Incarnations

  Kashi Vishwanath Temple (Benares)

  Kashmir

  Kashmiriyat

  Kashmir Valley

  Katesar

  Katkari people

  Kautilya (Chanakya, Vishnugupta)

  Kaveri River

  Kayasth caste

  Keats, John

  Kenyatta, Jomo

  Kerala; see also Travancore

  kesh (long hair; one of the “five Ks”)

  Khajuraho

  Khalistan

  Khalsa

  Khan, Yahya

  Khandalavala, Karl

  Khanna, Krishen

  Khatri caste

  Kher, Bharti

  Khilafat movement

  “Khol Do” (“Open It!”) (Manto)

  Khrushchev, Nikita

  Khusrau, Amir

  King, Martin Luther, Jr.

  Kiparsky, Paul

  Kipling, Rudyard

  kirat karni (working with your hands; Sikh tenet)

  kirpan (curved dagger; one of the “five Ks”)

  Kissinger, Henry

  Kolhapur

  Kolkata, see Calcutta

  Kols

  Komalatammal

  Konarak

  Korean War

  Kottayam district

  Krishna

  Krishna, T. M.

  Krishnadevaraya

  Krishnamurti, Jiddu

  Krishnaraja Sagar Dam

  Krishna River

  Kshatriya caste

  Kudalasangama

  Kulin caste

  Kumbakonam

  Kumhar (Potters) (Husain)

  Kunbi caste

  Kundagrama

  Kurosawa, Akira

  Kush (Kushan)

  Kusumapura

  Lahore

  Laine, James

  Lakshmi Bai, Rani of Jhansi

  Lane, Allen

  langar (Sikh communal kitchen)

  language

  Larkin, Philip

  Laski, Harold

  Latin language

  Laughton, Charles

  Laval, Pierre

  Laws of Manu

  Lenin, V. I.

  Letters to Uncle Sam (Manto)

  “Licence Raj”

  lingams

  Lingayats

  lions

  List, Friedrich

  Lodhi dynasty

  London

  London School of Economics

  Loney, S. L.

  Lord Haw-Haw (William Joyce)

  Louis Philippe, King of the French

  Lucknow

  Lucknow Pact (1916)

  Luftwaffe

  Lukács, György

  Luther, Martin

  Macaulay, Thomas Babington

  Macdonald, Dwight

  Machiavelli, Niccolò

  Mackay, James Lyle

  Madras; see also Chennai

  Madras University

  Madurai

  Magadha region

  Magahar

  Mahabharata

  Maharaja of Travancore

  maharajas

  Maharashtra

  Mahavira (Vardhaman)

  Mahdi (Islamic redeemer)

  “Maid of Delhi,’

  Majma‘al-bahrayn (The Meeting-place of the Two Oceans) (Dara)

  Malabar

  Mali caste

  Malik Ambar

  Malik Jiwan

  Malle, Louis

  Man (Husain)

  Manchester Guardian (newspaper)

  Mandalay

  Mandana Misra

  Mandela, Nelson

  Mandodari

  Manto, Saadat Hasan

  mantras

  Manu

  Manucaritramu (Peddana)

  Manusmriti, see Laws of Manu

  Mao Zedong

  Maratha Confederacy

  Maratha Nayak kings

  Martyrs’ Day (July 13, 1931)

  Marxism

  Masjid Bunder neighborhood (Bombay)

  Masnavi (Rumi)

  Mathai, M. O.

  mathematics

  Mathura

  Matisse, Henri

  Mattancherry Palace (Cochin)

  Maupassant, Guy de

  Mauryan Empire

  Mauryan Royal Highway

  maya (illusory reality)

  Mayo, Katherine

  McDonald, Hamish

  McLuhan, Marshall

  McTaggart, J.M.E.

  Mecca

  medicine

  Medina

  meditation

  Meenakshi (temple, Madurai)

  Meera (film)

  Meerut

  Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna

  Mehta, Pratap Bhanu

  Meiji Restoration

  Menon, Shivshankar

  Menon, V. K. Krishna

  Mexico

  Michell, George

  “middle way”

  Midnight’s Children (Rushdie)

  Mill, John Stuart

  Miłosz, Czesław

  Milton, John

  miniature paintings

  Minkowski, Christopher

  Minto, Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Earl of

  Mirabai (Mira)

  missionaries

  Mitra, Subrata

  Modern Review (journal)

  Modi, Narendra

  monarchy

  Mongols

  monism

  monks

  monotheism

  Monserrate, Antonio

  Mookerjee, Shyama Prasad

  Moore, G. E.

  mosques

  Mother India (Mayo)

  Mother Teresa

  Mountbatten, Lady Edwina

  Mountbatten, Lord Louis

  Mozambique

  Muddenahalli

  Mudrarakshasa (“The Ring of Power”) (Vishakhadatta)

  Muggeridge, Malcolm

  Mughal Empire

  Muharram processions

  Mukta, Parita

  mullahs

  Mul Mantra

  Multan

  Mumbai, see Bombay

  Mumbai terrorist attacks (2008)

  “Munda Raj”

  Muslim Conference

  Muslim League

  Mussolini, Benito

  mutth (Hindu monastery)

  Myanmar

  Mysore

  Mysore Government Oriental Library

  naam japna (meditation on the names of the Supreme Being; Sikh tenet)

  Nadars

  Nagapattinam

  Nagpur

  Naidu, Sarojini

  Nainsukh

  Naipaul, V. S.

  Nalanda

  Namagiri

  Nambudiri

  Naoroji, Dadabhai

  Nara, Japan

  Nargis

  Nasik

  Nataraja

  Natarajan, Vidya

  Navsari

  Nazism

  negus (ruler of Abyssinia)

  Nehru, Jawaharlal

  Nehru, Kamala

  Nehru, Motilal

  Nepal

  New Age movement

  New Delhi; see also Delhi

  New Testament

  Newton, Isaac

  New York Times

  Nicholson, R. A.

  Niebuhr, Reinhold

  nirankar (“without form”)

  nirguna Brahman (“a god without qualities”) (Shankara)

  Nixon, Richard M.

  Nizam al-Din Auliya

  Nizam of Hyderabad

  Nobel Prize

  noncooperation (civil disobedience)

  nonviolence (satyagraha, or passive resistance)

  Northbrook, Thomas Baring, Lord

  North-West Frontier Province

  nuclear weapons

  nuns; Buddhist; Jain; spies masquerading as

  Obama, Michelle

  Official Secrets Act (1923)

  Olcott, Henry Steel

  Old Testament

  Olivelle, Patrick

  Omvedt, Gail

>   “On Certain Arithmetical Functions” (Ramanujan)

  Ono, Ken

  opium

  Orientalism

  Oriental Research Institute

  Orissa (Odisha)

  Orwell, George

  “Other Backward Classes”

  Ottoman Empire

  Oxford University

  padas (metrical beats)

  Pahari School of painting

  Paine, Thomas

  painting

  Pakistan; see also West Pakistan

  Pal, Bipin Chandra

  Pali language

  Pandharpur

  pandits (Brahmin scholars)

  Paneli

  Panguraria

  Panini

  Pant, Gobind Ballabh

  Paramahamsa, Ramakrishna

  Parkes, Fanny

  Parliament House (New Delhi)

  Parliament of the World’s Religions (1893)

  Parsis; see also Zoroastrians

  Pashtuns

  Pataliputra (Palibothra)

  Patanjali

  Patel, Aakar

  Pathans

  Pather Panchali (film)

  Patna

  Pawar, Sita

  Peddana, Allasani

  Peer, Basharat

  Penguin Books

  Periya Kovil (Big Temple)

  Periyar, Thanthai

  Persia

  Persian language

  Peshawar

  peshwa (chief minister)

  photography

  Phule, Jyotirao

  pi (π)

  Picasso, Pablo

  Pickwick Papers, The (Dickens)

  Pijaji

  Pillai, V. O. Chidambaram

  pitta (bile)

  “pizza-effect”

  Plato

  Plofker, Kim

  poetry

  Pollock, Sheldon

  polytheism

  Pope, Alexander

  portrait painting

  Portugal

  Pound, Ezra

  prajaa (subjects or children)

  prakriti (constitutional type)

  Prakrit language

  Prasad, Rajendra

  Presidency College (Calcutta)

  Presidency Jail (Calcutta)

  priests

  Prince, The (Machiavelli)

  Prinsep, James

  Progressive Artists’ Group

  Progressive Writers’ Association

  prostitution

  Protestants

  Ptolemy

  Public Works Division, British

  puja (worship of images)

  Pune (Poona)

  Punjab

  Puranic tradition

  Puri

  Pushkin, Alexander

  Pythagoras

  Qawwal, Fareed Ayaz

  qawwalis (popular songs)

  Qin dynasty

  quam (Sikh “nation”)

  Qubbat al-Islam (Dome of Islam)

  Quit India movement

  Qur’an

  Ragamala paintings

  Raghavan, Srinath

  Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur

  Rai, Lala Lajpat

  Raigad Fort

  Rajagopalachari, C.

  Rajaraja Chola

  Rajarajeshwara

  Raja Ravi Varma School of painting

  Rajasthan

  Raja Yoga (Vivekananda)

  Rajkumar

  Rajputs

  Rama

  Ramakrishna Mission

  Ramanathapuram

  Ramanujan, A. K.

  Ramanujan, Janaki

  Ramanujan, Srinivasa

  Ramaswamy Naicker, E. V.

  Ramayana

  Ramlila performances

  Ramlochan

  Ram Teri Ganga Maili (film)

  Ranade, Mahadev Govind

  Ranchi

  “Rang Barse (song)”

  Rangoon

  Rani of Jhansi Regiment

  Rao, Damodar

  Rao, Gangadhar

  Rao, U. R.

  Ratanpurwa

  Ravana

  Ravidas (Raidas)

  Ray, Satyajit

  Raza, S. H.

  Red Fort (Delhi)

  Reliance Group

  Rembrandt

  Renaissance

  Renoir, Jean

  Republican Party

  Richards, Viv

  Rights of Man (Paine)

  Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai

  Risley, Herbert

  River, The (film)

  R.K. Films

  Robeson, Paul

  Robinson, Andrew

  Robinson, James Harvey

  Rock Edict IV

  Rock Edict XII

  Rockefeller, John D.

  Roman Empire

  Rose, Hugh

  Rothschild, Emma

  Roy, Arundhati

  Roy, Ramakanta

  Roy, Rammohun

  Roy, Tarini Devi

  Royal Society

  Roychand, Premchand

  Rumi, Jalal al-Din

  Rushdie, Salman

  Russell, Bertrand

  Russia/USSR

  Russian Revolution (1917)

  Sabarmati River

  Sadasivam, Kalki

  sadhus

  “Sahai” (Manto)

  Said, Edward

  saints

  Salatura

  Salt Satyagraha (1930)

  Samrajya Sena

  Sanatan Dharma

  sangha (Buddhist monks)

  Sannati

  sannyas (renunciation of the world)

  Sanskrit language

  Santal tribes

  sants (saints)

  Sarabhai, Ambalal

  Saraswati

  Saraya, United Provinces

  Sardhana

  saris

  Sarna, Navtej

  sati (widow immolation)

  satya (truth)

  satyagraha (passive resistance)

  Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seeking Society)

  Saussure, Ferdinand de

  Savarkar, V. D.

  Savitribai (wife of Jyotirao Phule)

  Schlegel, Friedrich von

  Schmidt, Eric

  Schopenhauer, Arthur

  Scorsese, Martin

  sculpture

  Sellers, Peter

  Sen, Amartya

  Sen, Mrinal

  sepoys

  Seth, Vikram

  Seventh Pillar Edict

  Shah, Alpa

  Shahaji Bhonsle

  shahi majlis (“royal gatherings”)

  Shah Jahan

  Shailendra

  Shaiva Sabhas (Shaivites)

  Shakespeare, William

  Shakuntala (Kalidasa)

  Shamashastry, Rudrapatnam

  Shankaracharya, see Adi Shankara

  Shankara-Vijayas (Conquests of Shankara)

  Shantiniketan

  sharia (Islamic law)

  Sharma, Ashok Deendayal

  Sharma, Mihir

  Shastri, Lal Bahadur

  Shaw, George Bernard

  Sher-Gil, Amrita

  Sheth, D. L.

  Shetkaryacha Asud (The Cultivator’s Whipcord) (Phule)

  Shia Muslims

  shipping industry

  Shiva

  Shivaji

  Shivaji’s Army

  Shiv Sena

  Shotwell, James T.

  Shourie, Arun

  Shramanas (early religious philosophers)

  Shree 420 (film)

  Shudra caste

  Shulman, David

  Sialkot

  siddha (medical tradition)

  siddhas (sages)

  Sikandar Bagh, Battle of

  Sikhism (Sikhs)

  Sikkim

  Simla

  Simon, Lucien

  Sinclair, Upton

  Sindh desert

  Sing Bonga

  Singh, Baldev

  Singh, Charan

  Singh, Harleen

/>   Singh, Manmohan

  Singh, Umrao

  Sirr-i Akhbar (The Greatest Mystery) (Dara)

  Sisodia clan

  Sivam, Subramania

  Siyah Hashiye (Black Margins) (Manto)

  slavery

  Snow, Dash

  Socrates

  South Africa

  Southerner, The (film)

  Southern India Railway

  South Indian Villagers Going to Market (Sher-Gil)

  South India Trilogy (Sher-Gil)

  Souza, Francis Newton

  Soviet Union, see Russia/USSR

  Spain

  Speaking of Siva (tr. A. K. Ramanujan)

  Spielberg, Steven

  Sri Lanka

  Srinagar

  Sringeri

  Srivijaya

  sruti (“what is heard”: texts received through priest or pandit)

  Staal, Frits

  Stalin, Joseph

  Stay Woke

  steel industry

  Stepun, Fedor

  Stevens, Wallace

  Stevenson, Adlai

  stupas

  Subbulakshmi, M. S. (“MS”)

  Subbulakshmi, Shanmugavadivu

  Suez Canal

  Sufism (Sufi Islam)

  Suitable Boy, A (Seth)

  Suleimanis

  sultans

  Sumeru Mountain

  Sunni Muslims

  Sun Tzu

  Supreme Court, U.S.

  Surat

  Sur dynasty

  Survey of India

  Susima

  sutras

  svami-dharma (service to the overlord)

  Swadeshi movement

  Swadeshi Steam Navigation Co.

  swaraj (self-rule)

  Swift, Jonathan

  Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics, A (Carr)

  Tagore, Abanindranath

  Tagore, Dwarkanath

  Tagore, Rabindranath

  Tagore, Sharmila

  Taj Mahal

  Taledanda (Karnad)

  “Tamasha” (Manto)

  Tamil language

  Tamil Nadu

  Tamils

  Tamnath

  Tanjore (Thanjavur)

  Ta’rikh-i-alfi (Millennial History)

  tariqa (Sufi paths toward unity with God)

  Taseer, Aatish

  Tata, Dorabji

  Tata, Jamsetji Nusserwanji

  Tata, J.R.D.

  Tata, Nusserwanji

  taxation

  Taxila

  Telugu language

  temples

  “Ten Rupees” (Manto)

  terrorism

  Tertullian

  Tetrabiblos (Ptolemy)

  Thackeray, Bal

  Thatcher, Margaret

  Theosophy

  Thomas à Kempis

  Through a Glass Darkly (film)

  tigers

  Tilak, Bal Gangadhar

  Time magazine

  Times (London)

  Times of India

  Timur (Tamerlane)

  tirthankaras (“ford makers”)

  Tirunelveli district (Tamil Nadu)

  Tlaxcalans

  Tocqueville, Alexis de

  Togo, Shigenori

  Tokyo

  Tolstoy, Leo

  torture

  Travancore; see also Kerala

  Tree of Enlightenment, see bodhi tree

  Trotsky, Leon

  Truffaut, François

  Tsushima, Battle of

  Tughlaqabad

  Tulsidas

  Turkey

  Tuticorin

  Ujjain

  Ulgulan (Great Tumult) (1899)

  unani (medical tradition)

  Unitarianism

  United Nations

  United Nations Human Development Index (2014)

  United Nations Security Council

  United States of America