The Arrogance of Power

  RN/Pat marriage: (Pat titles) Gil Troy, Affairs of State, New York: Free Press, 1997, p. 175; (supportive) PAT, p. 157; (silly things) NYT, Aug. 21, 1956; (clothing) Paul Boller, Presidential Wives, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 404; (“actress”) PAT, p. 143; (“gadding”) PAT, p. 162; (“I can think . . .”) NYT, Aug. 21, 1956; (“serious problem”) Ann Whitman diary, Mar. 13, 1956, DDEL; (“terror”) Pierpoint, op. cit., p. 186; (“blowing stack”) Bryant, op. cit., p. 249; (“temper”) Alsop, op. cit., p. 59; (“chewed hell”) Wills, op. cit., p. 30; (“one of her moods”) JB to Wilma, Sept. 4, 1960, Bassett Collection; (“wasn’t speaking”) int. Jessamyn West by FB, FBP; (“Dick sent me”) Garry Wills in Esquire, July 1994; (“They would always”) int. James Bassett by FB, FBP; (adopt?) PAT, p. 161; (restaurant incident) int. James Bassett by FB, FBP, the date of the incident was probably Nov. 1957; (“Deadass!”) ibid.

  Frank Nixon death: (“Dear Dad”) int. Evlyn Dorn by FB, FBP; (rupture) PAT, p. 159; (“I shall always”) Nixon, Arena, op. cit., p. 91, but see MEM, p. 176 for another version; (carpet) int. Nathaniel George by FB, FBP; (pie) ed. Sevareid, op. cit., p. 105; (“I could hear”) int. James Bassett by FB, FBP; (“strictly personal”) ed. Sevareid, op. cit., p. 106; (Buffalo) NYT, Oct. 16, 17, 1956; (“I remember my father”) Woodstone, op. cit., p. 42.

  Strange RN behavior 1956: (“Get me away”) int. James Bassett by FB, FBP, FB, p. 425; ed. Sevareid, op. cit., pp. 80, 98; (vomited) int. Herb Klein for BBC/History Channel; (punched in face) Woodstone, op. cit., p. 39; (disoriented) Woodstone, op. cit., p. 39–; (nonexistent crowd) ed. Sevareid, op. cit., p. 97; (Reston) Woodstone, op. cit., p. 40; (“Before gray-colored draperies”) Haldeman and DiMona, op. cit., p. 45; (rambling typical) ibid. and int. John Ehrlichman; (“What scares the hell”) int. James Bassett by FB, FBP.

  Hutschnecker: ints. Dr. Arnold Hutschnecker.

  “I have a feeling”: RN to Rebozo, Sept. 8, 1956, Series 320, Box 622, Rebozo file, VP, NA.

  Biscayne trip:AMI, p. 422.

  Chapter 15

  “Does a man enjoy?”: Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. xv.

  foreign gifts:NYT, UPI, June 4, 1957.

  50 plus countries: ed. Sevareid, op. cit., p. 126.

  Far East trip: (“What . . . doing?”) AMI, p. 318; (briefings/meetings) ed. Sevareid, op. cit., p. 123–; MEM, p. 120; AMI, p. 319; JA, p. 228; (RN would recall) MEM, p. 134; (Indonesia) ibid., p. 120; (Kuwait gift) int. Joseph Dmhowski; (“vanity”) MEM, p. 121; (uniforms) Dickerson, op. cit., p. 164; (Nehru/Gandhi) MEM, p. 131; AMI, p. 325; (cad) Costello, op. cit., p. 250; AMI, p. 325; (Khan) MEM, pp. 133, 256; (“not printable”) Kissinger, White House Years, op. cit., pp. 848, 878; (despised) Michael Genovese, The Nixon Presidency, New York: Greenwood Press, 1990, p. 157 and see Dickerson, op. cit., p. 164; (1971 “tilt” to Pakistan) research paper for author by Greg Murphy; (RN considered nuclear weapons) Time, July 29, 1985 and see Kissinger, White House Years, op. cit., p. 909; (Formosa visit) MEM, p. 126; (no recognition) Costello, op. cit., p. 250; (“Someday”) James Humes, Confessions of a White House Ghostwriter, Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1997, p. 137; (Shah personal friend) AP, July 5, 1979; (Op. Ajax) Andrew, op. cit., p. 203–; (no consultation) Washington Spectator, Oct. 15, 1976; secret House Intelligence Committee report, published in Village Voice, Feb. 16, 1976; Wicker, op. cit., p. 663, but see Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal, op. cit., p. 583; (alcoholic) Ball, op. cit., p. 454–; (gifts “missing”) WP, Aug. 22, 1977; (Marcos contributions) Kutler, op. cit., p. 207; Nathan Miller, Spying for America, New York: Paragon House, 1989, p. 385fn, NY Observer; (Joe Conason column), Oct. 21, 1996; Russell Howe and Sarah Trott, The Power Peddlers, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977, p. 481–, but see Stans, op. cit., p. 371–; (“buying influence”) “Insights with Robert Novak,” America’s Voice—Net cable, May 19, 1998.

  RN on dictators: Nick Thimmesh int. in LAT, undated, 1978.

  “go on . . . offensive”:MO, p. 629.

  Vietnam: (Bao Dai) MEM, p. 122; (“outpost of freedom”) ibid., p. 124; (“husks”) ibid., p. 125; (80 percent costs) Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie, London: Jonathan Cape, 1989, p. 172; (advisers) Manchester, op. cit., p. 918; MEM, p. 150; (“The boys”) WP, June 15, 1997, citing Eisenhower Oval Office recording, Feb. 24, 1955; (RN “if . . . take the risk”) Manchester, op. cit., p. 685; Cook, op. cit., p. 7.

  European papers: Lurie, op. cit., p. 186; (RN’s real view) Apr. 16, 1954 journal entry, James Hagerty Papers, DDEL; MEM, p. 152; Nixon Oral History, Feb. 21, 1966, John Foster Dulles Oral History Collection, Princeton University; AMI, p. 345; (Bassett) JB to Wilma Bassett, Apr. 16–17, 1954, Bassett Collection; (“own baby”) Bassett unpub. ms., p. 89; (Op. Vulture) Dulles to Eisenhower, Apr. 23, 1954, DDEL, Parmet, Eisenhower, op. cit., p. 364; Hoopes, op. cit., p. 210–; ed. Cttee of Concerned Asian Scholars, The Indochina Story, New York: Pantheon, 1970, p. 19, Bernard Brodie, War and Politics, New York: Macmillan, 1973, p. 144–; (LeMay) FB, p. 322; (“Stone Age”) Stanley Karnow, Vietnam, London: Random House, 1994, p. 48; (Ike “must be crazy”) Brendon, op. cit., p. 290; (RN nuclear attitude) Cook, op. cit., p. 7; John Prados to author, Jan. 24, 1997, and see AMI, p. 344, FB, p. 322; (not necessary to mention) MEM, p. 154; (“guts”) Bassett unpub. ms., p. 96, entry for Apr. 21, 1954; (“sun . . . shining”) ibid., p. 117, on cong. leadership meeting, May 3, 1954; (Zeibert’s) ibid., p. 119–, entry for May 5, 1954; (Ike notified France) Ranelagh, op. cit., p. 431; (RN/promote invasion) Cook, op. cit., p. 7; (“folly”) ibid.; (JFK sends advisers) Karnow, op. cit., p. 270; (RN long supports war) AMII, pp. 43–, 142–; Shawcross, op. cit., p. 85.

  Latin American visit: (main sources) Marvin Zahniser and Michael Weis, Diplomatic History, Vol. 13, Spring 1989, p. 163–; Mazo, op. cit., p. 206–; (Mazo covered the trip as a reporter), MEM, p. 185–; Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 183–; Vernon Walters, Silent Missions, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978, p. 313; (“weird . . . character”) ibid., p. 204; (“unable to wear”) RN to Eisenhower, May 12, 1958, Ann Whitman Administrative file 28, DDEL; (“hailed”) MEM, p. 188; (relations suffered) Zahniser and Weis, op. cit., p. 178; (“splotches”) MEM, p. 189; (“French Revolution”) Manchester, op. cit., p. 831; (RN on Caracas ambush) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 217–; (looked like Eisler) Mazo, op. cit., p. 233; (damage/wounds) ibid.; Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 219; Nixon, Arena, op. cit., p. 206; Walters, op. cit., p. 330; (“heard attacker”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 219; (On advice) ibid., p. 220; Walters, op. cit., p. 332; (Pat calm) ibid., p. 333; (Woods) int. Robert Cushman by FB, FBP; JA, p. 252; (relaxing) Walters, op. cit., p. 234, Mazo, op. cit., p. 237; (Molotov cocktails) ibid., p. 235; U. E. Baughman, Secret Service Chief, New York: Harper, 1962, p. 248–; (“I don’t think”) ibid., p. 246–; (Esterline) int. Jacob Esterline; (Op. Poor Richard) Manchester, op. cit., p. 833; Zahniser and Weis, op. cit., p. 182; (placards) ibid., p. 184; (Rock and Roll) LAT, May 26, 1958 and club papers, corr. files, Series 320, Box 649, VP, NA; (showed courage) int. former Assistant Secretary of State Roy Rubottom, Jr.; Walters, op. cit., p. 337; (RN on Peru) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 198; (“terrible test”) ibid., p. 204; (analytical) FB, p. 369; (“When someone”) ibid.; (“Those who hate you”) MEM, p. 1089; (“felt . . . urge”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., pp. 204, 207; (“both barrels”) ibid., p. 216; (Hughes) JA, p. 253; (RN made no move) AMI, p. 473; (defying S.S. rule) Baughman, op. cit., p. 247; (“can’t be helped”) ibid., p. 248; (“command decision) Alsop, op. cit., p. 75; (“worn out”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 205; (“wrung-out”) Mazo, op. cit., p. 238; (“My reaction”) Alsop, op. cit., p. 198; (“avoidable”) Baughman, op. cit., p. 249; (Esterline) ints. Jacob Esterline; (“damn nose”) James Blight and Peter Kornbluh, Politics of Illusion, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998, p. 23; (“political decision”) Grose, op. cit., p. 455; (“not qualify”) Alsop, op. cit., p. 76; (“self-bamboozlement”) AMI, p. 482; (“melee”) Baughman, op. cit., p. 249–; (San Jose) MEM, p. 492–; ed. Strober, Nixon, op. cit., p. 25; (?
??like Caracas”) ibid.

  Moscow 1959: (arrival) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 246–; (“hope”) ibid., p. 243; (Hungary) MEM, p. 181; (“Butcher”) ibid., p. 179; (“ready”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 245; (preparations) ibid., pp. 235–, 240; (no sleep) ibid., p. 248; (“shit”) MEM, p. 207, but see Salisbury, op. cit., p. 302; (“Go fuck”) Louis and Yazijian, op. cit., p. 93; (Safire) Safire, op. cit., p. 3; (RN/Khrushchev/exhibit) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 256–; (gesturing) Safire, op. cit., p. 4–; (“remarkably able”) Salisbury, op. cit., p. 302–; (RN disgraced self) Michael Beschloss, Mayday, New York: Harper & Row, 1986, p. 183, citing ints. Milton Eisenhower and Vladimir Toumanoff and see Safire, op. cit., p. 5; (“businessman”) Salisbury, op. cit., p. 174; (“S.O.B.”) FB, p. 391; (help JFK?) Pilat, op. cit., p. 260; (“stick fist”) Bobst, op. cit., p. 274.

  Hughes: (“Mr. Thomas”) int. Don Hughes; (suggestion) Parmet, op. cit., p. 409; HD, p. 397; (record) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 246; New Orleans Times-Picayune, Aug. 8, 1959; (publicity) ibid., Aug. 8, 9, 17, 19, 20, 1959; (Thomas) ibid., Aug. 17, 1959.

  PepsiCo: (Pepsi Moscow) int. Donald Kendall; Louis and Yazijian, op. cit., p. 92; Parmet, op. cit., p. 396–; London Guardian, undated ?Jan. 1969.

  RN foreign policy: (“Tell . . . them”) AMI, p. 520; (“To me . . . the concept”) RN’s radio television address from Moscow, Aug. 1, 1959, reprinted in Speeches and Statements of the Vice President of the United States, Richard Nixon in Connection with His Visit to the Soviet Union and Poland, 1959, JFRP; (for home consumption) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 319.

  Guatemala: (“swore to secrecy”) Hunt, op. cit., p. 96; (CIA coup) David Wise and Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government, New York: Random House, 1964, p. 165; Thomas, op. cit., p. 111; Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, op. cit., p. 206; (Phillips) David Phillips, The Night Watch, New York: Atheneum, 1977, p. 50.

  Cuba: (“Cuba, Cuba . . .”) David Phillips, The Night Watch, New York: Atheneum, 1977, p. 86; (1898) ed. Peter Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, New York: New Press, 1998, p. 267; (“strongest . . . advocate”) Reader’s Digest, Nov. 1964, p. 288.

  Chapter 16

  “neuralgic”: Kissinger, White House Years, op. cit., pp. 633, 641.

  “Obsession”: int. James Schlesinger.

  RN and “Bay of Pigs” documents: (HRH) Haldeman and DiMona, op. cit., p. 53; (“distressed”) Sept. 18, 1971, WHT, transcribed for author by Dennis Effle, 1997; (four times) June 24, July 1, 2, 27, 1971 cited in AOP; (“get started”) WHT, Sept. 18, 1971, supra.; (Ehrlichman Sept. 18 note) John Ehrlichman handwritten notes, R, Statement of Information, App. III, p. 197; (end of week) HD, p. 356; (vast archive) ed. Peter Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, New York: New Press, 1998, p. 1; (Colonel’s report) Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets, New York: Pocket, 1979, p. 327—colonel was Jack Hawkins; (“incomplete”) MEM, p. 515 and see Haldeman and DiMona, op. cit., p. 53.

  RN/anti-Kennedy motive: (“chance to indict”) Whalen, op. cit., p. 97; (1971 motive) June 24, July 1, 27, Sept. 18, 1971; AOP, pp. 4, 7, 34—see esp. RN: “We’re going to expose them . . . first things I want [are] the Cuban missile crisis and . . . the Bay of Pigs”; (June 24) MEM, p. 513; Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. 325; (1973) WHT, May 14, 1973; AOP, p. 494; (Buzhardt) int. Elias Demetracopoulos.

  cause of RN concern: (“need”) MEM, p. 650; (“concern”) ed. Strober, Nixon, op. cit., p. 50; (“cease/desist”) Haldeman and DiMona, op. cit., p. 53; (“to protect”) WHT, Sept. 18, 1971, supra.; (“what to duck”) John Ehrlichman note, Oct. 8, 1971, R, Statement of Info., App. III, p. 202; (JE puzzled) int. John Ehrlichman; π John Ehrlichman note, Sept. 18, 1971, R, supra., p. 198; (“N knew more”) Haldeman and DiMona, op. cit., p. 54.

  Rebozo letter: Jan. 15, 1955, Rebozo file, VP, NA.

  Batista: (books argue) see Mario Lazo, Dagger in the Heart, New York: Twin Circle, 1968, pp. 92, 96–; Rufo Lopez Fresquet, My 14 Months with Castro, Cleveland, OH: World Publishing, 1966, p. 9–; (murders) Georgie Ann Geyer, Guerrilla Prince, Kansas City, MO: Andrews & McMeel, 1993, p. 121; Lacey, op. cit., p. 248; John Dorschner and Roberto Fabricio, The Winds of December, New York: Coward, McCann, & Geoghegan, 1980, p. 90; Manchester, op. cit., p. 860—JFK, in his second debate with RN, Oct. 7, 1960, said twenty thousand Cubans were killed under Batista’s final seven-year rule, Box 40, FBP; (Lansky deal) Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., p. 65–; Sifakis, op. cit., p. 179.

  RN Cuba trip: (briefing) notes, Jan. 31, 1955, Series 36, Box 1, VP, NA; (attach) int. Lionel Krisel; (exiles’ letter) Feb. 1, 1955, sixty-three signatories, Series 36, Box 1, VP, NA; (visit) NYT, WP, Feb. 8, 9, 1955; Havana Post, Feb. 7, 10, 1955; Philip Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, & the United States, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971, p. 13; (cabinet) Mar. 11, 1955 notes, James Hagerty Papers, DDEL, Arthur Minnick Papers, DDEL; (opening line/reading) Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., pp. 67, 159.

  1959 Revolution: (fled) ibid., p. 493; (“suitcases”) Phillips, op. cit., p. 77; ($17 million) Eisenberg, Dan and Landau, op. cit., p. 256.

  “short of war”:Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, Select Cttee. to Study Govt. Ops. with Respect to Intelligence Activities, U.S. Senate, Interim Report, Nov. 20, 1975, p. 1.

  casinos: (Castro view) Enrique Meneses, Fidel Castro, London: Faber & Faber, 1966, p. 58, citing 1958 int.; (reopen) Lopez-Fresquet, op. cit., p. 88; (jailings) Lacey, op. cit., p. 253; Summers, Not in Your Lifetime, New York: Marlowe, 1998, p. 338; U.S. Senate, Assass. Plots, op. cit., p. 74n2.

  Lansky: (bounty) Geyer, op. cit., p. 297; (tight lipped) Eisenberg, Dan, and Landau, op. cit., p. 259; (Stacher) ibid., p. 258; (CIA benign) Scott, op. cit., p. 338n26; Amb. Earl Smith testimony to Sen. Cttee on Judiciary, 1965, cited in Peter Dale Scott, unpub. ms., Jonathan Marshall Papers; Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., pp. 70, 144–; unpub. ms. outline by Ladislas Farago, Box 25, Folder 10, Mugar Library, Boston University, citing arms dealer Sam Cummings; Tony Ulasewicz, The President’s Private Eye, Westport, CT: Macsam Pub., 1990, p. 74; (Castro concern) int. Andrew St. George, also with Castro in mountains; (FBI) Lacey, op. cit., p. 254.

  Pawley: (background) NYT, Jan. 8, 1977, Select Cttee. on Assassinations, U.S. House of Reps., X, pp. 83, 138; Gaeton Fonzi, The Last Investigation, New York: Thunder’s Mouth, 1993; Summers, Not in Your Lifetime, op. cit., p. 326; “The Ghosts of November,” Vanity Fair, Dec. 1994, p. 192; Miami Herald, Oct. 3, 1972, Jan. 8, 1977; (dress) Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., p. 159; (Trujillo) Warren Hinckle and William Turner, Deadly Secrets, New York: Thunder’s Mouth, 1981, p. 192; (time to go) Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., pp. 29, 152–; (junta plan?) ibid., p. 158; (Pawley/Guatemala) Miami Herald, Aug. 22, 1971; (“aggressive action”) Report on the Covert Activities of the CIA, (known as Doolittle Report), Sept. 1954, NA and see Hinckle and Turner, op. cit., p. 44; (“Find me man”) Miami Herald, Jan. 8, 1977; (niece) int. Anita Pawley.

  Castro U.S. visit: (astonishes) Newsweek, May 4, 1959; (dilemma) Geyer, op. cit., p. 227, Maurice Zeitlin and Robert Scheer, Cuba, Tragedy in Our Hemisphere, New York: Grove Press, 1963, p. 81; (C. grumbled) James Blight, Bruce Allyn, and David Welch, Cuba on the Brink, New York: Pantheon, 1993, p. 178; (C. refused) Lopez-Fresquet, op. cit., p. 106; (RN claimed) Reader’s Digest, Nov. 1964; (chandelier) Geyer, op. cit., p. 234; (nervous) RN memo on meeting, Apr. 25, 1959 (full version), as sent to Sen. Mansfield, Diplomatic History, Vol. 4, No. 4, Fall 1980, p. 426; (“looked like”) Reader’s Digest, Nov. 1964; (“teenager”) Wyden, op. cit., p. 26; (uncle) int. Bob Stephenson, former State Dept. official; (report) RN memo, Apr. 29, 1955, supra.; (“S.O.B.”) Geyer, op. cit., p. 235; (RN didn’t look) int. Constantine Kangles; (“arms around”) int. Bob Stephenson; (“going to work”) Dean Rusk, As I Saw It, New York: Viking, 1991, p. 208; (“Outright Communist”) int. Herb Klein, Matthews, op. cit., p. 125; int. Don Hughes; (“dedicated”) int. Jack Drown; (“characterized Fidel”) New Republic, Apr. 23, 1977; int. Ken Bode.

  Droller: Lopez-
Fresquet, op. cit., p. 110; Bonsal, op. cit., p. 64.

  Castro and communism: see esp. Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., p. 506; Geyer, op. cit., pp. 187, 284–; Lopez-Fresquet, op. cit., p. 202; (at odds?) ibid., p. 111; Nestor Carbonell, And the Russians Stayed, New York: William Morrow, 1989, p. 62; Geyer, op. cit., p. 236–; (U.S. tool?/diplomat) eds. Blight and Kornbluh, op. cit., p. 36–; citing former Soviet Cuba specialist Oleg Daroussenkov; (anti-American) Carbonell, op. cit., p. 62, Geyer, op. cit., pp. 44, 181, 191; (“We will check”) Grose, op. cit., p. 467.

  Castro seizes U.S. business: Dorschner and Fabricio, op. cit., p. 150.

  “find dramatic things”: memo of NSC meeting 429, Dec. 16, 1959, cited at Newman, op. cit., p. 118–.

  Nixon role: Robert Keith Gray, Eighteen Acres Under Glass, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961, p. 278; (“deputy”/& NSC) RN int.; U.S. News & World Report, May 16, 1960; (briefing) Peter Wyden notes of int. Robert Cushman, supplied to author; (“apt pupil”/“friend”) Corson, op. cit., p. 36 and see Mosley, op. cit., p. 394; (“didn’t see fit”) int. Marion Boggs.

  Dulles Dec. 16: Newman, op. cit., p. 120.

  listening to Pawley: Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 652—RN dined with Pawley Dec. 15; CIA memo, Cuban political matters, Dec. 16, 1959, CIA release 1993, NA.