 49, 63, 64, 70–75

  WS’s first observations of, 63, 65–68, 71–74, 115

  WS’s tabular list of, 132–36, 135, 148

  Stratigraphical System of Organized Fossils, The (Smith), 250

  stratigraphy, 100

  strike, in marls, 66

  subzones, 168n

  “Sunday man,” 257n

  Swan Inn, 103, 120, 124

  “Table of Strata” (Smith), 131–36, 135, 148, 289

  Tapster’s Baths, 204

  Taylor, A., 126, 128

  tectonic plates, 48–49, 68, 116–17, 116, 175

  teilzones, 168n

  terebratulids, 33, 33, 40

  Tethyan Ocean, 116, 116

  textile industry, 17

  Theory of the Earth, The (Hutton), 68–69

  Thomas, Dylan, 208 time, Korean myth of, 69n

  Tisbury coral, 110

  Titanites, 179, 181

  Titfield Thunderbolt, The, 80–81

  Toarcian stage, 168n

  Torrens, Hugh, 110n, 293, 294n

  Townsend, Joseph, 115, 124, 128–36, 144, 146, 147, 148, 215, 300

  background of, 129

  death of, 289n

  fossil collection of, 114, 129–30
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  writings of, 130, 214

  WS’s “Table of Strata” dictated to, 131–36

  Trevithick, Richard, 232n

  Triassic period, 87n, 174

  trilobites, 64

  Trim Bridge, WS’s offices in, 204, 205, 211, 242

  Trinity College, Dublin, 265, 295

  Tucking Mill House, 103–5, 103, 104, 115, 124, 197, 203, 242, 300

  WS’s mortgages on, 136, 205, 211–12, 243, 244, 256

  Tull, Jethro, 20

  United States, WS offered job in, 253–54

  University Museum, Oxford, 54, 64, 65

  Uranus, 123

  Ussher, James, 13, 15n, 24, 25, 38n, 41, 69n, 285

  Vale of Wardour, 110

  Vansittart, Nicholas, 246

  Variscan orogeny, 48–49, 50–51, 68, 71n

  Vernon, William, 278–79, 286

  Victoria, Queen of England, 297n

  Villiers, A. J. M. Brochant de, 236

  virtue, divine, and placing of fossils, 36

  vis plastica, 35

  Voelcker, Augustus, 123

  Wales, 90, 140, 142, 207, 208, 266

  Walks Through Wales (Warner), 114n

  Wallace, Alfred, 106 Warner, Richard, 115, 253

  writings of, 114, 147–48, 214

  WS’s work plagiarized by, 148, 214

  Watt, James, 17, 24n, 46

  Watts, Billy, 31

  Webb, Edward, 54–55, 57, 97, 141

  Webster, Thomas, 234, 284

  Wedgwood, Josiah, 17, 24n, 44

  Wells Cathedral, 59

  Werner, Abraham, 226, 227, 231

  Wesley, John, 51

  Westminster Abbey, 243 Westminster Palace, 296–99, 296