An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy 1917-1963

  p. 493: Executive Order on housing: Wofford to JFK, Oct. 10, 1961, Box 68, Gen. Corresp., RFK Papers; Roy Wilkins to JFK, n.d., Box 30, Sorensen Papers; James A. Wechsler, “As JFK Said . . . ,” New York Post, Dec. 27, 1961; PPP: JFK, 1962, 21, 324; Evelyn Lincoln to Lee White, Aug. 30, 1962, with White to JFK, Aug. 28, 1962, attached, Box 96, POF.

  pp. 493-95: Judicial appointments: Presidential Judicial Appointments, 1961; Lifetime Judges Appointed by President Kennedy, Jan. 15, 1964, Box 13, Personal Papers, RFK Papers; Roy Wilkins OH; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 307-10, 376-78; Bernstein, 70-71; Guthman and Shulman, 108-9, 112.

  p. 495: “gained anything”: Wilkins OH.

  p. 495: “the passage of any”: Abraham Ribicoff to JFK, Oct. 6, 1961, Box 30, Sorensen Papers. Taking a bold stand: PPP: JFK, 1962, 9, 110-17.

  pp. 495-96: Medicare: PPP: JFK, 1962, 8-9, 165-73, 213, 269, 416-20, 449-50, 560-61; Bernstein, 255-57; Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1962.

  p. 496: Would tend “to inhibit”: PPP: JFK, 1962, 576.

  p. 496: Transportation problems: PPP: JFK, 1962, 292-306.

  p. 497: “I’m putting someone in”: Quoted in Clymer, 32.

  p. 497: “He just felt”: Guthman and Shulman, 328.

  p. 497: “I’ll hear whether”: Quoted in Clymer, 31-32.

  p. 497: “He felt that”: Guthman and Shulman, 328-29.

  p. 497: “Your brother”: PPP: JFK, 1962, 63.

  p. 498: “Well, in part”: Ibid., 226.

  p. 498: “administration aid”: Ibid., 407.

  p. 498: JFK and White House involvement in Ted’s campaign: Evelyn Lincoln to Staff, April 27, 1962, Box 62, POF.

  p. 498: “number 99 on your list”: Told to me by James MacGregor Burns.

  p. 498: Ted joked: Clymer, 35.

  p. 498: “my brother pointed out”: PPP: JFK, 1962, 514.

  p. 498: “made it clear” and Meet the Press: Clymer, 35, 37.

  p. 499: The cheating scandal: Ibid., 18-22, 36-37; Boston Globe, Mar. 30, 1962.

  p. 499: “It won’t go over”: Bradlee, Conversations, 67-68.

  pp. 499-500: JFK’s defense of Ted: PPP: JFK, 1962, 514.

  pp. 500-501: Estes scandal: PPP: JFK, 1962, 400-401, 404, 407. Guthman and Shulman, 354-55; Bradlee, Conversations, 79-80, 105-6; Salinger, 129; Dallek, Flawed Giant, 39. Also see Jayne Lahey to Evelyn Lincoln, June 11, 1962, with JEH to RFK, June 4, 1962: Billy Sol Estes, Box 80, POF. On LBJ and Estes, see Dallek, Flawed Giant, 39-40, and 651 nn. 78, 79, 80.

  pp. 501-2: The orbital flights: PPP: JFK, 1962, 139-40, 150, 439, 450. Richard Reeves, 285-87.

  p. 502: JFK-NSK exchanges on cooperative space exploration: FRUS: Kennedy-Khrushchev, 96, 116-18, 127-31.

  p. 502: “awarding these contracts”: Guthman and Shulman, 153.

  p. 502: “the distribution of contracts”: PPP: JFK, 1962, 229-32. Also see James Webb to JFK, May 7 and June 1, 1962, Box 84, POF.

  p. 503: LBJ and NASA: Dallek, “Johnson and Project Apollo,” in Lanius and McCurdy, 73-74.

  p. 503: Rumors about LBJ: PPP: JFK, 1962, 380.

  p. 503: “after seeing”: PPP: JFK, 1962, 276.

  Chapter 15: Frustrations and “Botches”

  p. 504: “There is always”: PPP: JFK, 1962, 259-60.

  p. 505: Approval ratings: Gallup, 1771-72, 1780, 1786.

  p. 505: JFK response to Tuchman book: Sorensen, 577-78.

  pp. 505-6: Installation of the tape recorders and reliability of the tapes: Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, xi, xvii-xxiv.

  pp. 506-7: Economic problems: Memo, May 5, 1962, Box 5, Walter W. Heller Papers, JFKL.

  p. 507: Responses to the market tumble: JFK-Douglas Dillon telephone conversations, May 28, 1962, Box 38, Douglas Dillon Papers, JFKL. Walter Heller to JFK, May 28, 1962, Box 63A; J. K. Galbraith to JFK, May 29, 1962; McGeorge Bundy to JFK, May 29, 1962, Box 107, POF.

  p. 507: Tax cut proposal: CEA to JFK, May 29, 1962, Box 107, POF; see “The Current Economic Situation,” June 6, 1962, Box 33, Dillon Papers; Paul Samuelson to JFK, June 6, 1962, Box 5, Heller Papers; PPP: JFK, 1962, 456-58, 462-63; Gallup, 1777.

  p. 507: “a very large part”: John K. Galbraith to JFK, July 10, Aug. 20, 1962, Box 62A, POF.

  p. 508: Address at Yale: Notes on JFK’s Yale speech, Box 4, Heller Papers. Commencement address: PPP: JFK, 1962, 470-75.

  p. 508: “storm signals”: Heller to JFK, June 27, 1962.

  p. 508: “millions of stockholders”: Heller to JFK, July 4, 1962, Box 5, Heller Papers.

  p. 508: Economy remained sluggish: PPP: JFK, 1962, 575, 593.

  p. 508: Congressional opposition: See David Bell’s comments: Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 61-62.

  p. 508: “rigged data”: Heller meeting with JFK, Aug. 15, 1962, Box 6, Heller Papers.

  p. 508: “It is clear”: Sorensen Memo, Aug. 9, 1962, Box 40, Theodore Sorensen Papers, JFKL. Also see PPP: JFK, 1962, 637.

  p. 508: August unemployment: Heller to JFK, Sept. 4, 1962, Box 38, Kermit Gordon Papers, JFKL.

  p. 508: Political resistance: Seymour Harris to JFK, Sept. 27, 1962, Box 90, POF.

  pp. 508-9: See conversations with Mills and a Cabinet Room meeting on the economy: Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 233-59, 361-84.

  p. 509: “running out of gas”: Heller to JFK, Oct. 8, 1962; Gordon to JFK, Oct. 10, 1962, Box 38, Gordon Papers. AFL-CIO: Heller to JFK, Oct. 17, 1962, Box 36, Gordon Papers.

  p. 509: Series of meetings: Heller to JFK, July 12, 14, 1962, Box 5, Heller Papers. Heller to Sorensen, July 19, 1962; Ted Reardon to Cabinet, July 29, 1962, Box 29, Sorensen Papers. “The Administration and Business,” July 26, 1962, Box 92, POF. Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 335-61. PPP: JFK, 1962, 709-16.

  p. 509: Doing some good: Heller meeting with JFK, Aug. 15, 1962, Box 6, Heller Papers.

  p. 509: “fully aware”: Thomas Lamont to JFK, July 30, 1962, Box 62A, POF.

  p. 509: “Whenever I say”: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 639-40.

  p. 509: Gallup poll: Washington Post, Aug. 19, 1962.

  pp. 509-10: Balance of payments: Heller to JFK, May 5, 1962, Box 29, Sorensen Papers; Seymour Harris to Dillon, June 7, 1962, Box 89, POF; Gardner Ackley Memo, July 26, 1962, Box 6, Heller Papers.

  p. 510: Trade Expansion Bill: PPP: JFK, 1962, 14-15, 17, 510, 614, 632, 636-37.

  p. 510: Opposition to the law: JFK-Dillon telephone conversation, Mar. 30, 1962, Box 38, Dillon Papers; Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 566-69.

  p. 510: Distinguished columnist: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 846-48.

  p. 510: “a suit made in Britain”: Bill, 66.

  p. 510: “the most important”: PPP: JFK, 1962, 759-60.

  pp. 510-11: Taping: Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, JFK-LBJ conversation, Aug. 21, 1962, 541-44.

  p. 511: “proper groundwork”: Unsigned, undated memorandum in the Mar. 21-31, 1962, Folder, Box 50, POF.

  p. 511: Clash between the White House and Civil Rights Commission: Wofford, 159-61. Guthman and Shulman, 157-58.

  p. 512: Publication of the Commission’s report and “You’re making my life difficult”: Guthman and Shulman, 162-65; and Berl Bernhard OH.

  p. 512: “could do more”: PPP: JFK, 1962, 572.

  p. 513: The Albany Movement: Branch, chap. 14.

  p. 513: JFK’s response: PPP: JFK, 1962, 592-93.

  p. 513: Troutman’s resignation and Taylor’s appointment: Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 541-44; PPP: JFK, 1962, 642; Dallek, Flawed Giant, 28-30.

  p. 513: “The Kennedy civil rights”: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 317.

  pp. 513-14: “asking for” and “I don’t know any more”: PPP: JFK, 1962, 676-77.

  p. 514: Meredith and the Mississippi crisis: “Mississippi Chronology,” n.d., Box 15, Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers, JFKL. RFK-Barnett conversations, Box 11, RFK Attorney General’s Papers, JFKL. Bernstein, 73-79; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 317-20.

  pp. 514-15: Potential federal pressure o
n Mississippi: Schlesinger to RFK, Sept. 27, 1962, Box 97, POF; Memo on Gov. Coleman’s advice, Sept. 28, 1962; Bell Memorandum for the President, Sept. 28, 1962, Box 11, RFK Attorney General’s Papers; Sorensen to JFK, Sept. 28, 1962, Box 40, POF.

  p. 515: “I won’t agree”: Quoted in Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 319.

  p. 515: The events of Sept. 25-27: Bernstein, 80-81.

  p. 516: JFK-Barnett conversations: Naftali and Zelikow, Presidential Recordings, vol. II, 222-30, 232-36, 239-47; Guthman and Shulman, 159-61; JFK telegram to Barnett, and White House Press Release on the call-up, Sept. 29, 1962, Box 97, POF.

  p. 516: JFK and Schlei: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 321.

  p. 516: RFK and Barnett: Ibid.

  p. 516: JFK speech: PPP: JFK, 1962, 726-28.

  p. 516: On Barnett’s betrayal: Press Release, Oct. 1, 1962, Box 11, RFK Attorney General’s Papers.

  pp. 516-17: On the night’s events: Pierre Salinger news conferences, Oct. 1, 1962, Box 98, POF; Bernstein, 82-84.

  p. 517: “President Kennedy had”: Guthman and Shulman, 162-64.

  p. 517: “They always give you”: Quoted in Richard Reeves, 363.

  p. 517: “Imagine that”: Naftali and Zelikow, Presidential Recordings, vol. II, 272.

  p. 517: “I haven’t had”: Ibid., 274.

  p. 517: “We are going to have”: Ibid., 303-5.

  p. 517: Bobby later remembered: Guthman and Shulman, 165.

  p. 517: “Forget the Monday morning”: Graham to RFK, Oct. 9, 1962, Box 80, POF.

  p. 517: LBJ sent word: Ralph Dungan to JFK, Oct. 3, 1962, Box 30, POF.

  pp. 517-18: Polls of northern: Gallup, 1789. Harris poll: Lou Harris to JFK, Oct. 4, 1962, Box 105, POF.

  p. 518: Foreign press: Donald M. Wilson to JFK, Oct. 19, 1962, Box 98, POF. Also see Lincoln Diary, April 5, 1962, Box 4, Evelyn Lincoln Papers, JFKL.

  p. 519: Concerns about Alliance for Progress: William Haddad to JFK, Mar. 9, 1962; T. Graydon Upton to JFK, Mar. 16, 1962; “Why We Have not Made Satisfactory Progress, n.d., Box 95, POF. Richard Goodwin to Schlesinger, n.d., Box 63, POF.

  p. 519: Argentina: FRUS: American Republics, 368-75.

  p. 519: Schlesinger on IMF: Ibid., 373.

  p. 519: Teodoro Moscoso to JFK, May 4, 1962, Box 290A, NSF.

  p. 519: JFK continued to speak: PPP: JFK, 1962, 495, 597.

  p. 519: Worries about funding: JFK to Edward Martin, July 3, 1962, Box 68, POF.

  pp. 519-20: Peru: FRUS: American Republics, 863-79. PPP: JFK, 1962, 571-72, 597. Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 34-35, 38-41, 287-88, 290-94.

  p. 520: British Guiana: FRUS: American Republics, 540-83. Stephen G. Rabe, “JFK and Latin America,” Diplomatic History, Summer 1999, 542-43, 546.

  pp. 520-21: Brazil in 1961: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 178-80; FRUS: American Republics, 444.

  p. 521: “a matter which”: PPP: JFK, 1961, 578.

  p. 521: “suspected of being”: FRUS: American Republics, 450-52.

  p. 521: Expropriation: Ibid., 456-57.

  p. 521: JFK agreed to release funds: Ibid., 458-67.

  p. 521: JFK meeting with Gordon: Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 5-25.

  p. 521: “$5 million”: Rabe, “JFK and Latin America,” 544.

  p. 522: Cuban training of guerrillas: Fursenko and Naftali, 167-68. Also see a meeting with Kubitschek and Camargo: FRUS: American Republics, 117-25.

  p. 522: December meeting with Alessandri: PPP: JFK, 1962, 860, 872.

  p. 522: “virtually nothing”: William E. Brubeck to McGeorge Bundy, Aug. 10, 1962, Box 290A, POF. Special Group (Counter Insurgency), NSAM No. 124, in FRUS: Vietnam, 1962, 48-50.

  p. 522: “sufficiently threatened”: NSAM No. 165, June 16, 1962, Box 337, NSF. Rabe, “The Most Dangerous Area.”

  p. 523: For the Laos crisis: Gibbons, 112-17; Lawrence Freedman, 345-50.

  p. 523: “The morale”: Gibbons, 115.

  p. 523: “provoke the Viet Minh”: FRUS: Laos Crisis, 734-35.

  p. 523: “he might make a public statement”: Ibid., 741-42.

  pp. 523-24: “indicated both his support”: Ibid., 760-61.

  p. 524: “to maintain vis-a-vis”: Ibid., 758-60, 767.

  p. 524: JFK-NSK messages: FRUS: Kennedy-Khrushchev, 134-36.

  p. 524: RFK and Bolshakov: Guthman and Shulman, 258-59, 337; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 152-53.

  p. 525: NSK message to JFK: RFK to JFK, June 19, 1962, Box 80, POF.

  p. 525: The Times report and JFK response: Salinger to JFK, May 24, 1962, Box 65A, POF.

  p. 525: JFK hoped that Hanoi: FRUS: Vietnam, 1962, 543-46; Gibbons, 120-21.

  p. 525: McNamara and U.S. optimism: FRUS: Vietnam, 1962, 546-56; Gibbons, 121-22; Neil Sheehan, 289-91; Shapley, 159-61.

  p. 526: Taylor reported: FRUS: Vietnam, 1962, 660-63. Also Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 165, and Gibbons, 104-5.

  p. 526: “tremendously encouraged”: FRUS: Vietnam, 1962, 655-57.

  p. 526: JFK told Thuan: Ibid., 667, 671-72.

  p. 526: “made clear”: Roswell L. Gilpatric OH. Also see Bird, 223; NSAM No. 182, Aug. 24, 1962, in FRUS: National Security Policy, 1961-1963, 381-83; and David Kaiser, 139-40.

  p. 526: McNamara’s withdrawal plan: Gibbons, 125-26.

  p. 527: “thought very highly”: Guthman and Shulman, 46, 418, 421.

  p. 527: “symbolized the idea”: Halberstam, Best and Brightest, 264.

  p. 527: JFK himself said: Quoted in Beschloss, Crisis Years, 402.

  p. 527: “Men can’t understand”: Bradlee, Conversations, 230.

  p. 527: “Why is it”: Halberstam, Best and Brightest, 269.

  p. 527: “unnecessary trips”: Memo of the President’s Instructions at the Laos/Vietnam Briefing, May 2, 1962, Box 320, NSF.

  p. 527: “formally involved”: Memo of JFK Meeting with Congressional Leaders, Feb. 21, 1962, Box 345, NSF.

  p. 527: Concession to Joint Chiefs: Memo for Bundy, Oct. 4, 1962, Box 320, NSF.

  p. 528: “What can we do”: Naftali and Zelikow, Presidential Recordings, vol. II, 166.

  p. 528: “The closer one gets”: Quoted in Lawrence Freedman, 360-61.

  p. 528: “adjunct of a dictatorship”: Quoted in Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 984.

  p. 528: The press: FRUS: Vietnam, 1962, 656, 661-62, 671-72. Also, Naftali and Zelikow, Presidential Recordings, vol. II, 165; C. V. Clifton to McGeorge Bundy, Mar. 6, 1962, Box 320, NSF.

  p. 528: Time’s coverage: Henry Luce to JFK, Sept. 15, 21, 1962; JFK to Luce, Oct. 2, 1962, Box 31, POF.

  p. 529: JFK sympathized: See Halberstam, chap. 11.

  p. 529: Response to the Baldwin story: Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 186-201.

  p. 529: Directives about the press: Joe Alsop to Evelyn Lincoln, Oct. 3, 1962; “Joe Alsop called,” n.d.; Alsop to JFK, Nov. 24, 1962; McGeorge Bundy to Alsop, Nov. 27, 1962, Box 27, POF. Sorensen, 360.

  p. 530: JFK to NSK, Mar. 5, 1962: FRUS: Kennedy-Khrushchev, 115.

  p. 530: JFK’s numerous exchanges and differences with Moscow: Ibid., 362-65, 369-72, 401-3, 405-6, 411-14, 425-26, 438-41; Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 86-88, 162. Also see NSK, Khrushchev Remembers, 536.

  p. 530: Public relations setback: Seaborg, 164-66; FRUS: Arms Control, 510-14; JFK to Rusk and McNamara, July 19, 1962, Box 88, POF; Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 117.

  p. 530: “I just see”: Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 47-51.

  p. 531: “Domestic policy”: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 426.

  p. 531: “Creative governments”: Schlesinger to Orvil Dryfoos, July 5, 1962, with a note to JFK, July 5, 1962, attached, Box 65A, POF.

  pp. 531-32: JFK’s proposals and response to the Soviets: PPP: JFK, 1962, 649-50, 652-55; Seaborg, 167-71.

  p. 532: JFK’s search for a Berlin formula: Lawrence Freedman, 112-16. Also see conversations with Adzhubei in FRUS: Soviet Union, 356-60; FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 1961-1962, 780-84; and JFK-NSK exchanges in FRUS: Kennedy-Kh
rushchev, 81-84, 92-95, 118-26.

  p. 532: “Matters relating to”: FRUS: Kennedy-Khrushchev, 133 and 137-47.

  p. 532: “consistent failure”: Ibid., 143.

  p. 532: Incidents at the Wall: Lawrence Freedman, 118-19.

  pp. 532-33: NSK’s fears and Bolshakov conversation with RFK: RFK to JFK, Mar. 16, 1962, Box 80, POF; Salinger, 248; Fursenko and Naftali, 155, 185.

  p. 533: NSK’s response: Fursenko and Naftali, 185-86, and Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 512.

  p. 533: Conversation with Udall: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 1962-1963, 308-10.

  pp. 533-34: Sorensen told Dobrynin: FRUS: Cuba, 1961-62, 1045-47.

  p. 534: JFK’s view of NSK: Guthman and Shulman, 27-28, 311. Sulzberger, 808-13.

  p. 534: Thompson told JFK: Naftali, Presidential Recordings, vol. I, 270.

  Chapter 16: To the Brink—and Back

  p. 535: For an up-to-date review of the missile crisis literature, see Mark J. White, “New Scholarship on the Cuban Missile Crisis,” Diplomatic History, Winter 2002, 147-53.

  p. 535: Cardona asked Bundy: FRUS: Cuba, 1961-62, 777-78.

  p. 535: JFK told Cardona: Richard Goodwin to JFK, April 14, 1962; and “Topics Discussed During Meeting of Dr. Cardona with the President,” April 25, 1962, Box 45, NSF.

  p. 535: NSK’s worries about Cuba: Fursenko and Naftali, 166-79.

  pp. 535-36: NSK’s decision to deploy missiles: Ibid., chaps. 9 and 10; Raymond L. Garthoff, “New Evidence on the Cuban Missile Crisis: Khrushchev, Nuclear Weapons, and the Cuban Missile Crisis,” Cold War International History Project, Winter 1998, 251-61.

  p. 536: Fursenko and Naftali took the phrase “one hell of a gamble” from JFK, who used it at an Oct. 22 meeting with congressional leaders about invading Cuba. See May and Zelikow, 264, for the quote, and 35-39.

  p. 537: For the 1959 Soviet missile deployment, see Matthias Uhl and Vladimir I. Ivkin, “‘Operation Atom’: The Soviet Union’s Stationing of Nuclear Missiles in the German Democratic Republic, 1959,” Bulletin: Cold War History Project, Fall/Winter 2001, 299-306. Soviet expert Raymond Garthoff, who was a member of the National Board of Intelligence Estimates, remembers the deployment in East Germany. He knew of no evidence that JFK or anyone else high in his administration, including John McCone, knew about this earlier deployment. Conversation with Garthoff, Mar. 19, 2002.