The Ascent of Man

  Bird migration 146

  Birmingham, England, as intellectual centre 209–10; sacking of Priestley’s house in 114

  Blake, William (1757–1827) 73, 195, 213; Auguries of Innocence 266; Songs of Innocence 312

  Blood groups, human, New World 75

  Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich (1752–1840), skull collection, Göttingen 278–9

  Boccioni, Umberto (1882–1916), The Forces of a Street 251; Dynamism of a Cyclist 251

  Bohr, Niels Henrik David (1885–1962) 252, 253–6, 264; On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules 254

  Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844–1906) 262, 265–6

  Borgrajewicz, Stephan (1910) 267, 269

  Born, Max (1882–1970) 275, 276, 277, 279

  Boswell, James (1740–1799), Life of Johnson 211

  Boulton, Matthew (1728–1809) 209, 211

  Bourbon, Royal House of, France 203, 287

  Bow-lathe 63–4

  Brain 307, 310–19, 327; and locomotion 20, 28–9; evolution of human 31–3, 34, 36; -hand relations 90–3

  Braque, Georges (1882–1963), Houses at L’Estaque 251

  Brecht, Bertolt (1898–1956) 279

  Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of (1736–1803) 199–200

  Brindley, James (1716–1772) 199–200

  Broglie, Louis Victor, prince de (1892) 277

  Bronowski, Jacob (1908–1974), The Identity of Man 312

  Bronze 101; calligraphy on 100; discovery of, Middle East 99; Shang and Chou bronzes 99

  Brooke, Rupert (1887–1915) 255

  Browne, Sir Thomas (1605–1682), The Garden of Cyrus 74

  Brunelleschi, Filippo (1379–1446) 138

  Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600) 151, 155, 156

  Brutus, Marcus Junius (c.85–42 BC) 91

  Buddha, Gautama, prince Siddhartha (563–483 BC) 314–15

  Buddhism, in Mongol Empire 71, 314–15, 328

  Buz Kashi, game of, Afghanistan 66–9

  Calculator, historical and modern 130, 151

  Calculus, the 142, 171, 177, 183–4

  Canal 199–201; Manchester to Worsley 199–200

  Canyon de Chelly, National Monument, Arizona 74, 76–8

  Carbon 260, 298

  Carbon dioxide 116–18, 239

  Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi (1796–1832), La Puissance Motrice du Feu 212

  Caron, Pierre Augustin, Comte de Beaumarchais (1732–1799) 201–3; The Marriage of Figaro 201–3

  Carpaccio, Vittore (c.1450–1522), St Ursula 139

  Carrara marble quarries, Italy 91

  Carroll, Lewis (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) (1832–1898), Alice in Wonderland 191

  Catherine II, the Great, empress of Russia (1729–1796) 208

  Cellini, Benvenuto (1500–1571), Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini 104–5

  Celsus Aurelius (fl.14 AD) 111

  Centaur, Greek legend of 66

  Chadwick, Sir James (1891–1974) 258, 259, 264–5

  Chagall, Marc (1887) 279

  Chaucer, Geoffrey (c.1340–1400), Treatise on the Astrolabe 130, 199

  Chemistry 101–2, 103, 109, 242, 243–51

  China 309, 320, 329; alchemy in 107; ancestor worship in 93; Shang Dynasty in 99

  Christ, Jesus (c.9 BC–33 AD) 21, 74, 76, 98, 120, 128, 129, 148, 319, 320, 322

  City, the organisation of 70–1, 80, 82

  Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel (1822–1888) 262

  Codex 1181 156–7, 165–7

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772–1834) 212–13; Kubla Khan 70; Rime of the Ancient Mariner 212–13

  Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506) 78, 109, 132, 145, 147

  Continental drift, theory of 59, 73

  Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543) 112, 148–50, 155, 157, 158, 160–1, 162, 163, 164, 169, 253; De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium 150

  Copper 98–9, 116; in Ancient Persia 97–8; in Inca Empire 82; melting point of 102

  Cordoba, Great Mosque, Spain 86

  Cowper, William (1731–1800) 189

  Crabbe, George (1754–1832) 198–9

  Crick, Francis H. Compton (1916) 296–8, 299, 300

  Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) 170, 285

  Crystal lattice 243–52, 272; of elements of Periodic Table 243–51; of metals 98, 99, 103; of pyrites, fluorite, diamond, iceland spar 135–6; see also Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

  Dalton, John (1766–1844) 116–18, 244

  Dart, Raymond (1893) 26

  Darwin, Charles Robert (1809–1882) 22, 210, 219, 221–2, 226, 229, 231–2, 233, 234, 235, 238, 241, 259, 265, 295; at Downe House 231; correspondence with A. R. Wallace 233–4; A Naturalist’s Voyage on HMS Beagle 229; The Descent of Man 22; On the Origin of Species 22, 233, 234

  Darwin, Erasmus (1731–1802) 210

  Defoe, Daniel (1661?–1731), Robinson Crusoe 146

  Delayed response 326–7

  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 20–1, 90, 240, 241, 272, 296–302

  Democracy, ideal of 208, 287, 293, 296, 309, 326–8

  Descartes, René (1596–1650) 167

  Dickens, Charles (1812–1870) 319

  Discovery, scientific 21, 23, 26, 76, 77, 88, 91–2, 111, 118, 153, 181

  Dome, invention of 88, 129

  Domestication of animals 41, 48, 50, 51, 59, 62, 64–5, 69

  Dondi, Giovanni de (1318–1389) 147

  Donne, John (1572–1631), The Extasie 308

  Draught animals, Bakhtiari 51, 62, 64–5; analogy with machine 64; reindeer as 41, 42

  Dryopithecus africanus, see Proconsul africanus; Dryopithecus fontani, Dryopithecus indicus and Dryopithecus sivalensis 33

  Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528), The Adoration of the Magi 140

  Durham, Terry (1930), Portrait of Dr Bronowski 314

  Easter Island 21, 145–6, 150, 319–20

  Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley (1882–1944) 193

  Egypt, Ancient 80, 123, 124, 143, 320, 326, 328

  Einstein, Albert (1879–1955) 188–96, 259, 279, 281–4, 322; The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies 192; The World As I See It 195

  Electrons 250–1, 253–4, 255–6, 257, 272, 276, 277

  Elements, Chemical 104, 105, 116, 259–64; Greek view of 95, 113; periodic table of the 245–50

  Embryological development 319; in grunion 19–20, 296; in chick 301–2

  Engels, Friedrich (1820–1895), see Marx, Karl Heinrich

  Engineering 83, 143, 199, 209–11, 214, 327

  Entropy theory, Physics 261–6

  Erasmus, Desiderius (c.1466–1536) 112, 321; In Praise of Folly 322

  Evolution, biological 222–34, 241, 303–4, 310, 316; by natural selection 19–20, 37, 47–8, 295–6; by sexual selection in man 304–8; cultural 20, 22, 23–5, 34–9, 47, 48; of matter 235, 259–60; see also Brain, Teeth

  Eskimo sculpture 92

  Euclid (fl.300 BC) 127, 137, 178, 329; The Elements of Geometry 127

  Faraday, Michael (1791–1867) 205

  Fermentation 236, 238, 239

  Fermi, Enrico (1901–1954) 258, 260, 265, 279, 281

  Fertile Crescent, the, Near East 56, 57, 58, 74, 80

  Fire, as analyser 97–8, 113; as a process 113; as purifier 95–6, 108; in Stone Age 35, 42; legends of 96–7

  Foramen magnum, base of skull 26, 32

  Foresight, human 30–1, 44–5, 53, 90, 281, 314, 317–20, 326, 327

  Francis I, king of France (1494–1547) 104–5

  Franklin, Benjamin (1706–1790) 92, 114, 115, 204–6, 210; Poor Richard’s Almanack 204; drafting of Declaration of Independence 206

  Franz Josef I, emperor of Austria (1830–1916) 288, 293

  Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) 279

  Frobenius, Johann (c.1460–1527) 112, 321, 322

  Galen, Claudius (c.130–200) 137, 310

  Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) 151–68, 169, 170, 197, 253, 279; Dialogue on the Great World Systems (1632) 159, 160, 169; see Codex 1811; The Starry Messenger (Siderius Nuncius) 153–4; Trial of 156, 161–7, 253; Two New
Sciences 167

  Games: bowls 116; chess 66, 324–5; children’s 124; mathematicians 123; patience 245–6; power 223; Theory 324–5; see also Buz Kashi

  Gandhi, Mahatma (1869–1948) 322

  Garstang, John (1876–1956) 53

  Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777–1855) 272–4, 319; Gaussian curve 273, 277

  Gay, John (1685–1732), The Beggar’s Opera 182; Three Hours after Marriage 182–4

  Gazelle, Grant’s 25, 29, 30

  Genetics, history of Mendel’s ideas on 290–6; of axolotI 302–4; of colour blindness 116; of lip in Habsburgs 288; of pea 290–5; of skin colour, man 25; of wheat 53–5

  Genghis Khan (1162–1227) 66, 69–70, 102

  Geology 23, 73

  George II, king of England (1683–1760) 275

  George III, king of England (1738–1820) 206

  Gerard of Cremona (c.1114–1187) 137

  Germanium, identification of 249–50

  Getsu, sword-maker 102–3

  Ghiberti, Lorenzo (1378–1455) 138

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832) 217

  Gold 82, 95, 104–8, 111, 118, 183

  Goldsmith, Oliver (1728–1774), The Descried Village 198

  Greece, science and culture in 61, 62, 82, 83, 104, 120–6, 137, 243, 264

  Greenwich Observatory 185–7, 190

  Gris, Juan (1887–1927), Still Life, Pierrot 251

  Growth, mathematical analysis of 142

  Grunion 19, 20, 296

  Hafnium, isolation of element 255

  Halley, Edmond (1656–1742) 177–8

  Halogen metals 243–4

  Handedness, in crystals 134, 237; in man 236, 316

  Harpoon, Magdalenian 39

  Harrison, John (1693–1776) 187

  Hay. H. J. (1930) 194

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) 274

  Heisenberg, Werner (1901) 255, 256, 276, 277–8

  Helium 246, 247, 250, 259, 260, 264

  Henry VIII, king of England (1491–1547) 156

  Herschel, Sir William (1738–1822) 268

  Hershey, Alfred Day (1908) 300

  Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf (1857–1894) 268

  Hippocrates (c.460–377 BC) 137, 321–2

  Hiroshima, Japan 284

  Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945) 69, 258, 279, 280, 281, 319

  Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679) 127

  Homer (c.700 BC) 329; The Iliad 264

  Homo erectus 35–7, 38, 97

  Homo sapiens 35, 37, 42, 47–8

  Homo transvaalensis, see Australopithecus africanus

  Hooke, Robert (1635–1703) 173–4, 177, 181, 185

  Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton (1817–1911) 232, 234

  Horse, as draught animal 65–6; domestication of 69; in Peru 82; taming, for riding 19, 66, 310; horsemen 68–9, 104

  Human specificity 19–20, 26–9, 36–7, 45, 90, 93–4, 304–8, 312–19

  Hunter, Walter (1889–1954) 317–8

  Huntsman, Benjamin (1704–1776) 101

  Huxley, Aldous Leonard (1894–1963) 96

  Hydrogen 245–6, 254, 255, 258, 259, 260, 264, 298, 300

  Iatrochemistry 110

  Iceland 48, 309

  Imagination 30, 34, 41, 42, 43–5, 73, 76–7, 256–7, 276–7, 323, 330

  Inca Empire 78, 80–2; gold work of 105

  India, mathematical systems of 119

  Induction 19–20, 56–7, 76, 77, 85, 91–2, 94, 248, 249, 252–4, 256–7; speech as 317

  Information, imperfection of 267–85

  Inquisition, Rome 151, 156, 160, 162, 163–4; the Council of the Spanish 165

  Instruments, scientific, modern 267–72

  Iron, use by Amerindians 101; working of for steel-making 102

  Ironbridge Gorge, Shropshire 208

  Irrigation 62, 80

  Isabella I, queen of Castile and Leon (1451–1504) 132

  Isfahan, Iran, Friday Mosque 129, 131

  Jacobsen, Carlyle F. (1902) 317

  Jacquard, Joseph Marie (1792–1834) 201

  Janáček, Leoš (1854–1928) 295

  Japanese sword 101–2; water marking on 103

  Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826) 114

  Jericho Tel, Israel 53, 56–9, 62, 70, 322

  Jerusalem, Israel 322

  Joliot Curie, Frederic (1900–1958) 281

  Joule, James Prescott (1818–1889) 216–17

  Kelvin, William Thomson, First Baron (1824–1907) 216

  Kenyon, Kathleen Mary (1906) 57

  Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630) 141, 150, 169

  Ko-Hung (c.260–340), Pao-p’u Tzu 105

  Koran, the 132

  Kublai Khan (c.1215–1294) 70–1, 102

  Lamarck, Jean Baptiste (1744–1829) 296

  Language 28, 37–8, 101, 195, 227, 285, 316–17; of numbers 119, 120

  Lapps 41–2, 48

  Laue, Max von (1879–1960) 272

  Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743–1794) 114, 115, 116

  Law, codes of 63; of constant proportions 117–18; of gravitation 178–80; of nature 119; of planetary motions 144, 169; of Thermodynamics (2nd) 212, 262

  Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett (1903–1972) 33

  Leakey, Richard (1937) 34

  Lehrman, Daniel Sanford (1919–1972) 314

  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646–1716) 91, 142, 173, 177, 184–5

  Lemur 31–2, 37

  Lever, principle of the 61, 94

  Leo X, Pope (Giovanni de’ Medici) (1475–1519) 148

  Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) 312; Mona Lisa 312

  Life, origin of 234–5, 295; recognition of 242

  Light 138–40, 172–7, 188–96, 268, 269

  Lipchitz, Jacques (1891) 91

  Lithgow, William (or Linlithgow) (1582–1645), The Totall Discourse of the Rare Adventures and Painfull Peregrinations of Long Nineteene Yeares 165

  Littlewood, John Edensor (1885) 193

  Longitude, calculation of 183

  Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias (1903) 310

  Louis XVI, king of France (1754–1793) 203, 204

  Luther, Martin (1488–1546) 112, 155

  Lyell, Sir Charles (1797–1875)

  Principles of Geology 232, 233, 234

  Mach, Ernst (1838–1916) 265

  Machu Picchu, Inca city of, Peru 21, 78–82, 314

  Magdalenian hunting cultures 39

  Mahomet (570–632) 129–30; see also Koran, the

  Maize, cultivation of in New World 76, 80

  Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834), Essay on Human Population 231, 233

  Mann, Thomas (1875–1955) 279

  Marc, Franz (1880–1916), Deer in a Forest 252

  Marie Antoinette, queen of France (1755–1793) 201

  Marini, Marino (1901) 91

  Marsh gas (methane) 116, 118, 239

  Marx, Karl Heinrich (1818–1883), The Communist Party Manifesto 287

  Masamune (c.1264–c.1343), Japanese swordsmith 102

  Masons, work of 87–90, 188, 203–4, 208

  Mathematics, history of 28, 85, 87, 88, 119–42, 143–4, 169–72, 178, 275–81

  Matter, structure of 95–6, 125; interception of by light 172–3, 189–91, 267–85

  Maxwell, James Clerk (1831–1879) 268

  Mayans 119, 143–4, 150; as astronomers 21

  Mecca, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia 129, 130, 275

  Mendel, Gregor Johann (1822–1884) 56, 287–96, 300, 301; Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden 292

  Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1834–1907) 244–50, 252, 255, 256, 260, 264

  Mercury, sublimation of 109–10; chemistry of 96; in Ancient China 96; in Lavoisier’s experiment 115–16

  Metals, alloys of 21; early use of 51, 57, 96, 98, 101

  Metternich, Prince Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von (1773–1859) 288

  Metzinger, Jean (1883–1956), Woman on a Horse 252

  Michelangelo, Buonarroti (1475–1564), Brutus 91, 157; Sistine Chapel Frescoes 257; Sonnets 91, 95

 
Michelson, Albert Abraham (1852–1931) 188

  Miller, Stanley (1930)

  Milton, John (1608–1674), Paradise Lost 73; Samson Agonistes 168

  Mongol Empire 49, 66, 69, 70; invasion of Japan 102, 109–10; shock tactics of 68

  Monod, Jacques Lucien (1910), Chance and Necessity 300–1

  Moon 128, 148, 154, 160, 171–2, 177, 178–9, 185, 209, 213, 214, 216, 296

  Moore, Henry (1898) 91; Knife-edge- Two-piece 93

  More, Sir Thomas (1478–1535) 319, 321–2; Utopia 322

  Morley, Edward Williams (1833–1923) 188

  Moseley, Henry Gwyn Jeffreys (1887–1915) 255

  Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–1791) 203–4, 319; The Magic Flute 203; The Marriage of Figaro 201–4

  Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945) 258, 319

  Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm von (1817–1891) 292–3

  Napoleon I (Bonaparte) (1769–1821) 203

  Napoleon III, emperor of France (1808–1873) 236

  Navigation 146, 172, 183, 185–7, 199

  Neanderthal man 35, 37, 38

  Neumann, John von (1903–1957) 323–7; Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour 324–5; The Computer and the Brain 325

  Neutron 257–8, 265, 281

  Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727) 142, 168, 169–87, 192, 196, 197, 198, 251, 253, 254, 310, 329; and Calculus 142, 171, 178; at Cambridge 171, 172, 177–8; at the Mint 181; at Woolsthorpe 170, 171, 178–9; occult, interest in 180; work on Opticks 172–7; work on the Principia 178

  Nicholas II, tsar of Russia (1868–1918) 250

  Nomadic way of life 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 63, 65, 66, 69, 127

  Numerals, evolution of modern system 130–1, 137

  Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 257–8, 264

  Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 27–8

  Oljeitu Khan (r.1304–1316) 70–1

  Omo Valley, Ethiopia 22–6, 329

  Orgel, Leslie Eleazer (1927) 240

  Ostwald, Wilhelm (1853–1932) 265

  Oxygen, discovery of 114–16; in air 114; in blood 29; in DNA 298; in primitive atmosphere 239; in universe 260; oxides of mercury 96; phlogiston theory 113, 115–16

  Paestum, Southern Italy 82–3, 86

  Paine, Thomas (1737–1809) 207; The Rights of Man 207

  Paracelsus, Aureolus Philippus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheirn (1493–1541) 95, 110–14, 243–4

  Pascal, Blaise (1623–1662) 319

  Pasteur, Louis (1822–1895) 236–8

  Paul III, Pope (1468–1549) 160

  Pauling, Linus (1901) 298–9

  Peking man, see Homo erectus

  Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703) 178

  Perspective studies 138–40, 148

  Physics, history of 87–8, 97, 128–9, 169–96, 243–85, 310, 436