Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill

  Churchill, Winston S. His Father’s Son: The Life of Randolph Churchill. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996.

  Clifford, James L., ed. Biography as an Art: Selected Criticism, 1560–1960. New York: Oxford University Press, 1962.

  Cockshut, A.O.J. Truth to Life: The Art of Biography in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974.

  Colville, John. The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985.

  ———. Winston Churchill and His Inner Circle. New York: Wyndham Books, 1981.

  Coombs, David. Churchill: His Paintings (catalog). New York: World Publishing Company, 1967.

  Cooper, Diana. Trumpets from the Steep. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960.

  Corrigan, Robert W., ed. Tragedy: Vision and Form. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.

  Delafield, E. M. The Provincial Lady in Wartime. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1940.

  Eade, Charles, ed. Churchill by His Contemporaries. London: Reprint Society, 1953.

  Edel, Leon. Literary Biography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

  ———. Writing Lives: Principia Biographica. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1959.

  Erikson, Erik. Gandhi’s Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1969.

  Evans, Richard J. In Defence of History. London: Granta Books, 1997.

  Feiling, Keith. The Life of Neville Chamberlain. Hamden: Archon Books, 1970.

  Fleming, Kate. The Churchills. New York: Viking, 1975.

  Fleming, Peter. The Flying Visit. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1940.

  ———. Operation Sea Lion: The Projected Invasion of England in 1940. New York: Akadine Press, 1956.

  Fuchs, Thomas. A Concise Biography of Adolf Hitler. New York: Berkley Books, 1990.

  Fussell, Paul. The Great War and Modern Memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

  ———. Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

  Gardner, Brian. Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970.

  Gathorne-Hardy, Jonathan. The Unnatural History of the Nanny. New York: Dial Press, 1973.

  Gilbert, Martin. Churchill: A Life. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991.

  ———. In Search of Churchill. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.

  ———. Winston S. Churchill, vols. 3–8. With companion volumes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1971–1988.

  Gittings, Robert. The Nature of Biography. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978.

  Goebbels, Joseph. Final Entries 1945: The Diaries of Joseph Goebbels. Edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper. Translated by Richard Barry. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1978.

  ———. The Goebbels Diaries, 1942–1943. Edited and translated by Louis P. Lochner. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1948.

  Golding, William. The Paper Men. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1984.

  Gorky, Maxim. Reminiscences of Tolstoy, Chekhov and Andreev. Translated by Katherine Mansfield, S. S. Koteliansky, and Leonard Woolf. London: Hogarth Press, 1968.

  Graebner, Walter. My Dear Mr. Churchill. Boston: Riverside Press, 1965.

  Graves, Robert. Good-Bye to All That. New York: Anchor Books, 1929.

  Halifax, Earl of. Fulness of Days. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1957.

  Halle, Kay. Irrepressible Churchill. New York: World Publishing Company, 1966.

  Hayward, Steven F. Churchill on Leadership. Rocklin: Prima, 1997.

  Hitler, Adolf. Hitler’s Secret Conversations, 1941–1944. Translated by N. Cameron and R. H. Stevens. Introduction by H. R. Trevor-Roper. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Young, 1953.

  Hobsbawm, Eric, and Terence Ranger, eds. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

  Holley, Darrell. Churchill’s Literary Allusions. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 1987.

  Holmes, Richard. Footsteps: Adventures of a Romantic Biographer. New York: Penguin Books, 1985.

  Homberger, Eric, and John Charmley, eds. The Troubled Face of Biography. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988.

  Hough, Richard. Winston and Clementine. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.

  Howells, Roy. Churchill’s Last Years. New York: David McKay Company, 1965.

  Ismay, General Lord. The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay. New York: Viking Press, 1960.

  James, Henry. The Aspern Papers. New York: Dell Publishing Company, 1959.

  James, Lawrence. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.

  Jenkins, Roy. Churchill. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001.

  Keegan, John. The Face of Battle. New York: Penguin Books, 1976.

  ———. The Mask of Command. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.

  Kendall, Paul. The Art of Biography. London: Allen & Unwin, 1965.

  Kennedy, David. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

  Kershaw, Ian. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.

  ———. The “Hitler Myth”: Image and Reality in the Third Reich. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

  Kimball, Warren F. Forged in War: Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Second World War. New York: William Morrow & Company, 1997.

  Kipling, Rudyard. Plain Tales from the Hills. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.

  Koestenbaum, Wayne. Jackie Under My Skin: Interpreting an Icon. New York: Penguin Books, 1995.

  Leslie, Anita. Clare Sheridan. Garden City: Doubleday and Company, 1977.

  Lukacs, John. Churchill: Visionary. Statesman. Historian. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.

  ———. The Duel: Hitler vs. Churchill: 10 May–31 July 1940. London: Phoenix Press, 1990.

  ———. Five Days in London: May 1940. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.

  ———. The Hitler of History. New York: Vintage Books, 1997.

  Lurie, Alison. The Truth about Lorin Jones. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1988.

  Malcolm, Janet. The Crime of Sheila McGough. New York: Vintage Books, 1999.

  ———. The Silent Woman: Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.

  Manchester, William. The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Alone, 1932–1940. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988.

  ———. The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Visions of Glory, 1874–1932. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983.

  Mandel, Oscar. A Definition of Tragedy. New York: New York University Press, 1961.

  Masani, Zareer. Indian Tales of the Raj. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

  Maurois, André. Aspects of Biography. Translated by Sydney Castle Roberts. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1929.

  Mazower, Mark. Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century. New York: Vintage Books, 1998.

  Moir, Phyllis. I Was Winston Churchill’s Private Secretary. New York: Wilfred Funk, Inc., 1941.

  Moran, Lord. Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966.

  Morris, James. Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1978.

  ———. Pax Britannica: The Climax of an Empire. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1968.

  Morris, Jan. Fisher’s Face: Or, Getting to Know the Admiral. New York: Random House, 1995.

  Mosley, Leonard. The Reich Marshal: A Biography of Hermann Goering. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1974.

  Murrow, Edward R. This Is London. Edited by Elmer Davis. New York: Schocken Books, 1941.

  Nabokov, Vladimir. Pale Fire. New York: Vintage International, 1962.

  Nadel, Ira Bruce. Biography: Fiction, Fact, and Form. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984.

  Nel, Elizabeth Layton. Mr. Churchill’s Secretary. New York: Coward-McCann, 1958
.

  Nicolson, Sir Harold. The Development of English Biography. London: Hogarth Press, 1959.

  ———. The English Sense of Humour and Other Essays. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1968.

  ———. Some People. New York: Oxford University, Press, 1934.

  ———. Diaries and Letters, vol. 2, The War Years, 1939–1945. Edited by Nigel Nicolson. New York: Atheneum, 1967.

  Novarr, David. The Lines of Life: Theories of Biography, 1880–1970. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1986.

  Pachter, Marc, ed. Telling Lives: The Biographer’s Art. Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books, 1979.

  Pagden, Anthony. Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present. New York: Modern Library, 2001.

  Parker, R.A.C. Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War. London: Macmillan, 1993.

  Pawle, Gerald. The War and Colonel Warden. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963.

  Paxman, Jeremy. The English: A Portrait of a People. New York: Over-look Press, 2000.

  Pearson, John. The Private Lives of Winston Churchill. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.

  Ponting, Clive. Churchill. London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994.

  ———. 1940: Myth and Reality. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1990.

  Rhodes James, Robert. Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939. New York: World Publishing Company, 1970.

  Roberts, Andrew. Eminent Churchillians. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.

  ———. “The Holy Fox”: The Life of Lord Halifax. London: Phoenix Giant, 1991.

  Rose, Norman. Churchill: The Unruly Giant. New York: Free Press, 1994.

  Rose, Phyllis. Parallel Lives: Five Victorian Marriages. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983.

  Rosenbaum, Ron. Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil. New York: HarperPerennial, 1998.

  Sackville-West, Vita. The Edwardians. New York: Literary Guild of America, 1930.

  Sassoon, Siegfried. Siegfried’s Journey, 1916–1920. New York: Viking Press, 1946.

  Scott, Paul. The Day of the Scorpion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

  ———. A Division of the Spoils. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.

  ———. The Jewel in the Crown. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.

  ———. The Towers of Silence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.

  Skidelsky, Robert. John Maynard Keynes, vol. 3, Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946. New York: Viking, 2000.

  Snow, C. P. Variety of Men. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966.

  Soames, Mary. Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979.

  ———. Family Album. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1982.

  ———, ed. Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999.

  Sontag, Susan. On Photography. New York: Anchor Books, 1977.

  Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston. New York: Touchstone, 1970.

  Stafford, David. Roosevelt and Churchill: Men of Secrets. New York: Overlook Press, 1999.

  Stevenson, Frances. Lloyd George: A Diary. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.

  Storr, Anthony. Churchill’s Black Dog, Kafka’s Mice, and Other Phenomena of the Human Mind. London: William Collins Sons and Company, 1965.

  Strachey, Lytton. Biographical Essays. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1949.

  ———. Elizabeth and Essex. London: Chatto and Windus, 1928.

  ———. Eminent Victorians. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1918.

  ———. Literary Essays. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1949.

  ———. Queen Victoria. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1921.

  Strawson, John. Churchill and Hitler: In Victory and Defeat. New York: Fromm International, 1997.

  Symons, A.J.A. The Quest for Corvo: An Experiment in Biography. Hopewell: Ecco Press, 1955.

  Szarkowski, John. The Photographer’s Eye. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1966.

  Taylor, A.J.P. English History, 1914–1945. Oxford History of England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965.

  ———. Englishmen and Others. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1956.

  ———. The Origins of the Second World War. New York: Atheneum, 1961.

  ———. A Personal History. New York: Atheneum, 1983.

  ———. The Warlords. New York: Atheneum, 1978.

  Taylor, A.J.P., Robert Rhodes James, J. H. Plumb, Basil Liddell Hart, and Anthony Storr. Churchill Revised: A Critical Assessment. New York: Dial Press, 1969.

  Trevor-Roper, H. R. The Last Days of Hitler. New York: Macmillan and Company, 1947.

  Waugh, Evelyn. Put Out More Flags. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1942.

  Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John, ed. Action This Day: Working with Churchill. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1969.

  Woolf, Leonard. Downhill All the Way: An Autobiography of the Years 1919 to 1939. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1967.

  ———. The Journey Not the Arrival Matters: An Autobiography of the Years 1939 to 1969. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969.

  Woolf, Virginia. Collected Essays. Vol. 4. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1953.

  ———. Flush: A Biography. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933.

  ———. Jacob’s Room. London: Hogarth Press, 1922.

  ———. Orlando: A Biography. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1928.

  ———. Roger Fry: A Biography. London: Hogarth Press, 1940.

  To my mother and father

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  My deep thanks go to the two people who made Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill possible, my agent, Christy Fletcher, and my editor, Nancy Miller.

  Special thanks to those who commented on Forty Ways at its various stages: Elizabeth Bogner, David Brock, Matthew Doull, Julie Hilden, Jed Weissberg, and particularly Reed Hundt, and my parents, Karen and Jack Craft. Stuart Vance did a wonderful job designing my Web site.

  Last, thanks to Jamie, my long-suffering, revision-reading, morale-boosting husband, and to my sister Elizabeth, my best reader and friend.

  INDEX

  *The following items may be used as a guide to search for information in this eBook.

  Note: Winston Churchill is referred to as W. C.

  Aitken, William (Lord Beaverbrook)

  Alanbrooke. See Brooke, Alan (Lord Alanbrooke)

  Alexander the Great

  Allingham, Margery

  Anne, Queen of England

  Asquith, Herbert

  Astor, Nancy

  Atlantic Charter

  Attlee, Clement

  Bach, Johann Sebastian

  Baldwin, Stanley

  Balfour, Arthur

  Barrymore, Ethel

  Baruch, Bernard

  Beaton, Cecil

  Beaverbrook, Lord. See Aitken, William (Lord Beaverbrook)

  Bell, Gertrude

  Berlin, Irving

  Berlin, Isaiah

  Best, Geoffrey

  biography

  completeness

  considerations of sexuality

  conveyance of personality

  fictionalization of subjects

  judgments of subjects

  multiplicity of viewpoints

  role of photographs

  slipperiness of facts

  the tragic hero

  of W. C.

  Blenheim Palace

  Boer War

  capture of W. C.

  prison escape

  Bonar, Andrew Law

  Bonham-Carter, Violet

  Bracken, Brendan

  Britain. See Island story of W. C.

  British Empire. See Empire story of W. C.

  British government structure

  British peerage

  Brooke, Alan (Lord
Alanbrooke)n

  in W. C.’s memoirs

  on W. C.’s character

  Brooke, Rupert

  Bullock, Alan

  Butler, Samuel

  Callas, Maria

  Campbell-Bannerman, Henry

  Cannadine, David

  Cecil, Robert (Lord Salisbury)

  Chamberlain, Austen

  Chamberlain, Neville

  appeasement policy

  choice of W. C. as Prime Minister

  opposition to World War II

  pre-war government

  W. C.’s eulogy for

  on W. C.’s eloquence

  Chanel, Coco

  Chaplin, Charlie

  character and personal qualities of W. C.

  admiration for his father

  ambition and desire for fame

  belief in his own destiny

  belligerence

  clothing

  contrasted with Hitler

  conversational style

  daily schedule and work habits

  dependence on valets

  depression

  determination

  egoism and indifference to others

  elitism and class consciousness

  emotional nature

  energy and forcefulness

  fascination with modern technology

  financial problems

  harshness of personal attacks

  historical vision

  impulsivity and risk-taking

  love of airplanes

  opportunism

  painting and other leisure activities

  racism

  sexism

  sexuality

  suitability for high office

  superstition

  “true,” 6

  use of alcohol

  wit

  See also symbols of W. C.

  Charles, Prince of Wales

  Charmley, John

  Chartwell Manor

  Chiang Kai-shek

  Churchill: A Study in Greatness (Best)

  Churchill, Clementine (wife of W. C.)

  advice and comments to W. C.

  on the “black dog,”

  family responsibilities

  financial worries

  marriage to W. C.

  nicknames

  photographs

  political activities

  prediction of W. C.’s death

  Sutherland’s portrait of W. C.

  Churchill, Diana (Mrs. Duncan Sandys, daughter of W. C.)

  Churchill, Jennie (mother of W. C.)