The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology

  Jacobi, C.T., 535n

  Jacobstein, Neil, 598n

  Jacoby, Mitch, 536n

  Jaffee, E. M., 554n

  Jahnke, A., 575n

  Jaiswal, J. K., 586n

  Jansen, Jac J., 587n

  Japan, life expectancy in, 408

  Jefferson Airplane, 300, 315

  Jenkins, D. E., 342

  Jensen, R. J., 585n

  jet engines, design of, 270, 271

  jet propulsion, 138

  Jobling, Mark A., 549n

  Johanson, D., 502n

  Johns Hopkins University, 398

  Johnson, M., 553n

  Johnson, R. Colin, 528n, 586n

  Johnston, M. V., 539n

  Joint Forces Command, U.S., Project Alpha of, 333

  Jones, Douglas, 515n

  Jones, Tanya, 598n

  Joy, Bill, 12, 391, 394–395, 409, 411, 417, 595n, 598n

  Joyce, Gerald F., 235–236

  Judson, Horace F., 550n

  Jung, Carl, 382

  Jupiter, 280, 349

  Justice Department, U.S., 284

  Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, 557n

  Kaczynski, Ted, 32, 410, 411, 597n

  Kahle, Brewster, 588n

  Kahn, Ron, 303

  Kalaugher, Liz, 528n

  Kamat, Prashant V., 567n

  Kandel, Eric R., 544n

  Kanellos, Michael, 526n, 529n

  Kanerva, Pentti, 172

  Kant, Immanuel, 335

  Kantor, Frederick W., 518n

  Kapor, Mitch, 295

  Kardashev, N. S., 344, 590n

  Kasparov, Gary, 8, 275, 277–278, 292

  Kass, D. A., 555n

  Kass, Leon, 470

  Katz, Lawrence, 523n, 539n

  Kauffman, Stuart, 509n

  Keklak, John, 580n

  Keller, Helen, 341

  Kelly, Jeffrey W., 550n

  Kelly, T. Ross, 234, 560n

  Kempermann, G., 177, 544n

  Kempf, Karl, 513n

  Kennedy, James, 589n

  Kennedy, John F., 1, 401

  Kennedy, Robert, 596n

  Kentucky, University of, Institute for Molecular Manufacturing at, 240

  Kephart, Thomas W., 356, 592n

  Kevlar, 332

  key events, of biological and technological evolution, 16–20, 17–20, 36, 501n–503n

  canonical milestones, 19, 20, 502n

  in “Countdown to Singularity” charts, 17–18, 17, 18, 501n

  increase-in-complexity criteria for, 36–40, 507n

  paradigm shifts for fifteen lists of, 18, 19, 501n–502n

  punctuated equilibrium and, 44–45, 510n–511n

  Kharif, Olga, 586n

  kidneys, 223, 305, 418

  Kim, J. J., 545n

  Kim, Seong-Gi, 540n

  kinematic cellular automata, 235

  kinematic machine replication, 228, 229, 558n–559n

  kinesthetic sensory management, 166

  King, Neil, Jr., 598n

  Klar, H., 575n

  Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers, 395

  Klenow, Peter, 100, 525n

  Klibanov, A. M., 239, 562n

  Klimov, V. I., 566n

  Kling, Ross D., 581n

  Knapp, Louise, 565n

  “knee of the curve,” 9, 10, 97, 154

  Knight, Will, 528n, 530n, 534n, 589n

  knowledge, 25, 341, 358, 375, 498n

  backing up of, 323

  brain limits and, 9

  commonsense, 177, 267, 292

  creation of, 300

  downloading of, 300, 337

  economy and, 96, 97

  exponential growth of, 9, 73, 105, 302, 396

  human learning of, 26, 293–294

  information technologies’ encompassing of, 8, 85

  information vs., 372, 375, 386

  innate (instinct), 293–294

  Internet access to, 26, 32, 261, 286

  limits on pursuit of, 391

  loss of, 372, 386

  medical, 282, 283, 396

  number of expert “chunks” of, 126

  as pattern, 323, 386

  personality uploading and, 124

  respect for, 424

  technology’s sharing of, 20, 26, 145, 202–203, 260

  Koch, Christof, 194, 450, 532n, 538n, 600n

  Koehler, Kenneth R., 505n

  Kokinov, Boicho, 569n

  Konarka, 250

  Korean War, 330, 331

  Kortum, Samuel, 524n

  Koumura, N., 560n

  Krag, Tomas, 533n

  Kramer, Peter D., 169, 541n

  Kramnik, Vladimir, 274–275, 277–278

  Krauss, Lawrence, 590n

  Krazit, Tom, 526n

  Kristula, Dave, 516n

  Kurzweil, Allen, 319, 587n

  Kurzweil, Fredric, 1, 211

  archive of, 326–327

  as musician, 327, 339, 497n

  Kurzweil, Hannah, 1, 2, 497n

  Kurzweil, Ray (author), 504n, 505n, 544n, 548n, 550n, 580n, 582n, 592n, 593 n, 594n, 595n, 599n

  biochemical programming of, 211–212

  biological age of, 211

  childhood of, 1–3

  Chinese Room of, 465–466

  congressional testimony of, 422

  as cybernetic totalist, 380–381, 435

  daughter of, 315

  health of, 211, 225

  information collecting of, 326–328

  as inventor, 1, 2–3, 370, 497n

  as materialist, 388, 394, 431, 473–474

  as patternist, 5, 386, 388, 474

  religious upbringing of, 1, 2

  as Singularitarian, 368, 370–373

  technology models of, 3

  as technology optimist, 393, 395

  virtual-reality persona experienced by, 314–315

  as writer, 3, 370, 497n; see also specific books

  KurzweilAI.net, 279, 489–490, 497n, 580n

  Kurzweil Applied Intelligence (KAI), 570n, 599n

  Kurzweil Computer Products, 97, 570n

  Kurzweil Education Systems, 337, 589n

  Kurzweil Technologies, 282

  Kurzweil Voice, 599n

  Kurzweil Voice Report, 570n

  Kwong, K. K., 540n

  labor productivity, 100, 101

  La Cerra, P., 539n

  Lahn, Bruce T., 506n, 510n

  Laino, Charlene, 581n

  Lamina 1 neurons, 193, 314

  laminar structures, 160

  Lamm, Dick, 321

  Lamoreaux, Steve K., 139–140, 537n

  Landauer, Rolf, 130, 534n

  language, 26, 260, 276

  AI applications for, 286–288

  brain region for, 173, 175, 190

  evolutionary algorithms and, 92

  origin of, 190

  Rosetta Disk and, 588n

  translation of, 288, 292, 313, 337

  Turing test and, 272, 286, 288, 292, 295, 461, 464

  written, 17, 18, 20, 36, 44, 48, 286, 338, 536n

  see also Chinese Room analogy; speech recognition

  Lanier, Jaron, 380, 386, 456, 469

  criticism from software and, 435, 436, 440–441

  on lock-in, 457

  Lanza, R. P., 557n

  laptop computers, 133–136, 337, 349, 362

  laser light, computing with, 113, 119–120

  Lasota, Jean-Pierre, 503n

  Lassiter, L. K., 554n

  Latif, Sajid, 336

  Lauhon, L. J., 561n, 562n

  Laurent, Gilles, 168

  law, legal system, 374–375, 379, 416

  law enforcement organizations, 413, 421

  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 235

  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 307, 533n, 585n

  LDL cholesterol, 554n

  learning, 120, 143, 152, 202, 260, 293–294, 317

  AI and, 294

  basis functions and, 179

  computer, 146

&
nbsp; GNR impact on, 335–337, 589n

  of handwriting movements, 181

  neural, Hebb’s theories of, 156–157, 170–171

  neural, Svoboda’s research on, 171–172

  online, 300

  to read, 175, 337, 589n

  by robot scientists, 283

  synaptic plasticity and, 169, 541n

  of visual-spatial relationships, 175

  “Leary, Timothy,” 31, 318, 368

  LeDoux, Joseph, 169, 541n

  Lee, Hyojune, 563n, 564n

  Lee, San-Hee, 218–219

  Leibniz, G. W., 167, 376, 458

  Lenat, Doug, 267

  Lenslet, 120

  Lerner, Josh, 524n

  leukemia, 215

  Lewis, J. D., 554n

  Li, Chao, 529n

  Liao, Shiping, 235, 560n

  Liao, Yihau, 575n

  liberty, 421–422, 424

  Libet, Benjamin, 191

  libido, 318

  libraries, 279, 393, 594n

  Lie, Dieter C., 544n

  Lieber, Charles M., 528n

  Lien, Hsing-Lung, 567n

  life, 86, 377, 501n

  evolution of, 17, 18, 20, 47, 207–210

  fragility of, 408

  length of, 9, 13, 98, 141, 205, 210–215, 218–221, 241, 259, 302, 323–324, 338, 371, 372, 383, 408, 415

  meaning of, 7, 311, 372, 470, 485

  origins of, 15, 16, 17

  purpose of, 370, 372

  Life (game), 520n

  light:

  black hole and, 23, 486, 503n

  computing with, 113, 119–120

  foglets’ control of, 310

  nanotechnology-based, 245, 252

  light, speed of, 26, 41, 119, 133, 351–357, 520n

  superseding of limit of, 21, 29, 139–140, 300, 353–356, 366, 503n, 511n

  wormholes and, 354–356

  Lindquist, Susan, 117, 176

  linear growth:

  of evolution, 18, 18, 501n

  exponential growth vs., 8, 10–14, 10, 97–98, 108, 109, 137

  Lineweaver, Charles H., 592n

  Linux, 533n

  Lipitor, 217

  liposomes, 216

  Lisberger, S. G., 545n

  literature, 375, 498n

  see also poetry

  liver, 307

  liver cells, 223, 557n

  liver disease, 418

  liver metastases, 552n

  Llinas, Rodolfo, 189, 544n, 545n

  Lloyd, Seth, 133–134, 342, 435, 451, 535n, 590n, 593n

  on universe-scale computer, 364–365, 592n

  Loan Arranger, 284

  local optimization, 309

  lock-in, criticism from, 429–430, 457–458

  Loebner Prize contest, 294

  logic, 119, 309, 481

  limits to, 453–454

  logic gates, 112, 121, 245, 530n, 538n

  brain compared with, 446, 449–450

  nanotubes as, 113, 114

  reversible, 131–132, 244, 249, 434, 534n

  Lohn, Jason, 281, 580n

  Long, R. Q., 567n

  longevity, human, 320–330, 371

  Long Now Foundation, 328, 588n

  Los Alamos National Lab, 139, 503n

  love, 189, 389, 476, 485

  boundaries and, 387

  falling in, 26, 142, 382

  remembering, 376

  spindle cells and, 193, 194

  Lovett, R., 553n

  Lovley, Derek R., 248

  Lowel, S., 176, 543n

  Lucas, J. R., 259, 376

  Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs of, 157

  Lucy (Australopithecine), 509n

  Ludd, Ned, 507n

  “Ludd, Ned,” 31–33, 225–226, 298, 319, 367, 426

  Luddites, 338, 341, 415, 507n

  Ludwig Maximilians University, 235

  lungs, 209, 216, 306

  Lurie, Karen, 565n

  Lyding, J. W., 562n, 563n

  Lyman, Peter, 588n

  lymph nodes, 217

  macaque monkeys, 186, 193

  McCabe, Thomas, 437, 600n

  McCallum, John C., 515n

  McCool, Joe, 582n

  McCormick, Bruce H., 540n

  McCrea, Keith, 567n

  McCulloch, W. S., 155, 539n, 539n

  McCulloch-Pitts neural-net model, 155, 170

  Macer, Darryl, 267

  McGill University, 242

  McKibben, Bill, 391, 395, 410, 594n, 597n

  McLuhan, Marshall, 14

  MacRobert, Alan M., 590n

  macrophages, robotic (microbivores), 254, 306

  mad-cow disease, 116, 224, 543n, 549n

  magic, 4–5, 388

  magnetic field, 118, 119, 160, 161, 281

  magnetic (disk-drive) memory, 76, 76

  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 308

  magnetic tape, 325

  magnetoencephalography (MEG), 150, 158, 160, 186

  magnetoresistance, 119

  Magueijo, Joao, 592n

  Maher, M. P., 548n

  Mahowald, M. A., 547n

  Makeig, Scott, 172, 542n

  Malthus, Thomas, 427–428, 433–435

  mammals, 17, 18, 20

  brain matter added to, 16

  embryos of, 556n

  nervous system evolution in, 506n

  spindle cells in, 192

  see also specific mammals

  Man and Superman (Shaw), 96

  Mandelbrot set, 447–449, 450

  MANIAC (Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer), 499n

  Mann, David J., 562n

  mannitol, 165

  Mano, N., 565n, 585n

  manufacturing, 250–251

  law of accelerating returns and, 243

  molecular, see molecular manufacturing

  productivity growth and, 100–101, 101

  robotics and, 276, 285–286

  of silicon chips, 42, 119, 122

  transistor, 60

  Mao, F., 565n

  Marcikic, I., 591n

  Margolus, Norman, 518n

  Markov, Andrei Andreyevich, 268

  Markov chains, 268

  Markov models, 89, 151, 152, 461, 481, 570n

  defined, 539n

  speech recognition and, 153, 268, 278

  Mars, 280

  Marshall, E., 552n

  Marshall, Matt, 566n

  Martin, Mike, 566n

  Martinville, Léon Scott de, 52

  Marx, Karl, 475

  “Mass Use of Inventions” chart, 50, 512n

  Masuoka, Fujio, 113

  materialism, 388, 394, 431, 473–476

  mathematics, 453–454

  chaotic systems and, 151, 198, 449, 450

  of complexity theory, 145, 151

  existential risks and, 404

  proofs in, 264, 283

  singularity in, 22–23, 23, 485, 486

  Mathematica (program), 89

  Matick, Richard E., 515n

  Matrioshka brain, 350–351

  Matrix Semiconductor, 113

  matter, 32, 33

  black hole’s effect on, 7, 363

  computational limits and, 72, 113, 128, 131, 133–134, 136–138, 300, 349–351, 427–428, 432, 434–435

  as digital vs. analog, 14

  information’s relationship with, 86, 87, 522n

  nonbiological intelligence’s saturating of, 15, 21, 29, 45, 364, 375, 389, 511n

  observed density of, 365, 592n

  patterns of, 325, 383, 385, 431, 474

  pico- and femtotechnology and, 138–139, 351

  Matthews, Stephen, 539n

  maturity stage, 52

  Mauk, Michael D., 182–183, 545n

  Max Planck Institute, 188, 195, 308, 313

  Maya (illusion), 388

  Maysinger, D., 564n

  Mazur, Eric, 162–163

  MCM-41, 252

  Mead, Carver, 183, 440, 533n

  analog-emulation-o
f-brain work of, 18, 126, 151, 189, 442, 533n, 538n, 545n, 547n

  meaning:

  as emergent pattern, 463–464

  parity and, 190

  meat, 224

  mechanical devices, decrease in size of, 82, 82, 407

  media:

  technology controversy and, 393

  war coverage by, 330, 331

  medical diagnostic systems, 266–267

  medical informatics, 265

  medicine, 126, 214

  AI applications in, 8, 276, 281–282

  knowledge and, 282, 283, 396

  nanotechnology and, 238, 242–243, 251, 253–255, 259, 300, 303–305, 377, 407

  progress in, 411

  regulation of, 373, 412–413, 416–417, 423

  warfare compared with, 331

  see also drugs; specific biotechnology practices

  Medina, Javier F., 182–183, 545n

  Medtronic MiniMed, 307, 530n, 585n, 586n

  MEG, see magnetoencephalography

  Melton, H. Keith, 580n

  Meltzer, Martin I., 596n

  Melymuka, Kathleen, 580n

  memory, 48, 86, 316

  brain and, 48, 126, 137, 138, 176, 523n

  computational capacity compared with, 126–127

  efficiency of, 136–138

  Hebbian reverberatory, 156–157, 170–171

  human longevity and, 329

  learning vs., 541n

  long-term, 157, 172, 175–176, 188, 543n, 544n

  repression of, 176–177, 544n

  short-term (working), 170, 175

  in soma, 170–171

  storage device for, 176

  synapses and, 169, 170–171, 175–176, 200, 541n, 543n, 544n

  of threatening stimuli, 541n

  uploading of, 199

  memory, computer, 3, 26, 135, 261, 481–482

  cost of, 126

  law of accelerating returns and, 57–58, 57, 58, 59, 64–65, 75–76, 75, 76, 96, 102, 436

  long-term, 158–159

  magnetic (disk-drive), 76, 76

  molecular computing and, 115

  nanotubes in storage of, 113–115

  random access, see RAM

  spintronics and, 118–119

  storage issues and, 327–329, 588n

  memory, flash, 54, 113, 115, 116

  memory banks, 312

  memory cells, based on atoms, 121

  MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems) technology, 133, 238, 247, 306, 421

  Mencken, H. L., 369

  meritocracy, 472

  Merkle, Ralph, 229, 230, 240, 400, 412, 559n, 560n, 561n, 562n, 563n, 595n, 598n

  Merzenich, Michael, 174, 542n

  mesh (peer-to-peer, many-to-many, and “multihop”) networks, 125, 280, 533n

  Mesopotamia, 536n

  “MEST” (matter, energy, space, and time) compression, 24

  meteors, 398

  methane (CH4), 400

  methanol, 247

  Meyerson, Bernard, 519n, 529n

  mice:

  beta-catenin overproduction in, 505n

  brain-scanning experiments in, 161–162, 171–172

  neurogenesis in, 177

  robustly rejuvenated, 213

  weight gain prevented in, 11–12, 303

  microarrays (gene chips), 214–215, 552n