Chiang Kai-Shek

  Chiang Su-an, father, 16–19

  Chiang Wei-kuo, son, 48, 138, 268

  China’s Destiny, book by Chiang Kai-shek, 261–62

  Chinese Communist Party, establishment of, 71–73; Soviet attitude toward, 79–80, 89; conflict with right wing of Kuomintang, 111–14; growth of, among peasants, 170–71; beginning of guerrilla operations, 118; Canton Commune, 128; expelled from Kuomintang, 128; futile effort to arouse proletariat to revolution, 147–49; Nationalist campaign against Red Army, 150, 160–78; Long March of, 178; 199; kidnaping of Chiang, 202–12; united front with Nationalists against Japanese, 200–1, 214–15, 218–19, 232; conflict with Nationalists, 232–33, 271–72; reform in, 256–57; preparations for seizing Nationalist bases, 284; visits of foreign correspondents and American military mission to, 289–91, 294; American efforts to unify with Kuomintang, 309–11, 316–17, 336–37, 340–43; postwar program of, 326–34, 338, 341–43, 351–52, 355–65; American project to train and supply, 345

  Chinese Eastern Railway, Russia granted control of, 90, 132; seized by Young Marshal and regained by Russia, 139–40; Yalta Conference agreement on, 315

  Chinwangtao, Nationalist troops landed at, 332–33

  Chou En-lai, 148, 214, 235, 271–72; in postwar developments, 338, 341, 342

  Chu Ta-fu, 61–62

  Chu Teh, 147, 170, 316, 328, 329

  Ch’un, Prince, 36

  Chungking, government offices moved to, 221–22, 227; government in, 230–31

  Churchill, attitude toward China during World War II, 240, 244, 262–63, 273, 281–82; at Casablanca Conference, 262–63; at Quebec Conference, 273; at Cairo Conference, 274–75; at Teheran Conference, 276; at Yalta Conference, 313–15

  Ciano, Edda, 166

  Civil war of 1929–30, 140–46; Kwang-si revolt, 140–41

  Communist propaganda in America, 228, 232–33, 262, 272, 284–87, 309–11; on visit of Madame Chiang, 264

  Communists. See Chinese Communist Party; Russia, Soviet

  Constitution. See Republican government

  Co-Prosperity Zone ideal, 229–30

  Currie, Lauchlin, 252–53

  Customs, under British management, 20–21, 78, 82

  Dairen, Yalta Conference agreement on, 314; Russian demand for control of, 324; Truman stand on, 325; refusal of Russians to permit Nationalist troops to land at, 332

  Davies, John P., 290–91

  Defense in depth strategy of Chiang against Japanese, 217

  Democratic League, 338, 340, 350, 351

  Diary of Chiang Kai-shek, in kidnaping episode, 210

  Dictatorship, accusations of, 189–90

  Doihara, Maj. Gen. Kenji, 181; efforts to arouse northern provinces to demand independence, 185–86

  Donald, William Henry, as adviser to Young Marshal, 165–66; in planning of New Life Movement, 172–73; in persuading Chiang to travel over China, 182–83; as secretary to Madame Chiang, 185; at kidnaping of Chiang, 207–12; on flight to interior, 222–23; departure from Chungking, 233–34; quoted, 52

  Doolittle raid, 256

  Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi, 22, 36

  East River Expedition, 96–97

  Educational system, 23–25

  Europe, World War II declared in, 231

  Extraterritoriality given up by Great Britain and United States, 256

  Far Eastern Survey, propaganda in, 262

  Feis, Herbert, quoted, 244

  Feng Yu-hsiang, “Christian general,” 90–91, 98, 103, 112, 119, 121, 363; as leader in Nationalist Army, 129, 131; as Minister of War, 136; in revolt of left faction of Kuomintang, 140, 143–45; in southern rebellion, 167, 169

  Flying Tigers, 238–39; see also Chennault

  Foochow, insurgent government in, 167–70

  Formosa. See Taiwan

  Galen. See Blücher

  Gandhi, visit of Chiang Kai-shek to, 245

  Gauss, Ambassador Clarence E., 279, 294–95, 307

  Germany, Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan and Italy, 195; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 231–32; attack on Russia, 235; surrender of, 321

  Great Britain, Customs under management of, 20–21, 28, 82; attempted occupation of Port Arthur, 21; concessions in Hankow and Kiungkiang returned to Chinese, 106; continued trade with Japan after commencement of Japanese-Chinese war, 228; attitude toward China during World War II, 240, 244, 262–63, 273, 281–82; Chinese Communist Government recognized by, 364; see also Western powers

  Guerrilla warfare of Chinese Communists, 150

  Hangchow, 28; taken by Chiang in Revolution, 39–40; taken by Nationalists in Northern Expedition, 106

  Hankow, outbreak of Revolution in, 13, 37–38; taken by Nationalists in Northern Expedition, 104; foreigners attacked in, 105–6; taken by Nationalists in Kwangsi revolt, 141, 143; government offices moved to, 221, 223; government in, 224–25; Japanese offer of neutral zone in, 226

  Hankow government, established by Borodin, 108; break with Chiang, 111–12; break with Russians, 112–15; resignation of Chiang forced by, 118–20; attempt to discontinue in favor of national capital at Nanking, 135, 140–41

  Hanyang, taken by Nationalists in Northern Expedition, 104

  Harbin, occupied by Chinese Communists, 343

  Harriman, Averell, 285, 319, 327

  Hiroshima, atomic bomb dropped on, 325

  Hiss, Alger, 313

  Ho Chien, 192

  Ho Ying-chin, 105, 126, 269

  Hopkins, Harry, 277, 313, 322; quoted, 264

  Hornbeck, Stanley, 249

  Hsiung, Gen., 333

  Hsiung, S. I., quoted, 24

  Hsu Chung-chih, 95–96

  Hsuchow, taken by Communists, 352

  Hu Han-min, 46–47, 92, 95–96, 100, 120, 135, 181–82, 191–92, 197; conflict between Chiang and, 150–56, 189, 190–91

  Hu Shih, written language reform of, 71–72

  Huang Hsing, 46

  Hulutao, Communist refusal to permit landing of Nationalist troops at, 332–33; occupied by Nationalist troops, 339

  Hundred Days’ Reform of 1898, 31

  Hurley, Gen. Patrick J., 294, 295–301, 303–4, 307–11, 313, 316–18, 322–23, 328, 337–38

  Ichang, Japanese advance to, 231, 267

  Imphal, Japanese attack at, 282–83

  India, visit of Chiang Kai-shek to, during World War II, 245–47

  Institute of Pacific Relations, 228, 233, 262

  Isaacs, Harold, 81; quoted, 80

  Italy, desire for trade with China, 166, 181; occupation of Abyssinia, 194; aviation merchandise delivered to China, 194–95; Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan and Germany, 195; surrender of, 267

  Jaffe, Philip, quoted, 262

  James, C. L. R., quoted, 110

  Japan, Korea taken by, 1907, 29; military training of Chiang in, 13–14, 31–33, 35; exile of Kuomintang in, 50–53, 54–56; Twenty-one Demands, 53–54; efforts to prevent unification of China, 119, 131–32; Manchuria seized by, 153–56; Shanghai attacked by, 157–59; Jehol taken by, 164–65; Tangku truce with, 167; Chahar attacked by, 184; further occupation of Chahar, 191; Anti-Comintern Pact with Italy and Germany, 195; beginning of resistance to, 198; beginning of war with, 216–17; offer to United States to keep peace in return for recognition of Chinese conquests, 236; United Nations campaign against, 239–42, 263, 265–66, 275–76, 297–98, 309, 311–15; fishing agreement with Russia, 285; request to Stalin to mediate peace terms, 325; surrender of, 326

  Jehol, taken by Japanese, 164–65

  Joffe, Adolph, Soviet envoy to China, 74–75

  Juichin, Central Soviet Government of Chinese Communists, 170–71; surrounded by Nationalist forces, 177–78

  Kalgan, seized by Mongols and Japanese, 191; Communist capital established at, 344; seized by Nationalists, 344

  K’ang-hsi, Emperor, 22

  K’ang Yu-wei, 31, 32

  Karakhan Manifesto, 64, 73

  Kennan, George, 319

  Kiang, Reverend, 129–30, 147

  Kidnaping of Chi
ang, 202–12

  Killearn, Miles Lampson, Lord, 138, 274

  Kinmen (Quemoy), Island, battle for, 365

  Korea, conflict between China and Japan over, 21; Japanese seizure of, 1907, 29

  Koxinga (Kwok Sing Ya), 347

  Kuang Hsu, Emperor, 22

  Kung, Madame, 50–51, 122; and Stilwell, 267–70

  Kung, H. H., Dr., 51, 180

  Kuomintang, formation of, 46–47; in attempt to overthrow Yuan Shih-kai, 49–50; in exile, 50–56; Communist Party members forced to join, 75, 79–80, 82; under Russian control, 88–89; split between Nationalist and Communist factors, 94–101; Chiang deposed by, 108–11; break with Russia, 112–15; resignation of Chiang forced by, 118–22; disintegration of Northern Expedition and recall of Chiang, 126–29; victory over north, 131–33; withdrawal of left faction, 140; united front with Communists to repel Japan, 214–15; Wedemeyer report on, 348–49; postwar dissension in, 352–62; see also Canton government

  Kurile Islands, Yalta Conference agreement on, 314–15

  Kwangsi revolt of 1929, 140–41

  Kweichow, first visit of Chiang to, 186

  Labor unions. See Trade unions

  Lampson. See Killearn

  Lanchow, taken by Communists, 359

  Lattimore, Owen, 286

  League of Brothers (Tung Meng Hui), 35–40, 46

  League of Nations, Japanese seizure of Manchuria referred to, 154, 163; Japanese aggression in China referred to, 221

  Ledo Road, 265–66, 281

  Lenin, Nikolai, 73, 89

  Li Chen-sen, 119

  Li Li-san, 148–49

  Li Ta-chao, 72–73, 82, 117

  Li Tsung-jen, 119, 126, 129, 181–82, 350, 356–60, 364; opposition to Chiang, 135, 140–41; incorporation of army into Nationalist forces, 192–94; in postwar negotiations with Communists, 354–56

  Li Yuan-hung, as President in Peking, 56, 58, 69

  Liao Chung-kai, 95

  Lin Sen, 151, 155, 168, 267

  Lintung, kidnaping of Chiang at, 202–6

  Literacy, movement toward, 71–72

  Litvinov, M. M., 221, 239

  Liu Chi-wen, 125

  London Times, quoted on Revolution, 38

  Long March of Communists, 178, 199–200

  Loyang, military academy at, 182; speech against united front with Communists at, 201; emergency military conference at, 202

  Lukouchiao, incident starting Japanese-Chinese war at, 216

  Lung Yuen, 230

  Lunghua, incident at, 157

  Malinovsky, Gen., 332–33

  Manchu Court, 19–20, 23, 36; Western support of, 19; war with Japan, 29; overthrow of, 37–42

  Manchuria, Russian-British conflict over Port Arthur, 21; Russian rights given up by Soviets, 64; Russia granted control of railroad, 90; conflict over railroad and Russian encroachment, 139–40; seized by Japan, 153–56; Puyi placed on throne, 181; Russian occupation of, 312, 325–26, 331–32, 340, 343; Yalta Conference agreement on, 315; Russian reassurances about, 322; Russian demand for control of, 324; Russian promise to respect Chinese sovereignty, 327; Chinese Communist occupation of, 331–34, 342–43; efforts of Nationalist troops to occupy, 332–34, 338–39, 343–44; American policy on, 339; Wedemeyer suggestion for, 349; taken by Communists, 351–52

  Mao Tse-tung, 63, 72, 89, 101; theory of agrarian revolution for China, 117–18; first attempt at proletarian revolt led by, 147–49; Party growth under, 170–71; leadership achieved by, 177–78, 200; during Japanese-Chinese war, 214, 236, 290, 291, 310–11, 317; Ideological Remolding Movement of, 256–57; 1945 speech of, 319–21; postwar demands of, 338, 355–56

  Maring, Soviet emissary, 73–74

  Marshall, Gen. George, 242, 265, 291, 354; mission to China, 338–45

  Marshall Plan aid, 351–52

  Marxism. See Chinese Communist Party

  Mencius, Confucian sage, 17

  “Merrill’s Marauders,” 282

  Missionary program in China, 21–22

  Molotov, V. M., 339; reassurances about Chinese Communists from 295

  Monthly for Military Affairs, Chiang as editor of, 42–43

  Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 269, 280–81

  Mukden, taken by Communists, 352

  Myitkyina, Burma, captured by Stilwell, 283

  Nagasaki, atomic bomb dropped on, 326

  Nakaoka, Gen., quoted, 14

  Nanchang, taken by Nationalists in Northern Expedition, 105; Communist assault on, 118; effort of Communists to start revolution at, 148; taken by Japanese, 231

  Nanking, Revolutionary government set up in, 41, 45; taken by Nationalists in Northern Expedition, 106–7; anti-Communist government established by Chiang in, 112; national capital moved to, 133–37; student demonstrations in, 154, 155–56; government offices moved from, 221; Japanese occupation of, 223; occupied by Nationalists forces after Japanese surrender, 329; government moved back to, 343; government moved from, 355; cut off by Communists, 356

  National Assembly, under Yuan Shih-kai, 53

  Nationalism, in Three Principles of Sun Yat-sen, 37

  Nationalist Air Force, 169; buildup of, 194–95, 202; under Chennault, 238–39, 243–44, 259, 263, 266–67, 283–84, 297

  Nationalist Army, demobilization after Northern Expedition, 134, 136; campaign against Communists, 150, 160, 176–78; “defense in depth” strategy of, 217; scorched earth policy of, 226–27; Red forces disbanded, 232–33; Stilwell plan for training troops, 254–55, 257; Lend-Lease supplies for, 238–42, 249–50, 266, 280, 309, 330; areas occupied after Japanese surrender, 329, 332–33, 339, 343–44; American supplies held back, 344–45; desertions to Communists, 345–46

  Nationalist Government, established at Nanking, 133–38; recognized by foreign powers, 138; in civil war, 140–46; shake-up in, 150–57; postwar dissension, 351–62; established in Taiwan, 363–65

  Nehru, visit of Chiang Kai-shek to, 245–46

  Nelson, Donald, 295

  New Life Movement, 172–75

  New Mexico, atomic bomb try-out in, 325

  Nine-Power Conference in Brussels, 222

  North, Robert, quoted, 108, 109

  North China, Japanese encroachments in, 164–65, 184, 191; Japanese efforts to arouse demands for autonomy in, 185–86; Japanese encouragement of smuggling in, 198; Japanese occupation of, 231; see also Peking government

  Northern Expedition of Kuomintang, 103–7, 112, 118–20, 126–33

  Old Marshal. See Chang Tso-lin

  Opium industry of Szechuan, effort to eradicate, 187–88

  Outer Mongolia, Russian attack on Chinese troops in, 285; Russian demand for independence of, 324; autonomy defended by, 328

  Overlord, Operation, 276, 285

  Pacific Pact, projected, 358

  Pai Chung-hsi, 106, 119, 167, 181–82, 359–60, 364; opposition to Chiang, 135, 140–41, 153; incorporation of army into Nationalist forces, 192–94; in postwar negotiations with Communists, 354–56

  Pailingmiao, Japanese driven out of, 198

  Paoting Military College, 34–35

  Peking, claimed by Nationalists and capital moved to Nanking, 133–34; taken by revolutionists, 144–46; outbreak of Japanese-Chinese war at, 216–17; occupied by Nationalist forces after Japanese surrender, 329; surrendered to Communists, 352; peace conference held at, 355–56

  Peking government, under Yuan Shih-kai, 42, 45–16, 48–50, 53–54, 55–56; under Li Yuan-hung, 56, 58, 69; treaty with Russia, 90; under control of Chang Tso-lin, Old Marshal, 90–92; split into three factions, 94; Northern Expedition against, 103–7, 112, 118–20, 126–33

  Peking-Suiyuan Railway, 191

  People’s Economic Reconstruction program of Chiang, 175

  Political Consultation Conference of 1946, 340

  Port Arthur, Russian-British conflict over, 21; Yalta Conference agreement on, 314; Chiang modifying suggestion on, 323; Russian demand for control of, 324

  Potsdam Conference, 325

  Pu-yi,
Emperor, 36, 42; restored to throne in Manchuria, 181

  Publicity and propaganda, opposition of Chiang to, 225, 233

  Quebec Conference between Roosevelt and Churchill, 273–74

  Quemoy Island, battle for, 365

  Quirino, Elpidio, 358

  Radek, Karl B., 79

  Railway expansion under Sun Yat-sen, 46

  Railways, Manchurian, foreign control of, 90, 132; effort of Young Marshal to gain control of, 139–40; Yalta Conference agreement on, 315; Russian demand for ownership of, 325

  Rangoon, fall of, 242–44

  Republican government, in Three Principles of Sun Yat-sen, 37; Chiang plan for, 135; People’s Congress planned, 316; Political Consultation Conference of 1946, 340; constitution adopted, 349–50; first general election, 350

  Revolution of 1911, 13, 37–42

  Revolution of 1913, 49–50

  Revolutionary Party of Sun Yat-sen, 30, 35–37

  Rhee, Syngman, 358

  Romanus, C. F., quoted, 253–54

  Roosevelt, Elliott, quoted, 277

  Roosevelt, F. D., appeal for funds for Chinese relief, 227; attempts to help China war effort, 240–42, 244, 249; at Casablanca Conference, 262–63; at Quebec Conference, 273–74; at Cairo Conference, 274–75; at Teheran Conference, 276; conduct of war, 265, 276–84, 297–98, 302–4, 308; favorable attitude toward Communists, 277, 284–86, 294–95, 298; at Yalta Conference, 313–15; disillusionment with Communists, 317–18

  Roy, M. N., 112–14

  Russia, Imperial, Ili Valley occupied by, 21; attempted occupation of Port Arthur, 21

  Russia, Soviet, Karakhan Manifesto, 64, 73; Manifesto of friendship with Sun Yat-sen government, 73–76; support of Nationalist Government, 78–95; sentiment against, in Kuomintang, 97–101; attempt to depose Chiang, 108–11; Kuomintang break with, 112–15; diplomatic relations broken, 127–28; resumption of diplomatic relations, 160, 162; defensive alliance with Outer Mongolia, 215–16; treaty of 1937, 219; support of China in Japanese war, 221, 230; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 231–32; German attack on, 235; in United Nations war against Japan, 239, 273, 285, 311–15, 322, 325–26; changing attitude toward Nationalists, 272, 284–85; Lend-Lease supplies for Manchurian campaign, 312–13; seizure of European countries, 318; occupation of Manchuria, 325–26, 331–32, 340, 343; postwar policy in China, 332–34, 339

  Russian Revolution, 63

  Sakhalin, Yalta Conference agreement on, 314