The Last Lion

  259. WM/Kay Halle, 8/6/80.

  260. Time, 6/12/44.

  261. Colville, Fringes, 385–86; Cv/3, 767; WSCHCS, 6399.

  262. Colville, Fringes, 385–86.

  263. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 596.

  264. Keegan, Second World War, 166–69.

  265. C&R-TCC, 1:191, 192; Colville, Fringes, 389.

  266. Colville, Fringes, 389.

  267. Colville, Fringes, 389.

  268. WSC 3, 305.

  269. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 328.

  270. Chesneau, Conway’s; WSC 3, 305–20.

  271. C&R-TCC, 1:192; Colville, Fringes, 374.

  272. Colville, Fringes, 390; Ismay, Memoirs, 219; ChP 4/219.

  273. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  274. WCS 6, 1094.

  275. Colville, Fringes, 391; WSC 3, 299.

  276. Colville, Fringes, 391.

  277. Colville, Fringes, 391.

  278. Colville, Footprints, 188–89.

  279. WSC 3, 316–17.

  280. WSC 3, 317–20; Colville, Fringes, 403.

  281. Time, 6/16/41;WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  282. WSC 3, 317–20.

  283. Cv/3, 761; Time, 6/16/41, 30; WSC 3, 304.

  284. WSCHCS, 6412–15; Hansard 6/10/41.

  285. WSCHCS, 6415; Hansard 6/10/41.

  286. Colville, Fringes, 383, 393.

  287. Colville, Fringes, 396.

  288. Colville, Fringes, 396; C&R-TCC, 1:191.

  289. Colville, Fringes, 382, 402; GILBERT 6, 846.

  290. GILBERT 6, 1074 n1.

  291. ChP 20/36.

  292. Robert W. Creamer, Baseball and Other Matters in 1941 (Lincoln, NE, 1991), 169–70.

  293. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, 5/27/41.

  294. WSCHCS, 6490.

  295. Cv/3, 731 (to Wavell).

  296. Cv/3, 1132 (letter to Randolph); Colville, Fringes, 432.

  297. WSC 3, 368.

  298. WSC 3, 342.

  299. Cv/3, 807, 830; Time, 3/31/41.

  300. Cv/2, 1246; Colville, Fringes, 403–4.

  301. Colville, Fringes, 403; Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 556.

  302. Colville, Fringes, 403.

  303. Eden, The Reckoning, 312; Colville, Fringes, 403.

  304. Keegan, Second World War, 181.

  305. Keegan, Second World War, 181; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 849.

  306. Keegan, Second World War, 180–81.

  307. Keegan, Second World War, 178–79; WSC 3, 353.

  308. Colville, Fringes, 403–4; TWY, 174.

  309. TWY, 174.

  310. Colville, Fringes, 402–3.

  311. Colville, Fringes, 405.

  312. Colville, Fringes, 405.

  313. WSCHCS, 6427.

  314. WSCHCS, 6427; C&R-TCC, 2:22 (Balkan proverb).

  315. TWY, 174.

  316. PFR/Sir John Keegan, 6/04.

  317. J. Erikson, The Soviet High Command (London, 1962); William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York, 2003), 162.

  318. ChP 65/19; Cv/3, 1107; C&R-TCC, 1:253.

  319. Cv/3, 842.

  320. Cv/ 3, 870–71.

  321. C&R-TCC, 1:224.

  322. Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook, 200; WSC 2, 577; Richard Langworth, ed., Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations (London, 2008), 324.

  323. Cv/3, 956; Cv/3, 1161.

  324. WSC 3, 462–63; Cv/3, 1171–72.

  325. ChP 20/44.

  326. Cv/3, 1171 (to Cripps); Cv/3, 964–65 (to Stalin).

  327. Cv/3, 841 (to Chiefs).

  328. Cv/3, 991; Cv/3, 1236.

  329. GILBERT 6, 1050–51.

  330. James C. Humes, The Wit and Wisdom of Winston Churchill (New York, 1995), 151; Colville, Fringes, 309; Anthony Montague Browne, Long Sunset (London, 1996), 76.

  331. Time, 6/9/41.

  332. Colville, Fringes, 194; Colville, Churchillians, 144.

  333. Colville, Fringes, 416–17.

  334. Colville, Fringes, 419; Cv/3, 978.

  335. Brooklyn Eagle, 8/6/41.

  336. Cv/3, 1031; Colville, Fringes, 424; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.

  337. WSC 3, 429.

  338. WSC 3, 425–27; Brooklyn Eagle, 8/6/41; GILBERT 6, 1155–56.

  339. WSC 3, 445–46.

  340. Cv/3, 111 (draft of threat to Japan).

  341. Dilks, Diaries, 396–97; Brooklyn Eagle, 8/6/41; Time, 5/31/41.

  342. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 230.

  343. Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day, 207.

  344. WSC 3, 434.

  345. WSC 3, 432.

  346. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 234, 236, 239; ChP 4/225; Dilks, Diaries, 398.

  347. WSC 3, 443–44.

  348. WSC 4, 890; Cv/3, 1059.

  349. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 271; Dilks, Diaries, 277, 280, 401.

  350. CAB 65/19; Cv/3, 1079, 1084.

  351. Dilks, Diaries, 402; Cv/3, 1068; Cv/3, 1079.

  352. Colville, Fringes, 428; Cv/3, 1111; Cv/3, 1079–81; Keegan, Second World War, 538–39.

  353. Colville, Fringes, 428; James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940–1945 (New York, 1970), 118, 134.

  354. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 854.

  355. NYT, 9/2/41; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 369.

  356. T. R. Fehrenbach, FDR’s Undeclared War 1939–1941 (New York, 1967).

  357. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Fireside Chat, 9/11/41.

  358. Klingaman, 1941, 370.

  359. War Cabinet No. 112 of 1941; C&R-TCC, 1:265.

  360. War Cabinet No. 112 of 1941.

  361. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, 9/11/41.

  362. C&R-TCC, 1:198.

  363. C&R-TCC, 1:265.

  364. Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day, 202.

  365. Gordon Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (London, 1983), 37–39, 320; Liddell Hart, History, 227.

  366. Cv/3, 236; Time, 1/19/42, 9.

  367. WSC 3 (memo to Ismay), 177.

  368. Colville, Footprints, 150; Cv/3, 44; Premier (Prime Minister) Papers, Public Record Office, Kew, 3/156/6.

  369. Klingaman, 1941, 346.

  370. WSC 3, 580–81.

  371. C&R-TCC, 1:108; ChP 20/13 (Ismay Minute, 7/25/40); Colville, Fringes, 335; Cv/3, 575.

  372. C&R-TCC, 1:257; WSC 3, 603.

  373. Cv/3, 1094.

  374. Cv/3, 1555.

  375. Chicago Tribune, 10/27/41.

  376. Cv/3, 1111.

  377. C&R-TCC, 1:276.

  378. Cv/3, 1530–31.

  379. ChP 2/416.

  380. Eden, The Reckoning, 325.

  381. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary 63 (Brooke); Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 89–90.

  382. Colville, Fringes, 446.

  383. Cv/3, 1534; Cv/3, 1530–36.

  384. C&R-TCC, 1:266.

  385. Cv/3, 1530.

  386. Colville, Fringes, 414–15; Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 95.

  387. WM/Lady Mary Soames, 10/27/80; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (New York, 2003), 403; Churchill, Keep On Dancing, 160.

  388. Soames, Clementine, 404.

  389. Collier, War in the Desert, 83–86.

  390. Cv/3, 1531 (Auchinleck greetings).

  391. WSCHCS, 6519.

  392. TWY, 190.

  393. TWY, 205.

  394. Cv/3, 1534–36.

  395. Keegan, Second World War, 538.

  396. Keegan, Second World War, 203, 206.

  Vortex

  1. Walter H. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill (New York, 1953), 3.

  2. PFR/Winston S. Churchill, 4/04 (Christmas at Chequers); WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; Martin Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews (New York, 2007), 2; John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 392.

  3. PFR/Winston S. Churchill (Christmas at Chequers), 4/04. r />
  4. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds., Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke: War Diaries 1939–1945 (Berkeley, 2003), 209.

  5. Cv/3, 1553; Cv/3, 1235.

  6. W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin: 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 111.

  7. Time, 5/11/42, 90; C&R-TCC, 1:279.

  8. C&R-TCC, 1:280–81; Time, 1/19/42, 9.

  9. Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide: A History of the War Years Based on the Diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, 1939–1943 (New York, 1957), 233.

  10. Cv/3, 1574.

  11. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  12. Cv/3, 1576–77; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  13. Cv/3, 1576–77; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; WM/John Martin, 10/23/80.

  14. WSC 3, 604; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 209.

  15. Cv/3, 1579.

  16. ChP 20/36; Bryant, Tide, 226; Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1954), 301.

  17. William Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964 (Boston, 1978), 209–11; Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two-Ocean War (Boston, 1963), 82; Clay Blair Jr., Silent Victory (Annapolis, MD, 1975), 134, 171.

  18. NYT, 12/12/41; Manchester, American Caesar, 209–11; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 82.

  19. Eisenhower, Crusade, 21; Leonard Mosley, Marshall: Hero for Our Times (New York, 1982), 189–91.

  20. C&R-TCC, 1:283.

  21. WSCHCS, 6525; TWY, 194.

  22. WSC 3, 611; ChP 20/46; ChP 20/20.

  23. Cv/3, 1586; Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, The Reckoning: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden (New York, 1965), 330–31.

  24. Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (New York, 2003), 349–50 (Komodo); WM/Viscount Antony Head, 1980.

  25. Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 4 vols. (New York, 1993), 3:212.

  26. WM/Mark Bonham Carter, 10/20/80.

  27. Cv/3, 1435; Cv/3, 1455; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.

  28. Cv/3, 1083; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.

  29. WM/G. M. Thompson, 1980; WSC 3, 854; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.

  30. Mark Mayo Boatner, The Biographical Dictionary of World War II (New York, 1999), 428; Stephen Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals (New York, 1978), 199; Hastings Lionel Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay (London, 1960), 240.

  31. WM/G. M. Thompson, 1980.

  32. Cv/3, 1592; Cecil Brown, Suez to Singapore (New York, 1942), 298.

  33. WSC 3, 619; David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled (London, 2000), 141.

  34. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 311–23; Cv/3, 1474.

  35. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 311–23; Cv/3, 1474.

  36. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 328.

  37. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  38. Cv/3, 1593; WSC 3, 620.

  39. Mollie Panter-Downes, London War Notes, 1939–1945 (London, 1972), 198.

  40. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 245–46.

  41. Winston Churchill, My Early Life: 1874–1904 (New York, 1996), 19; WM/Lady Mary Soames, 10/27/80.

  42. Churchill, Early Life, 19; WM/Lady Mary Soames, 10/27/80.

  43. Hansard 12/11/41; TWY, 196–97.

  44. WSC 3, 616; CAB 69/4 (Cv/3, 1651); Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, 5 vols. (New York, 1923–31), 1:212 (“gigantic castles of steel”).

  45. The Editors of the Viking Press, The Churchill Years 1874–1965, with Foreword by Lord Butler of Saffron Walden (London, 1965), 21; WM/R. A. B. Butler, 12/5/80.

  46. Cv/3, 1627.

  47. Time, 1/5/42, 13–14; Time, 3/2/42, 57.

  48. NYT, 12/12/42.

  49. WSCHCS, 6530; TWY, 196–97.

  50. Colville, Fringes, 404; WSCHCC, 6531.

  51. C&R-TCC, 1:286.

  52. Cv/3, 1612; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 209.

  53. GILBERT 7, 6–7; PFR/Lady Mary Soames, 6/07.

  54. W&C-TPL, 459–61.

  55. WM/G. M. Thompson, 1980.

  56. NYT, 12/12/41.

  57. Richard Collier, The War in the Desert (New York, 1980), 84–85.

  58. Cv/3, 1657; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 439.

  59. PFR/Winston S. Churchill, 5/04; Soames, Clementine, 499.

  60. WSC 3, 696; PFR/Winston S. Churchill, 4/04.

  61. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940–1945 (New York, 1970), 551.

  62. WSC 6, 400–401; C&R-TCC, 3:68–69; WSCHCS, 7117.

  63. John Gunther, Inside Europe (New York, 1938), 464–65; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 283.

  64. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 77, 220.

  65. Elisabeth Barker, Churchill and Eden at War (New York, 1978), 233–35; ChP 20/50.

  66. Cv/3, 1644.

  67. Louis P. Lochner, The Goebbels Diaries 1942–1943 (New York, 1948), 136; Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds., The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942 (New York, 1988); Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 200–201.

  68. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 191.

  69. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 246; WSC 3, 682.

  70. Cv/3, 1344–45.

  71. John Keegan, ed., Churchill’s Generals (New York, 1991), 86; Cv/3, 1341; WSC 4, 24.

  72. CAB 69/2; ChP 20/20.

  73. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 216; Bryant, Tide, 15.

  74. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York, 1948), 22.

  75. Bryant, Tide, 16 (“salt water” general).

  76. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 281; Bryant, Tide, 234.

  77. Edward Jablonski, Airwar: Tragic Victories (Garden City, NY, 1971), “American Renegades,” 26–42.

  78. WSC 3, 674; Bryant, Tide, 231.

  79. WSCHCS, 6535; Written Archives Center, U.S. National Park Service.

  80. William K. Klingaman, 1941: Our Lives in a World on the Edge (New York, 1989), 449.

  81. WSC 3, 666.

  82. ChP 20/50; Time, 1/5/42, 22–23; Time, 8/3/42, 15.

  83. Time, 1/5/42, 16; Moran, Diaries, 11; WSCHCS, 6536.

  84. WSCHCS, 6537–39.

  85. NYT, 12/27/41; ChP 20/49; Bryant, Tide, 229; GILBERT 7, 28–29.

  86. WSC 3, 691; Lord Moran, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (Boston, 1966), 17–18.

  87. Moran, Diaries, 20.

  88. WSC 3, 679; Martin Gilbert, In Search of Churchill: A Historian’s Journey (New York, 1994), 295–96.

  89. Thompson, Bodyguard, 257; WSC 3, 680–81.

  90. PFR/Brig. General Albin Irzyk (U.S. Army ret.), 12/11.

  91. TWY, 199; WSC 3, 681.

  92. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 217; Klingaman, 1941, 450–51.

  93. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 324; WSC 3, 682–83.

  94. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 324; WSC 3, 682–83; GILBERT 7, 35; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80. This was her secondhand recollection of what Churchill said to Roosevelt when the president encountered WSC naked. Afterward Churchill disputed the recollection of his bodyguard, Inspector Walter Thompson (Assignment: Churchill, 248), and his secretary, Patrick Kinna, who both claimed Churchill said to the president, “You see Mr. President, I have nothing to conceal [or “hide”] from you.” (GILBERT 7, 28). Churchill later told Robert E. Sherwood (Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History [New York, 1948], 442–43) that he in fact had secrets to keep from the Americans, and did so.

  95. NYT, 12/12/41.

  96. Mencken, American Language, 785–86.

  97. Atlantic Monthly, 3/65, 79.

  98. Tom Hickman, Churchill’s Bodyguard (London, 2005), 261; WSC 3, 691, 706; Celia Sandys, Chasing Churchill (New York, 2005), 148; WM/John Martin, 10/23/80.

  99. Time, 5/25/42, 22–23; The Adamic Louis Papers, Slovene American Collection, Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota; WM/Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10/15/80.

  100. GILBERT 6, 1215 (lisp); Time, 9/2/46; Time, 11/4/46.

&
nbsp; 101. WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell, 7/10/80; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  102. WM/Cecily (“Chips”) Gemmell, 7/10/80; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80; WM/Sir David Hunt, 1980.

  103. Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China (New York, 1971), 296, 308–9.

  104. Tuchman, Stilwell, 625; WSC 3, 705; WSC 4, 123.

  105. WSC 3, 689–90; Time, 5/5/43.

  106. WSC 2, 115; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 138.

  107. WSC 3, 710–11.

  108. WSC 3, 708.

  109. GILBERT 7, 53–54; Eden, The Reckoning, 369.

  110. ChP 20/23; WSC 4, 8.

  111. Moran, Diaries, 28; WSC 4, 60–61.

  112. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 150.

  113. David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service (London, 2000), 280.

  114. Time, 3/2/42, 27 (“Christ and Carrots” Cripps); Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 137.

  115. Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook (London, 1966), 230, 232; WSC 4, 75; Cv/3, 1373–74; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 183.

  116. WSC 4, 61; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 157.

  117. Gardner, Churchill in Power, 147.

  118. John Colville, The Churchillians (London, 1981), 69; John Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day: Working with Churchill (London, 1968), 79; Charles Eade, ed., Churchill by His Contemporaries (New York, 1954), 298; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  119. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 152; Moran, Diaries, 80; WSCHCS, 7269.

  120. Jan Morris, The Matter of Wales (New York, 1984), 404, 405; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 152; Moran, Diaries, 649.

  121. WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; WSC 4, 61; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 157; TWY, 207, 208, 209; Colville, Fringes, 737.

  122. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; WSC 4, 61; Gardner, Churchill in Power, 157; TWY, 207, 208, 209.

  123. Gardner, Churchill in Power, 158.

  124. TWY, 209.

  125. Time, 10/24/1941.

  126. WSC 3, 576–77.

  127. WSC 3, 576–77; W&C-TPL, 558; Time, 5/3/43, 40.

  128. Collier, War in the Desert, 89; WSC 4, 21; TWY, 209.

  129. Time, 3/2/42, 20.

  130. Basil Collier, The Second World War: A Military History from Munich to Hiroshima (New York, 1967), 268; Time, 3/2/42, 20.

  131. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 370, 392.

  132. WSC 4, 50–51; Collier, Second World War, 273.

  133. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 373; Cooper, Old Men, 305; PFR/Michael Browning, 7/04.

  134. GILBERT 7, 47, 57; ChP 20/67.

  135. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945 (London, 2003), 336–37; Time, 3/2/42, 21; C&R-TCC, 1:381; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 231.