Hitler

Olympic Games: Berlin (1936) 348, 351, 358–9, 617

  Winter Olympics, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (1936) 348, 351

  Omaha Beach 805, 806

  opera 12, 13, 20–21, 25, 701, 709–10

  Operation Alarich 768

  Operation Anton 733

  Operation Autumn Mist 883–4

  Operation Axis 771, 772

  Operation Bagration 810–11

  Operation Barbarossa 587–91, 597–603, 609–10, 615–16, 618–21, 635–9, 645–8, 669, 674–5, 749

  Operation Blue 711, 717, 718, 719–21

  Operation Braunschweig 721–6

  Operation Citadel 755–6, 762–3, 766–7, 769–70, 771–2, 774–5, 787–9

  Operation Cobra 861–2

  Operation Dragoon 866

  Operation Felix 592

  Operation Gomorrha 770

  Operation Marita 604, 607–610

  Operation Market Garden 866–7

  Operation Mercury 608

  Operation North Wind 884–5

  Operation Overlord 804–6

  Operation Sealion 563–4, 570

  Operation Thunderclap 735

  Operation Torch 732

  Operation Typhoon 644, 649–50, 652

  Operation Valkyrie 826–7, 829, 833–41, 846

  Oppeln 891, 914

  Oppenheim 893

  opposition groups in Third Reich 535–7, 541–4, 548, 571, 740–41, 785, 816–20, 822–8, 833–41, 844–7

  Oran 580, 730

  Oranienburg 312, 921

  orders: ‘Basic Order’ (January 1940) 716

  ‘Basic Order’ (April 1945) 919

  ‘Commissar Order’ (June 1941) 601–2, 819

  ‘Halt Order’ (December 1941) 665–7

  ‘scorched earth’ order (March 1945) 912–13, 931

  Ordnungspolizei (regular police) 675

  Orel 767, 769, 770

  Organisation Todt (OT) 792, 799, 833, 836, 837, 882, 934

  Orsha 810

  Oscarsborg 553

  Oshima, Hiroshi 619, 626, 657, 871–2, 883

  Oslo 553

  Ossietzky, Carl von 276

  Ostara (periodical) 28–9

  Oster, Hans 535–6, 541–2, 544, 820, 825, 846

  Osthilfe (‘Eastern Aid’) 251

  Ostjuden 92

  Ostmark 413, 526

  Ostministerium 690

  ‘Ostrogoth Gau’ 654

  Ostrov 622, 846

  OT (Organisation Todt) 792, 799, 833, 836, 837, 882, 934

  Ott, Eugen 244, 657

  Oven, Wilfred von 836

  Overlord, Operation 804–6

  pacifism 202, 265

  ‘Pact of Steel’ (1939) 487

  Paderborn University 533

  Palestine 453, 463, 485, 577, 580, 723

  Pan-German League 153, 193

  pan-Germanism: and antisemitism 61

  in Austria 22, 401

  and eastern expansion 15–4

  and First World War 61

  and Gottfried Feder 73

  H’s pan-German nationalism 36, 40, 47, 70, 151, 401

  in Munich 80

  and Schönerer movement 37, 39–40, 401

  and working-class movement 36

  Panther tanks 756, 767, 877

  Panzer Corps ‘Großdeutschland’ 894–5

  Panzer divisions 554, 636, 639, 644, 652–3, 654, 655–6, 665–6, 733–4, 735, 797, 805, 811, 861, 927

  Papen, Franz von: Ambassador to Austria 317, 402, 403–5

  appointed Chancellor 230

  attempts to tame H 307–8, 309

  big business support for 243

  deposes Prussian government 231, 273, 274, 278, 283–4

  and Enabling Act (1933) 263–4

  Hindenburg favours 302

  house-arrest (1934) 312

  and H’s negotiations with Hindenburg 249–50, 251–5

  imprisonment in Nuremberg 313

  Marburg speech 307–8

  offers H Vice-Chancellorship 233–4

  opposition to 236

  ousted by Schleicher 224

  plans to topple Schuschnigg 386

  and Potempa murder affair 238

  and Reich Concordat with the Holy See 290, 295

  resignation of government 242, 244–5

  and sterilization law 295

  Vice Chancellor in H’s cabinet 260, 302

  and vote of no-confidence in government 239–40

  Paris 836, 841 H’s visit (28 June 1940) 561–2

  liberation 866

  occupation 559–60

  Paris Conference (1921) 96

  Parkinson’s Syndrome 782, 871

  Pas de Calais 806

  Pasewalk: H hospitalized in 42, 60, 62–6

  ‘patriotic associations’ 114, 118, 124, 126–7, 133

  Patton, George S. 864, 884, 914

  Patzig, Conrad 309

  Paul, Prince of Yugoslavia 603, 605

  Paulus, Friedrich 723, 726, 728–9, 733–4, 735, 737, 738–40

  Pavelic, Ante 758

  Pearl Harbor 607, 656, 658, 660, 690, 693–4

  peasants: H’s plans for 629

  and national community 272

  Nazi advances among 191–2

  Peenemünde 791

  Peloponnese 604

  People’s Court 706, 707, 741, 844–5, 847

  Persian Gulf 585, 586, 710

  personality cult see Führer cult

  Petacci, Clara 953

  Pétain, Philippe 560, 561, 581–2, 582–3, 732

  Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 603

  Pfeffer von Salomon, Franz 170, 186, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216

  Pfordten, Theodor von der 127, 136

  Pfundtner, Hans 344–5

  Philipp of Hesse, Prince 409, 410

  Pintsch, Karl-Heinz 612

  Pirow, Oswald 468

  Pissia river 517

  Planck, Erwin 234, 240

  plebiscites: Anschluß (1938) 414

  Chancellor’s powers (1934) 317, 318

  ‘Reich peace policy’ (1933) 299–300

  Saarland (1935) 332–3

  Young Plan (1929) 193, 196

  Ploesti oilfields 487, 565, 581, 584, 801

  Plön 947, 959

  Pöhner, Ernst 114, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 161

  Poland: border question 386–7, 482, 504, 517

  British Guarantee 482–3, 484, 486, 496–7, 500–502, 504–5

  ‘Case White’ 483–4, 502

  and Czechoslovakia 423, 437, 475–6

  Danzig Question 470–71, 481–2, 486, 493, 507

  deportation of Jews 455, 520–21, 548–9, 573–6, 594–5, 669, 677–8

  ethnic German population 154, 518, 519

  extermination camps 262, 469, 678, 687–8, 697

  German annexation 516–18, 585

  and German annexation of Memelland 481

  German invasion (September 1939) 502–3, 507–9, 516–18

  ‘Germanization’ of territories 515, 521, 527, 573–4

  Jewish population 455, 514

  Katyn case 759

  massacres of Jews 520–21, 523, 573, 670, 715, 759, 764

  military alliance with Britain (1939) 503

  national socialist party 100

  Nazi atrocities following invasion 518–27, 536, 548–9, 573–5, 601

  non-aggression pact with Germany (1934) 298, 331, 483, 486

  Soviet Union invades from east 517, 868, 888, 890, 892, 894

  as ‘transit camp’ for Jews 669, 685

  war trials 965

  Polavy bridgehead 888

  Polish air force 516

  Polish Corridor 470–71, 475, 482, 486, 493, 504, 506, 507

  Polish crisis (summer 1939) 448, 480, 489–90, 492–507

  Politischer Arbeiterzirkel (Political Workers’ Circle) 82, 84

  Poltava 718, 719, 821

  Pölzl, Johann Baptist (H’s maternal grandfather) 2

  Pölzl, Johanna (H’s maternal aunt) 2, 3, 10, 1
4, 31, 33, 34–5

  Pölzl, Johanna (née Hüttler; H’s maternal grandmother) 2

  Pölzl, Klara see Hitler, Klara (H’s mother)

  Pölzl, Theresia (H’s maternal aunt) 2

  Pomerania 188, 205, 515, 534, 891, 892, 908, 913

  Pomßen 532

  Ponza 768

  Popitz, Johannes 541, 819, 846

  Popp, Frau (Munich landlady) 49, 50

  Popp, Joseph 48, 53

  Posen 517, 522, 535, 678, 681–2, 776, 890, 891

  Potempa murder affair (1932) 236–8

  Pötsch, Leopold 9

  Potsdam 280, 930, 935, 939, 941, 946, 953

  Prague 289, 415, 478, 479, 574, 685–6, 713, 841, 919

  press: antisemitic 37, 42–3

  bourgeois 241

  censorship and bans 273, 291

  Hearst 207

  Hugenberg 193, 196

  Marxist 38

  nationalist 193

  Pretzsch 618

  Price, Ward 412

  Prien am Chiemsee 233

  princes, German 169

  Prinz Eugen (cruiser) 704

  Pripet marshes 591, 594, 610, 630, 670, 692

  Probst, Christoph 741

  Pröhl, Ilse (later Heß) 147

  propaganda: anti-Bolshevik 71–2, 77

  H’s talent for 79–80, 96–7, 105–6, 108–9, 158, 188–9, 326, 335, 936

  Nazi Party programmes 188–9, 854–5, 856–7, 858

  prostitution 22, 23–4, 43

  Protestant Church 295–7, 315, 381, 463, 533

  Protestantism and Protestants: in Franconia 205

  optimism for H’s government 261

  and support for Nazi Party 205–6, 277

  in Thuringia 163

  Protocols of the Elders of Zion 93, 763

  Prussia: anti-Prussian feeling in Bavaria 58, 90

  bans H from public speaking 166

  ‘Day of Potsdam’ 280, 288

  emergency decree (1933) 276

  Göring appointed Minister President 283–4

  Papen deposes government (1932) 231, 273, 274, 278, 283–4

  pre-1918 rule in Poland 154

  security police 329

  state elections (1932) 227–8

  terror-wave in 272–4, 276–7 see also East Prussia

  Prussian Academy of Arts 292

  Prussian Gestapo 306

  psychiatry 529–30

  Puccini, Giacomo 20

  putsch attempt (Munich, 1923) 42, 64, 79, 98, 118–19, 127–32, 133, 138, 189, 455

  Puttkamer, Karl-Jesko Otto von 375, 515, 556, 880, 925, 942

  Quisling, Vidkun 553, 758

  ‘racial hygiene’ 530

  ‘racial purity’ 22, 28, 56, 182, 342–3, 371, 452, 572

  racist theory 28–9, 148, 180–81, 323, 526, 632

  radar 761, 770

  Rademacher, Franz 576–7

  radio broadcasts 264–5, 279, 353, 406, 507, 731, 748, 773, 784, 789–90, 885, 898–9

  Raeder, Erich: and annexation of Memelland (1939) 481

  and bombing of the Deutschland (1937) 384

  and Fritsch scandal (1938) 398

  and German expansionism 390

  and German occupation of France 561

  imprisonment 964–5

  and opening of Western Front 540

  preparation for war with Britain 422

  and proposed invasion of Britain 563, 565, 567, 568

  and rearmament 265, 353, 387

  replaced by Dönitz 761

  and Scandinavian campaign 551, 552, 554

  and war in Mediterranean 580

  rallies: Deutscher Tag (‘German Day’): (1922) 109;

  (1923) 123–4

  National Opposition 223

  Nazi Party: Munich 119–20, 122, 357

  Nuremberg 110;

  (1927) 174, 184–5;

  (1929) 174, 194, 530;

  (1933) 304;

  (1934) 319;

  (1935) 339, 344–5;

  (1936) 361, 363, 364, 365, 368;

  (1937) 378, 381, 383, 386

  (1938) 432, 434;

  (1939; cancelled) 502

  Thuringian Gau 307

  Weimar 172–3, 174, 180

  Reich Party Rally of Freedom (1935) 344

  Reich Party Rally of Victory (1933) 304

  ‘Rally of German Art’ (Munich, 1939) 490

  Ranke, Leopold von 145

  Rapallo Treaty (1922) 182, 331

  Rastenburg 586, 624, 702, 814, 829

  Räterepublik 67–8, 70–71, 72, 90, 106, 107, 135

  Rath, Ernst vom 455, 456–7, 462

  rationing 502, 705

  Rattenhuber, Johann 792

  Ratzel, Friedrich 154

  Raubal, Angela (‘Geli’; H’s niece) 177, 218–22, 380, 490

  Raubal, Angela (née Hitler; H’s half-sister) see Hammitzsch, Angela

  Raubal, Leo 16

  Ravensbrück concentration camp 714

  rearmament 265–7, 270, 297–9, 331, 333–7, 350, 359–60, 362, 364, 472 see also Four-Year Plan

  Rechlin 490, 931, 947

  Red Army: advance on Berlin 892, 904, 920–21, 923–4, 926–7, 928, 931, 934–42, 946, 952, 953–4

  atrocities 879, 919–20

  counter-offensives: (December 1941) 656, 661–2: 664, 690;

  (December 1943) 786, 787;

  (spring 1944) 797–8;

  (summer 1944) 810–11, 813–14, 851, 867–8, 879;

  (winter 1945) 886, 888–92, 894–6, 905, 908, 914, 918

  in Finland 56, 718

  and German army spring/summer offensive (1942) 711–12, 720

  German surrender to 959

  invasion of Germany 890, 893, 919–21

  losses 623, 626, 627, 644, 652, 712, 754–5, 920

  Operation Bagration 810–11

  and Operation Citadel 766–7, 772, 774–5

  size 639, 888, 934

  ‘Stalingrad Front’ 733

  in Ukraine 644

  ‘Red Roses Bring You Happiness’ (song) 926

  Reggio di Calabria 771, 772

  Reich, Das (newspaper) 686, 706

  Reich Agrarian League (Reichslandbund) 243, 251, 267

  Reich Association of Asylums 533

  Reich Association of German Industry 268, 269

  Reich Chancellery: bomb damage 901, 922

  ‘Führer Apartment’ 376, 378, 926

  H returns to (January 1945) 895

  H’s entourage in 293–4, 324–6, 373–7

  New Reich Chancellery 901, 902, 903, 954, 958

  ‘Wintergarten’ 376, 923, 956–8 see also Führer Bunker

  Reich Citizenship Law 345–9, 451

  Reich Commissars 278

  ‘Reich Committee for the German People’s Petition’ 193

  ‘Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious Hereditary and Congenital Suffering’ 532

  Reich Defence Commissars 854, 857, 912

  Reich Estate of German Industry (Reichsstand der Deutschen Industrie) 269

  Reich Governors (Reichsstatthalter) 283–4

  Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 634, 689–90

  Reich Party Rally of Freedom (1935) 344

  Reich Party Rally of Victory (1933) 304

  Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt; RSHA) 679, 690, 825

  Reichenau, Walter von: ambitions to run War Ministry 397, 398

  and the Anschluß 404, 408

  and Czechoslovakia 428–9

  death 666

  and genocidal programme 672

  and oath of unconditional loyalty to H 318

  and rearmament 266

  and the SA 309

  takes over from Rundstedt 655

  Reich Presidency elections: (1925) 165; (1932) 224, 226–7

  Reichsbank 223, 267, 347, 472

  Reichsbanner 237, 275, 289

  Reichsflagge 120, 123, 124

  Reichskristallnacht (Crystal Night; 9–10 November 19
38) 449–50, 454, 457–60, 462–7, 679

  Reichslandbund (Reich Agrarian League) 243, 251, 267

  Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA; Reich Security Main Office) 679, 690, 825

  Reichsstand der Deutschen Industrie (Reich Estate of German Industry) 269

  Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governors) 283–4

  Reichstag elections: (1924) 132–3, 141–2, 144, 165, 178; (1928) 187, 190, 204;

  (1930) 198, 199, 201–2, 204–6, 209, 223;

  (1932) 224, 230, 231–2, 235, 240–42;

  (1933) 264–5, 272, 277–8, 299–300;

  (1936) 353, 356;

  (1938) 414

  Reichstag fire (27 February 1933) 274–6, 277

  Reichswehr: Bayerische Reichswehr Gruppenkommando Nr.4 71–2

  Brüning and 229

  emergency powers (1923) 125

  and Freikorps 107

  H’s need for its support 122–3, 137

  and H’s talent for nationalist agitation 77–8

  influences H’s ideology 64, 70, 71

  introduction of Nazi emblem 304

  Leipzig Reichswehr trial (1930) 206–8, 217

  oath of unconditional loyalty to H 317–18

  and putsch attempt (1923) 126, 130, 133

  rearmament 266–7

  and the SA 302, 304–5, 306, 308–9, 310

  support for NSDAP 95

  training of soldiers 73, 93, 120

  ‘war games’ exercise (December 1932) 244 see also German army; Wehrmacht

  Reichwein, Adolf 824

  Reinhardt, Fritz 270, 656

  Reinhardt, Hans 890

  Reisser, Hans 957

  Reiter, Maria (‘Mizzi’/‘Mimi’) 218

  Reitsch, Hanna 938, 947

  Remagen 892–3, 908

  Remer, Otto Ernst 837–8, 839, 845

  Rendulic, Lothar 890

  reparations 96, 132, 191, 198, 208, 222

  Reserve Army 662, 835, 845, 860

  Reusch, Paul 243

  Reuters 943

  Reval 687

  Rheims 962, 963

  Rheyd 168

  Rhine river 892–3, 905, 908

  Rhineland: remilitarization of 350–58, 363, 368–9, 402

  Ribbentrop Bureau (Dienstelle Ribbentrop) 370

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von: Ambassador in London 338, 369, 408

  and Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935) 338, 369

  and annexation of Memelland (1939) 481

  and the Anschluß 404–5, 408

  anti-British 471, 472, 579

  and Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 370

  and Balkan campaign 605

  and Czechoslovakia 418, 419, 426, 430, 444, 448, 476, 477

  and D-Day 805

  and declaration of war on United States 659

  dismissal 950

  dissuades H from scrapping Geneva convention 905