Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 294, 415, 417, 418, 419, 422, 585; Anglo-German Naval Agreement, 556–7, 558; and invasion of the Rhineland, 584; meets H, 380–81; personality, 556–7

  Riefenstahl, Leni, 526

  Right: the bourgeois, 327, 362; conservative, 358, 424, 431, 508; counter-revolutionary, 171, 181, 194; first attempt to take over the state, 153; H becomes a celebrity, 29; and imperialism, 79; invents ‘treachery’ legend, 97, 110, 112; nationalist, 77, 80, 128, 169, 170, 175, 180, 182, 194, 196, 251, 307, 310, 392, 407, 412, 423; neo-conservative, 181; Pan-German, 246; political murders, 171; political radicalization, 201; radical, 78, 80, 115, 186, 195, 198, 201–2, 212, 234, 259, 260, 269, 663n.; völkisch, 29, 145, 154, 160, 181, 223, 224, 225, 244, 246, 258, 261, 267, 268–9

  Rilke, Rainer Maria, 81

  Rinke, Marie (later Fellinger), 49

  Robinson, Simon, 63, 67

  Roer-Rhine-Black Forest defensive line, 766n.

  Röhm, Captain Ernst, 175, 177, 208, 266, 304, 417, 501, 508; addresses Kampfbund troops, 208; arrested after the putsch attempt, 211; criticizes H, 503; and Einwohnerwehr units, 154; and the first Reich Party Rally, 192–3; founds a Working Group of the Patriotic Fighting Associations, 193; and Frontbann, 231, 673n.; H denounces as a traitor, 514; H reluctant to order his death, 515; homosexuality, 348, 520; indicted alongside H, 216; invaluable connections, 154, 174; involvement in the putsch attempt, 208; joins the DAP, 154, 173; leader of the Reichsflagge, 172, 662n.; and the leadership cult, 181; leaves political life, 265; and the ‘liberation’ of Munich, 120, 173; meetings with Schleicher and Papen, 372; murdered, 301, 435, 516; the ‘order’ for arming the SA, 511–12; and the Potempa murderers, 382; and the Reichswehr, 497, 499, 502, 511–12; Röhm-cult, 503; and the SA, 120, 346, 348, 350, 351, 499–506, 509, 511–14, 517; on SA’s aim, 501–2; secret arsenal, 174, 190, 197; State Commissar without Portfolio (Bavaria), 462, 502; Gregor Strasser on, 398; wants a new ‘warrior’ élite, 173

  ‘Rolf Eidhalt’ (‘Keep the Oath’), 226

  Roller, Professor Alfred, 39

  Rome, Imperial, 193

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., xix

  Rosenberg, Alfred, 178, 206, 383, 549; anti-Christian, 575; antipathy towards Bolshevism, 246; as an arch-ideologue, 298; contributes to Auf gut deutsch, 154; and H’s approach to Russia, 246; lack of leadership ability, 225; as a member of the Thule-Society, 138; ousted, 226, 266; as part of H’s inner circle, 158; party chairmanship in H’s absence, 211, 225; the party ‘philosopher’, 225; resigns his position, 232; and the Russian Revolution, 152–3

  Rosenheim, 149, 151, 152, 160, 209

  Roßbach, Gerhard, 188

  Roßbach, Dr J. R., 652n.

  Rossini, Gioacchino, 42

  Rothermere, Lord, 336

  Rothschild, Baron, 7

  Rubens, Peter Paul, 26

  Ruhr, 381, 589; creation of an enlarged Gau, 276; French occupation, 190, 191, 195, 246, 276; H presses for radical action, 194; iron dispute (1928), 305, 306; and the NSDAP’s finances, 299–300; as one of the toughest areas for the NSDAP, 329; Gregor Strasser’s contacts in, 397

  Rumbold, Horace, 432

  Rupprecht, Crown Prince, 209, 262, 666n.

  Russia: alliance ruled out, 275; and the Bamberg meeting, 277; civil war, 115, 153, 286, 650n.; deteriorating relations with the Weimar Republic, 544; diplomatic relations with Germany, 290; Franco-Soviet Pact (1935), 555, 583, 585, 586, 587; Germany declares war (1914), 89; H attacks Soviet expansionist intentions, 554; H threatens to annihilate, 339; Jews in, 32, 78, 152, 246, 249; and ‘living-space’, 241, 246–50, 288; Politburo, 533; prisoners-of-war killed during Bavarian revolution, 114; pushed closer to France, 545

  Russian Revolution (1905), 36

  Russian Revolution (1917), 115, 153, 286

  Rust, Bernhard, 283, 400

  Rutz, Korbinian, 634–5n.

  SA (Sturmabteilung), 98, 193, 202, 218, 278, 292, 304, 339, 365, 371, 666n.; aims to continue the ‘German Revolution’, 502, 503; antisemitism, 410–11, 559, 560, 564; assaults on Jews, 472, 501; ‘auxiliary police’, 198, 455, 506; banned, 226, 365, 366, 367, 368; ‘baptism of fire’, 176; behaviour of, 508, 519; in Berlin, 347–50, 371, 372, 426, 433; Braunschweig march-past, 356; brown uniform, 698n.; build-up of, 175, 191, 656n.; and capitalists, 560; combined exercises near Munich (1923), 662n.; and the counter-boycott of Jewish stores, 474; crisis within, 346–51; and the ‘Day of Potsdam’, 465; disturbances in Munich, 513; executions, 514–15, 545; ‘Fighting Song’, 411; fights with Communists, 368; first appearance as a paramilitary formation, 177; and Frontbann, 231; German Day in Coburg, 178; Goebbels and, 347, 349–50, 365, 372; H addresses, 157, 296; H defends, 463; H designs the standards, 648n.; hard to contain, 500–501; headquarters in Bavaria, 469; H’s instructions opposed, 226; image, 351; improvised prisons, 460; May Day affair (1923), 197; members, 350–51, 410, 517; November pogrom (1938), 521; Nuremberg Rallies, 310, 568; personal oaths of loyalty to H, 279; Pfeffer von Salomon leads, 276, 341; ‘politics of hooliganism’, 499; Potempa affair, 381, 382; the problem of, 495, 499–522; and propaganda work, 389; in Prussia, 506; purged, 350, 511, 512–22, 545; and the putsch attempt (1923), 206, 209; reasons for joining, 190–91; and the Reichswehr, 195, 497, 499, 500, 502, 504, 505, 506, 511, 521; reorganization, 680n.; returns to its earlier role, 265; and the Rhineland, 588; Röhm and, 120, 346, 348, 350, 351, 499–506, 509, 511–14, 517; and ‘SA state’, 402; Saalschutz and, 147, 172–3, 647n.; showdown with the, 471; Special Commissioners (Sonderbeauftragte), 502; and the SS, 341, 347, 506, 511, 521–2; Stennes’s demand for Reichstag seats, 347, 349; and ‘Sturm’ cigarettes, 348; threatening demonstrations, 462; transformation into a paramilitary organization, 173; and the unemployed, 405, 503; unionists beaten, 475; weaponry, 190; Wöhrden incident, 308; working-class presence, 335

  SA-Mann newspaper, 503

  Saar, 546–8, 559, 560, 561

  Saarbrücken, 547, 549

  St Bartholomew’s Night Massacre, 507

  St Joseph’s Association, 114

  Salvatorkeller, Munich, 659n.

  Salzburg: and H’s failure to register for military service, 86; and proposed NSDAP/DSP merger, 160–61; secret meeting (1924), 227

  Saxony, 201, 292, 293, 308–9, 324, 325, 327, 333, 387, 462, 708n.

  Scandinavia, and the eugenics movement, 79

  Schacht, Hjalmar, 356, 357, 370, 392, 452, 485, 519, 537, 563, 572; anti-Jewish legislation, 564–5, 566; appointed President of the Reichsbank, 445; and businessmen’s donations, 448; and the counter-boycott on Jewish stores, 473, 474; and the economy, 580, 581; and foreign exchange, 579; New Plan, 576; and rearmament, 580; and short-term credits, 449

  Schäffer, Fritz, 392, 723n.

  Scharrer, Eduard, 247, 248

  Schaub, Julius, 279, 343, 485, 513

  Schaumberg-Lippe, 462

  Schellingstraée Party Headquarters, Munich, 703n.

  Schemm, Hans, 462

  Scheringer, Richard, 337, 338, 702n.

  Scheubner-Richter, Max Erwin von, 158, 189–90, 199, 200, 203, 205, 211, 225–6, 246

  Schichtl, Rosalia (later Hörl), 11, 605n.

  Schicklgruber, Alois (Aloys)see Hitler, Alois

  Schicklgruber, Johann (H’s paternal great-grandfather), 3

  Schicklgruber, Maria Anna see Hiedler, Maria Anna

  Schicklgruber family, 3

  Schiller, Johann Cristoph Friedrich von, 41

  Schirach, Baldur von, 351, 387, 408;

  admires Ludendorff, 307;

  background, 307; leads Hitler

  Youth, 307; leads the Nazi Students’

  Federation, 307

  Schirach, Karl von, 307

  Schlageter, Albert, 661n.

  Schleiéheimerstraée, 34, Munich, 83, 85

  Schleicher, Major Kurt von, 368, 372, 379, 380, 383, 384, 385, 418, 420, 422, 424, 433, 450, 506, 513, 519, 521, 745n.; appointed Reich Chancellor, 396, 413; death, 381, 515, 743n.; favours an authoritarian regime, 366; and Goebbe
ls, 396; H proposes as Defence Minister, 394; head of the Ministerial Bureau, Defence Ministry, 323; H’s secret negotiations, 370–71; increasing isolation, 416; manoevrings behind the scenes, 381; murdered, 515, 522; and the Osthilfe scandal, 416–17; ousts Papen, 359, 414; overtures to Gregor Strasser, 395, 396, 399; and Papen’s appointment as Chancellor, 367; resignation of the cabinet, 419; and Gregor Strasser’s departure, 402

  Schleswig-Holstein, 300, 308, 321, 334, 350

  Schloé Neudeck, East Prussia, 371, 384, 417, 422, 509, 511, 518, 524, 526

  Schmid, Gruppenführer, 513–14

  Schmid, Wilhelm Eduard, 515

  Schmidt, Ernst, no, 116, 117, 120, 635n.

  Schmidt, Paul, 553, 554, 557–8

  Schmidt-Falks, Elsa, 51, 52

  Schmitt, Carl, 384, 481, 521

  Schmitt, Dr Ludwig, 515

  Schneidhuber, Obergruppenführer August, 348, 513–14

  Schnitzler, Arthur, 31, 45

  Schönberg, Arnold, 31, 258, 480

  Schönerer, Georg Ritter von, 62; antisemitism, 33, 63, 65; bill to block Jewish immigration into Vienna, 34; and the Catholic Church, 34, 58; an early brand of ‘national socialism’, 33; ‘Führer’ title, 34; H criticizes, 34; ‘Heil’ greeting, 34; influences H, 18, 33–4, 55, 65; and Lanz, 50; moral code, 44, 45; neglects the masses, 34; pan-German nationalism, 18, 36, 60; programme, 33, 34; Stein admires, 625n.

  Schönerer movement, 44, 58, 63, 135, 624n., 625n., 689n.

  Schopenhauer, Artur, 41, 91

  Schott, Georg: Das Volkbuch vom Hitler, 221, 223–4

  Schreck, Julius, 119, 485, 513

  Schröder, Baron Kurt von, 392, 413–15

  Schroeder, Christa, 705n.

  Schulte, Karl Joseph, Cardinal, 588

  Schultze, Dr Walter, 211

  Schumacher, Kurt, 432

  Schumpeter, Joseph, 306

  Schuschnigg, Kurt, 523

  Schüssler, Rudolf, 644n.

  Schutzhaft see‘protective custody’

  Schwarz, Franx Xaver, 300, 352, 360

  Schweinfurt, Lower Franconia, 389

  SD (Sicherheitsdienst; Security Service), 462, 511, 541

  Sebastian, Ludwig, Bishop of Speyer, 766n.

  Sebotendorff, Rudolf Freiherr von, 139

  Sechshauserstraée 58, Vienna, 52

  ‘Second Armaments Programme’, 445

  Second Bavarian Infantry Regiment, 633n.

  Second Demobilization Company, 117–18

  Second Infantry Regiment, 116, 121

  ‘Second Law for the Coordination of the Länder with the Reich’, 469, 470

  Second Reich, and the Third Reich, 73, 75

  Second World War: H’s responsibility for, 87–8; mass murder of the Jews, 103

  Sedan, battle of (1870), 199

  Sedgwick-Heine family, 186

  Seeckt, General Hans von, 194, 195

  Seidlitz, Frau Gertrud von, 190

  Seipel, Ignaz, 238

  Seiéer, Colonel Hans Ritter von, 203, 204, 206, 213, 666n.; H interrogates during his trial, 216; involvement in the putsch attempt, 206, 207–8, 209, 213, 214, 215

  Seldte, Franz, 310, 356, 421, 475, 537, 765n.

  ‘self-preservation drive’ (Selbsterhaltungstrieb), 289

  Semper, Gottfried, 55

  ‘Senators’ Hall’, Brown House, Munich, 514, 518

  ‘sense of struggle’ (Kampfsinn), 289

  Serbia, Austria’s 1914 ultimatum, 112

  Seventh Day Adventists, 541

  Seventh Reichswehr Division, 193

  Severing, Carl, 368–9, 709n.

  Shirer, William, 551–2, 587, 588

  Shooting Club, Theisenort, 479

  Sicherheitsdienst see SD

  Silesia, 350, 382, 516

  Simon, Sir John, 549, 553, 554, 556, 557

  Simon-Denk-Gasse 11, Vienna, 52

  Simplicissimus magazine, 85

  Singing Association, Theisenort, 479

  slavery: of conquered peoples, 449; of inferior races, 50

  Slavs: Habsburg empire’s pro-Slav policies, 81, 87; and the Magyars, 32; nationalism, 34; ‘Unter-menschen’, 79

  Small Garden Association, 479

  Smith, Truman, 659n. Sobibor, 434

  social Darwinism, 78, 134, 136, 288, 290, 296, 344, 346, 448, 533

  Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 35

  Social Democrats see SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands)

  ‘social question’, 59–60, 289, 291 H social reform, Lueger and, 35

  social welfare, 290

  socialism, 326; anti-capitalist, 135; anti-Marxist, 135; anti-socialist propaganda in Vienna, 53; and antisemitism, 151; Bavaria’s mission, 172; H re-defines, 305; hatred of, 456; Lanz and, 50; Marxist, 76, 135; ‘national’, 134, 135, 136, 138; and nationalism, 289, 290, 317; of Otto Strasser, 327; repressive laws against, 80; Stein and, 58–9; threat of, 74

  Solln, Munich, 160

  Solmitz, Louise, 313, 363, 364, 391, 431, 454, 460–61, 590, 760n.

  Somme, Battle of the, 94–5, 262, 633n.

  Sopade, 520, 552, 561, 573, 590

  South Tyrol, 246, 291, 292

  Soviet Union see Russia

  Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands see SPD

  Spain, 542

  Spann, Othmar, 136

  Spartacism, 111, 114, 123

  ‘Spartacus Rising’ (1919), 111, 170

  SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands), 120, 176, 379, 465, 475, 492, 508, 541; anti-nationalism, 61; bans, 455; battle cruiser crisis, 305–6; and the Bavarian National Council, 109; and the Berlin transport workers’ strike, 714–15n.; and Dachau, 464; and democracy, 425; and the DVP, 323; and the Enabling Act, 466, 468; and the end of the Bavarian monarchy, 112; end of, 476–7; in the First World War, 88, 94; H attacks, 286; H blames for unrest in Germany, 101; H links Jews with, 61, 152; H threatens to annihilate, 339; and Hindenburg, 363; hostages in the putsch attempt, 217; H’s hatred of, 36, 55, 58, 59, 61, 104, 119–20; image of H, 412; influences H, 36; internationalism, 58, 88; intimidation and intolerance, 36; Landtag defeats proposal to ban SA, 196; as the largest party in the Reichstag, 76, 111; Lippe-Detmold elections, 416; and Marxism, 76, 286; and the munitions strike (1918), 267–8; Nazi disruption of an SPD meeting, 176; opposes a revolution, 113; organization and activism, 36; perceived looming menace of, 78; programme, 36; and propaganda, 156; Reichsbanner, 122; Reichstag elections, 302, 334, 370, 390, 461; and the Reichstag Fire, 458; in the Saar, 547; Schleicher and, 395; and Socialist Law, 76; and the ‘Spartacus Rising’, 111; and the Staatspartei, 477; state elections (1932), 364; in the Stresemann ‘grand coalition’, 201; targeted ‘outsiders’ under Bismarck, 76; ‘toleration’ policy, 335–6; victims of the ‘White Guard’, 114; and the working class, 201, 405;see also Majority Social Democrats

  Speer, Albert, xxii, 63, 534, 568, 690n.

  Spengler, Oswald, 158, 396

  Spital, Waldviertel, Austria, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11

  Sprenger, Jacob, 560

  Springorum, Fritz, 393

  SS (Schutszstaffel; Protection Squad), xxvii, 349, 463, 502; antisemitism, 559; arises out of H’s personal bodyguard, 278–9; ‘auxiliary police’, 455; banned, 365, 368; in Berlin, 433; Braunschweig march-past, 356; and the ‘Day of Potsdam’, 465; failed putsch attempt (1934), 522, 523; first on public display, 278–9; founded, 278; headquarters in Bavaria, 469; Heydrich commands the security police, 462; Himmler appointed to lead, 301, 540; and H’s Reichstag speech after the SA purges, 519; improvised prisons, 460; merges into the police, 538, 540, 541; Nuremberg Rallies, 310, 568; racial selection programme, 50; and the Rhineland, 588; and the SA, 341, 347, 506, 511, 515, 521–2, 540; threatening demonstrations, 462

  Staatsgerichtshof (Supreme Court), 728n.

  Staatspartei, 477

  ‘stab-in the-back’ legend, 97, 112, 116, 138, 194, 268

  Stadelheim prison, Munich, 176, 514, 516

  Stahlhelm, 310, 356, 362, 421, 431, 455, 465, 477

  Sta
lin, Josef, xix, xxiii, xxv, 533

  Stapel, Wilhelm, 136, 181