Jerusalem

  Christians: Armenians and Jaqmaq: Hintlian, History of the Armenians in the Holy Land 5. On visit to Haram in disguise, interest in others and learning phrases: Arnold von Harff quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 406–7. Governor’s house and concubines: Fabri, Book of Wanderings 1.451; Barsbay and Jewish bid for Tomb of David 1.303–4; rules for pilgrims 1.248–54; entering Sepulchre, hair, stalls, Saracens, bodies, graffiti, traders, exhaustion, stress, questions 1.299, 341, 363, 411–15, 566–7, 2.83–7. History of Franciscans: Elzear Horn, Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae 81–3. Pay or beaten to death: Niccolo di Poggibonsi (1346) quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 434; way of the Cross 437; on Mount Zion, King Rupert etc.: Elzear Horn quoted at 369; burning of four monks 1391, 459; no entry on horseback, Bertrandon de la Brocquière 1430s, 470. Henry IV: Tuchman 45. Henry V: Christopher Allmand, Henry V 174.

  Qaitbay. Parades: Mujir 182; beauty 183, quotes Ibn Hujr; Qaitbay visit 142–4, 288. Ashrafiyya and sabil: Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem 78–80, 589–608; royal residence Tankiziyya 228. Kroyanker 47. Qaitbay and omelette: Peters, Jerusalem 406. Door of Aqsa: Goldhill, City of Longing 126. Drory, Cathedra 1.1196–7. Governor’s house and concubines: Fabri, Book of Wanderings 1.451; also Qaitbay allows refurbishment of Sepulchre 1.600–2; town, Obadiah on Jerusalem Jews 1487: Peters, Jerusalem 475–7. Al-Ghawry: Carl F. Petry, “Late Mamluk Military Institutions and Innovation,” in CHE 1.479–89. Rise of Ottomans: Caroline Finkel, Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923 (henceforth Finkel) 83–4.

  PART SEVEN: OTTOMAN

  1. Selim the Grim. Fall of Mamluk Sultan Ghawri: Petry, CHE 1.479–89. Rise of Ottomans—taking the city, desire of all possessors, wars, possession of Padishah Sultan: Evliya Celebi, Evliya Tshelebi’s Travels in Palestine (henceforth Evliya) 55–9 and 85; Evliya Celebi, An Ottoman Traveller 317. Selim’s rise, character, death: Finkel 83–4.

  2. Suleiman, walls, gates, fountains, citadel: this account is based on Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand (eds.), Ottoman Jerusalem: The Living City, 1517–1917 (OJ: volume one unless otherwise stated). Amnon Cohen, “1517–1917 Haram al-Sherif: The Temple Mount under Ottoman Rule,” in Sacred Esplanade 211–16. Bahat, Atlas 118–22. Citadel and Haram, Suleiman’s dream, Sinan in charge of works, beauty of Suleiman’s works: Evliya 63–75; Evliya Celebi, Ottoman Traveller 323–7 including Suleiman dreams and Sinan. Roxelana waqf: Dror Zeevi, An Ottoman Century: The District of Jerusalem in the 1600s 27. Sultan’s Pool, Archeological Park 128. Hawari, OJ 493–518. Fountains: OJ 2 and 2.15. Planned visit 1553 of Suleiman: OJ 2.709–10. Fountains: Khadr Salameh, “Aspects of the Sijills of the Shari’a Court in Jerusalem,” in OJ 103–43. Suleiman fountains, population Haram: OJ 4–8. Spolia in Jaffa Gate: Boas, Jerusalem 52. Suleiman and Roxelana, political ethos: Finkel 115–18, 129–30; 133, 144–5, 148–50. Solomon of his age, politics, imperial projection: David Myres, “An Overview of the Islamic Architecture of Ottoman Jerusalem,” OJ 325–54. Abraham Castro, gates, Sinan planner, Archeological Park 8. Walls, second Solomon: Yusuf Natsheh, “The Architecture of Ottoman Jerusalem,” in OJ 583–655. Urban renewal, number of tiles, and Dome/al-Aqsa: Beatrice St. Laurent, “Dome of the Rock: Restorations and Significance, 1540–1918,” in OJ 415–21. Khassaki Sultan project: OJ 747–73. David Myres, “Al-Imara al-Amira: The Khassaki Sultan 1552,” in OJ 539–82. Ottoman style: Hillenbrand, OJ 15–23. Hereditary architect dynasty of al-Nammar: Mahmud Atallah, “The Architects in Jerusalem in the 10th–11th/16th–17th Centuries,” in OJ 159–90.

  Jewish Jerusalem: Selim, Suleiman reigns, sees Wailing Wall as place of worship—in 1488 Rabbi Obadiah does not mention Western Wall as site of prayer but Rabbi Israel Ashkenazi in 1520 says he prayed there and by 1572 Rabbi Isaac Luria was praying there: Miriam Frenkel, “The Temple Mount in Jewish Thought,” in Sacred Esplanade 351. Rabbi Moses of Basola, in Peters, Jerusalem 483–7; House of Pilate, one synagogue, David Reubeni of Arabia 490–2; population 484. Asali, Jerusalem 204. Yusuf Said al-Natsheh, “Uninventing the Bab al-Khalil Tombs: Between the Magic of Legend and Historical Fact,” JQ 22–3, Autumn/Winter 2005.

  Franciscans: Boniface of Ragusa, St. Saviour’s, Way of Cross develops: Horn, Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae 160–6. Ottoman repairs on Haram: St. Laurent, OJ 415–21. Economy: Amnon Cohen, Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem 1–124.

  3. Duke of Naxos: Cecil Roth, The House of Nasi: The Duke of Naxos 17–28, 75–111; Duke of Mytilene 205. Brenner 142–3. Finkel 161. Bedouin attack: Cohen, Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem 120 and 166. French consuls and constant changes of praedominium: Bernard Wasserstein, Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City (henceforth Wasserstein) 15–23. Kabbalists such as Shalom Sharabi in Jerusalem: Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City 125; early Jerusalemites such as Meyugars family. Kuski family from Georgia arrived eighteenth century: conversation with Gideon Avni. Yehuda ha Hasid and Ashkenazi immigrants: Hurva Synagogue, Goldhill, City of Longing 167. French consul from Sidon, fighting between Christian sects, disdain for Orthodox feigned body of Christ with spices and powders, fancied corpse, tattoos of pilgrims, Holy Fire, Bedlam and burnt beards: Henry Maundrell, A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem in 1697 80–100 and 125–30. Muslim attitudes to Easter (Feast of Red Egg); and Church: Evliya Celebi, Ottoman Traveller 330–7 and 352. Way of the Cross develops: Peters, Jerusalem 437. Ferdinand and Isabella; Columbus; voyages and dreams of Jerusalem; Edict of Expulsion of the Jews: Hugh Thomas, Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, 53–78; especially 77–8; April 1492, 85–95; voyage, 105; Jerusalem, 223 and 233 and 283/4; Ferdinand and Jerusalem, 578. David Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean, on Ferdinand and Expulsion, 405–10. On Inquisition see B. Netanyahu, The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain.

  4. Ridwan and Farrukh, seventeenth century: Zeevi, Ottoman Century 20–5; Ridwan 35–1; Farrukhs 43–56; downfall 57–61. Ridwan building on Haram, OJ 831–57. Abdul-Karim Rafeq, Province of Damascus 1723–83 57. Druze chieftain threatens Palestine: Finkel 179. Suicidal Christians: Peters, Jerusalem 461. Way of the Lord/Stations of the Cross: Horn, Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae 160–86. Sepulchre, Henry Timberlake in Peters, Jerusalem 508–9; Sanderson 488–90, 510–15. Commerce: George Hintlian, “Commercial Life of Jerusalem,” in OJ 229–34: Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 211–16. French praedominium: Wasserstein 15–23.

  5. Christians early seventeenth century. George Sandys, A Relation of a Journey begun AD 1610 147–9, 154–73. Sandys and American views of Jews and Jerusalem: Hilton Obenzinger, American Palestine: Melville, Twain, and the Holy Land Mania 14–23. Timberlake in jail: Peters, Jerusalem 511–2; John Sanderson accused of being Jew 512–14. American Puritans, Cromwell, End of Days and conversion: MacCulloch 717–25. Oren, Power; Sandys, Bradford and Mayflower quotation, early Awakenings 80–3. Mysticism: Evliya Celebi, Ottoman Traveller 330–7. Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 211–26. Armenian visitor Jeremiah Keomurdjian reports Easter parade led by Pasha of Jerusalem with drums and trumpets: Kevork Hintlian, “Travellers and Pilgrims in the Holy Land: The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem in the 17th and 18th Centuries,” in Anthony O’Mahony (ed.), The Christian Heritage in the Holy Land 149–59. Cromwell, Menasseh bin Israel: Brenner 124–7. Bible as national epic—Thomas Huxley quoted in Tuchman 81; on Sanderson and Timberlake, on Cromwell and return of Jews 121–45. Zeevi, Ottoman Century 20–5; Ridwan 35–41; Farrukh 43–56; downfall 57–61. Rafeq, Province of Damascus 57. Praedominium: Wasserstein 15–23.

  6. Sabbatai: this account is based on Gershom G. Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism; on G. G. Scholem, Sabbatai Zevi: The Mystical Messiah; on David Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean; on Brenner. Scholem, Mysticism 3–8, Zohar 156–9, 205, 243; influence of Spanish exodus and Isaac Luria 244–6; Sabbatai 287–324. Mazower, Salonica 66–78. Kabbalists such as Shalom Sharabi in Jerusalem: Gilbert, Rebirth 125. Yehuda ha Hasid, Hurva Synagogue: Goldhill, City of Longing 167. Sabbatai: Finkel 280.


  7. Evliya: portrait is based on Robert Dankoff, An Ottoman Mentality: The World of Evliya Çelebi; Evliya Celebi, Ottoman Traveller 330–7 including Easter at the church; Jerusalem as the Kaaba of the poor and Dervishes 332; and on Evliya. Dankoff, Çelebi 9–10; quote on longest and fullest travel book 9; uncle tomb in Jerusalem 22; education 31; courtier and page of Murad IV 33–46; female circumcision 61; Dervish 117; sex 118–19; unfair executions 139; as Falstaff and shitty martyr 142–5, 151; checking myths on Solomon ropes and Holy Fire 197–8. Evliya 55–94. Sufism: Mazower, Salonica 79–82. Sufism and Islamic customs on entering/touring shrines: Ilan Pappe, Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700–1948 (henceforth Pappe) 26–7. Laxness on Haram, Qashashi, Jewels on the Excellence of Mosques quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 496–8. Zeevi Ottoman Century quotes criticism of Abu al-Fath al-Dajani on conduct on Haram 25–8. Laxness on Haram: Claudia Ott, “The Songs and Musical Instruments of Ottoman Jerusalem” in OJ 305. Ill-treatment of Christian pilgrims, Timberlake in jail: Peters, Jerusalem 511–12. Fighting, Holy Fire: Maundrell, Journey 80–100, 125–30. Dangers for Jewish pilgrims: Abraham Kalisker quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 525; Ashkenazi Jews immigration 1700, Gedaliah quoted at 526–34; use of Wailing Wall, Moses Yerushalmi and Gedaliah 528. Minna Rozen, “Relations Between Egyptian Jewry and the Jewish Community in Jerusalem in 17th Century,” in A. Cohen and G. Baer (eds.), Egypt and Palestine 251–65. Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 216–26. Gilbert, Rebirth 125. Hurva: Goldhill, City of Longing 167. Western struggle for praedominium: Wasserstein 15–23. Zeevi, Ottoman Century 20–5; 35–41; 43–56; downfall 57–61. Christian sects, rivalry of Powers and praedominium: Mouradian, “Les Chrétiens,” in Nicault, Jérusalem 177–204.

  8. Naqib al-Ashraf revolt: Minna Rozen, “The Naqib al-Ashraf Rebellion in Jerusalem and Its Repercussions on the City’s Dhimmis,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 18/2, November 1984, 249–70. Adel Manna, “Scholars and Notables: Tracing the Effendiya’s Hold on Power in 18th-Century Jerusalem,” JQ 32, Autumn 2007. Butris Abu-Manneh, “The Husaynis: Rise of a Notable Family in 18th-Century Palestine,” in David Kushner (ed.), Palestine in Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social and Economic Transformation 93–100; and Pappe 23–30. Fall of the Ashkenazis: Gedaliah quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 530–4. Ottoman change in attitude to Jews: Finkel 279. Zeevi, Ottoman Century 75. M. Hawari, OJ 498–9, shelling of Dome. Gilbert, Rebirth 125. Goldhill, City of Longing 167. Jewish pilgrims Abraham Kalisker quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 525; Ashkenazi Jews 526–34; Wall, Moses Yerushalmi, Gedaliah 528. Wasserstein 15–23.

  9. The Families/early to late eighteenth century: Adel Manna, “Scholars and Notables Tracing the Effendiya’s Hold on Power in 18th Century Jerusalem,” JQ 32, Autumn 2007. On change of name: Papper 25–38 Illan Pappe, “The Rise and Fall of the Husaynis,” Part 1, JQ 10, Autumn 2000. Butrus Abu-Manneh, “The Husaynis: Rise of a Notable Family in 18th Century Palestine,” in David Kushner (ed.). Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social and Economic Transformation 93–100. Thanks to Adel Manna and also to Mohammad al-Alami and Bashir Barakat for sharing his research into the origins of the Families. Zeevi, Ottoman Century 63–73. A. K. Rafeq, “Political History of Ottoman Jerusalem,” OJ 25–8. Families, name changes, religious background, Alamis, Dajanis, Khalidis, Shihabis, al-Nammars: Mohammad al-Alami, “The Waqfs of the Traditional Families of Jerusalem During the Ottoman Period,” in OJ 145–57. Hereditary architect dynasty of al-Nammar: Atallah, OJ 159–90. Lawrence Conrad, “The Khalidi Library,” in OJ 191–209. Sari Nusseibeh, Country 1–20, killing of two Nusseibeh tax collectors by Husseinis and marriage alliance 52. Nashashibi family Mamluk origins: Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem 60. Families build monuments on the Haram: Khalwat al-Dajani, Sabil al-Husseini, Sabil al-Khalidi—OJ 2.963, 966, 968. Alamis and house: author interview with Mohammad al-Alami. On family name changes and origins, Hazem Zaki Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 398–9.

  Christians and Jews: sects in Sepulchre, food, diseases, squalid lavatories, Greek vomit: Horn, Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae 60–78. Bells, strings, lines, 300 people in Sepulchre: Henry Timberlake quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 508–9. Fighting, Holy Fire: Maundrell, Journey 80–100, 125–30. Church like a prison: Evliya Celebi, Ottoman Traveller 332. Holy Week riots 1757: Peters, Jerusalem 540. Ottoman repairs on Haram: St. Laurent, OJ 415–21. Rise of Ayan Notables: Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the 18th Century 1–10; instability of Ottoman garrison and fighting and debauchery 271–80. Jerusalem promised by Bulutkapan Ali to Russia: Finkel 407–9; treaty 1774 with Russia 378–9. Most evil people: Constantin Volney, Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie 332.

  10. Zahir al-Umar: Rafeq, OJ 28–9. D. Crecelius, “Egypt’s Reawakening Interest in Palestine,” in Kushner, Palestine in Late Ottoman Period 247–60; Cohen 12–19 and 92, including plan to take Jerusalem, 47; Zahir’s North African troops 285; Vali’s expedition, the dawra 147–250. Pappe 35–8. Eugene Rogan, The Arabs: A History (henceforth Rogan) 48–53. Zahir as “first King of Palestine”: Karl Sabbagh, Palestine: A Personal History 26–46. Bulutkapan Ali: Finkel 407–9; Russia 378–9.

  PART EIGHT: EMPIRE

  1. Napoleon Bonaparte and Jazzar Pasha. Rise and tortures and mutilations: Constatin de Volney, Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie 235. Edward Daniel Clarke, Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa 2.1.359–88, 2.2.3–5. Voyage and Travels of HM Caroline Queen of Great Britain 589–91. Cohen, Palestine in the 18th Century 20–9, 68–70, 285. Pappe 38–46. Finkel 399–412. Krämer 61–3. Nathan Schur, Napoleon in the Holy Land (henceforth Schur) 17–32. Paul Strathern, Napoleon in Egypt (henceforth Strathern) 185, 335–7.

  2. Napoleon in Palestine: this account is based on Schur and Strathern. Jaffa massacre Schur 67; Acre 140–6; retreat 163; Governor of Jerusalem in Jaffa 163–7. Strathern, origins of expedition 6–17; siege of Acre 336–46; Solomon’s Temple 317; Jaffa massacre 326. Jewish offer: Schur 117–21. Strathern 352–6. Napoleon’s tent: Hintlian, JQ 2, 1998. Pappe on Jerusalem Families: 46–51.

  3. Sidney Smith—this account of his life is based on: Tom Pocock, A Thirst for Glory: The Life of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, in Acre, Jaffa, Jerusalem 100–20. Also: John Barrow, The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith 207. Strathern 337–40; Napoleon’s retreat 371–81; killing of sick 378; Kléber 409. Franciscan welcome in Jerusalem: Peter Shankland, Beware of Heroes: Admiral Sir S. Smith 91–5. Smith’s vanity, talking of himself: Colonel Bunbury quoted in Flora Fraser, The Unruly Queen: The Life of Queen Caroline 136. March into Jerusalem: Clarke, Travels in Various Countries 2.1.520. James Finn, Stirring Times (henceforth Finn) 157. Edward Howard, The Memoirs of Sir Sidney Smith 146. Old Jazzar: Schur 171. 1808 fire in Sepulchre: Peters, Jerusalem 542. Population by 1806—8,000: OJ 4–5. Jerusalem and Gaza same population, approx. 8,000 in 1800: Krämer 41–4. Jazzar versus Gaza: Pappe 47–51.

  4. Early visitors and adventures: N. A. Silberman, Digging for Jerusalem (henceforth Silberman) 19–29. Y. Ben-Arieh, Jerusalem in the 19th Century 31–67. Peters, Jerusalem 582–62. A. Elon, Jerusalem: A City of Mirrors 217. Clarke, Travels in Various Countries 2.1.393–593, 2.2.3.

  5. F. R. de Chateaubriand, Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt and Barbary During the Years 1806 and 1807 1.368–86 and 2.15–179. Chateaubriand’s servant: Julien, Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem par Julien, domestique de M. de Chateaubriand 88–9. On last of pilgrims, first of cultural imperialists including Chateaubriand: Ernst Axel Knauf, “Ottoman Jerusalem in Western Eyes,” in OJ 73–6. Pappe 49–53.

  6. 1808 fire, Suleiman Pasha conquest: Hawari, OJ 499–500. Rafeq, OJ 29. Pappe 49–50. Suleiman and Sultan Mehmet II restore Dome tiles: Salameh, OJ 103–43. Suleiman Pasha builds Iwan al-Mahmud II, pavilion, restores Maqam al-Nabi, Nabi Daoud 1817, see Hillenbrand, OJ 14. Peters, Jerusalem 582. Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 216–26.

  7. Caroline and Hester: thanks to Kirsten Ellis for generously sharing her unpublished research on Hester and Caroline. First visit
of Montefiore: Moses and Judith Montefiore, Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore (henceforth Montefiore) 36–42. Abigail Green, Moses Montefiore: Jewish Liberator, Imperial Hero (henceforth Green) 74–83. Alphonse de Lamartine, Travels in the East Including Journey to the Holy Land 78–88. Pappe 60–65.

  8. Disraeli: Jane Ridley, Young Disraeli 79–97. On his various pedigrees, fantasies of Jewish settlement in conversations with Edward Stanley and his possible authorship of pre-Zionist memorandum 1878 “Die jüdische Frage in der orientalischen Frage”: Minna Rozen, “Pedigree Remembered, Reconstructed, Invented: Benjamin Disraeli Between East and West,” in M. Kramer (ed.), The Jewish Discovery of Islam 49–75. Disraeli’s 1857 pre-Zionist ideas of Rothschilds buying Palestine for Jews: Niall Ferguson, World’s Banker: A History of the House of Rothschild (henceforth Ferguson) 418–22 and 1131. Pappe 66–76. Jewish life: Tudor Parfitt, Jews of Palestine 1800–1882 ch. 2. Tuchman 220–3.

  9. Mehmet Ali/Ibrahim Pasha: Finkel 427, 422–46, 428. Rogan 66–83. On Mehmet Ali regime: Khaled Fahmy in CHE 2.139–73. Pappe 66–76. Philip Mansel, Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean 63–90. William Brown Hodgson, An Edited Biographical Sketch of Mohammed Ali, Pasha of Egypt, Syria, and Arabia. Rafek, OJ 31–2. Judith M. Rood, “The Time the Peasants Entered Jerusalem: The Revolt Against Ibrahim Pasha in the Islamic Court Sources,” JQ 27, Summer 2006. Judith M. Rood, “Intercommunal Relations in Jerusalem During Egyptian Rule 1934–41,” JQ 32, Autumn 2007 and JQ 34, Spring 2009. Jews and synagogues—Y. Ben-Arieh, Jerusalem in the 19th Century 25–30; Ibrahim and fellahin revolt 67–70. Holy Fire: R. Curzon, Visits to the Monasteries of the Levant 192–204. Restoration of Hurva and four Sephardic synagogues: Goldhill, City of Longing 169. Montefiore, meetings with Muhammad Ali/1839 visit: Montefiore 177–87; Green ch. 6. Thomsons in Jerusalem, baby and book: Oren, Power 121–5. Mouradian, “Les Chrétiens,” in Nicault, Jérusalem 177–204.