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    What Just Happened: A Chronicle From the Information Frontier

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      Occam’s razor

      Odyssey (Homer), 2.1, 11.1

      Ogilvie, Brian, 14.1, 15.1

      Ohm, Georg

      Ong, Walter J., 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5

      oral culture(s), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9

      Oxford English Dictionary, 3.1, 9.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2

      additions and revisions to, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6

      editions of

      goals of, 3.1, 3.2

      growth of language and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

      online, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

      sources of words and definitions for

      spelling of words in, 3.1, 3.2

      Page, Larry, 14.1, epl.1

      Palme, Jacob, 15.1, 15.2

      Palmer, Dexter, epl.1, epl.2

      paper, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 9.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2

      paradox(es)

      Barber

      Berry’s, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1

      challenges for symbolic logic, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      of distance in cyberspace

      Epimenides’

      Gödel’s insight into, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

      of language and logic, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1

      liar’s

      mathematics as solution to

      of perpetual motion, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

      Russell’s, 6.1, 6.2

      self-referencing as basis of, 6.1, 6.2

      of smallest uninteresting number, 12.1, 12.2

      parallel processing, 4.1, 4.2

      Parker, Moses Greeley

      Parry, Milman

      Pascal, Blaise

      patterns

      distinguished from randomness, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4

      recognition of, in cryptography, 7.1, 7.2

      in valuation of messages, 12.1, 12.2

      in Voyager spacecraft messages, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

      Pauli, Wolfgang

      Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich

      Peacock, George

      Peel, Robert, 4.1, 4.2

      Peres, Asher, 13.1, 13.2

      Perks, William George

      perpetual motion machines, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

      perturbation studies

      petroglyphs

      pharmaceutical industry, 14.1, 14.2

      Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Newton), 4.1, 6.1, 14.1

      Philosophy of Decyphering, The (Babbage)

      phonemes, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1

      photographic images, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2

      physics, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, prl.4, prl.5, 6.1, 6.2, 13.1, 13.2; see also quantum physics; thermodynamics

      pi, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

      Pickering, John

      pictographs

      Pierce, John Robinson, prl.1, 8.1

      Pinker, Steven, 3.1, 3.2

      planimeter

      Plato, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6

      Pliny, 2.1, 6.1

      Pluto, 3.1, 3.2

      PM (formal system), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      Pocket Telegraphic Code, 5.1

      Podolsky, Boris

      Poe, Edgar Allan, prl.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 14.1

      poetry, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

      Poincaré, Henri, 9.1, 12.1

      polarization states, 13.1, 13.2

      Pope, Alexander

      Porsche

      Preece, William

      Preskill, John, 13.1, 13.2

      Prime Computer

      prime numbers, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1

      Primrose, Frank

      Prince

      Princeton University, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      Principia Mathematica (Russell, Whitehead), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7

      Principles of Psychology (James)

      Printing Press as an Agent of Change, The (Einstein)

      printing technology, prl.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3

      probability

      calculations for control of redundancy in messages, 7.1, 7.2

      in measurement of information, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 12.1

      as problem for quantum computing, 13.1, 13.2

      qualities of randomness and

      statistical analysis of language, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

      in stochastic processes

      in thermodynamics, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

      Turing’s ban unit of, 7.1, 7.2

      Problems of Information Transmission, 12.1, 12.2

      programming

      to generate random numbers, 12.1, 12.2

      Lovelace’s operations for Analytical Engine as, 4.1, 4.2

      of Turing machine states, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2

      proteins, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7

      pseudorandom numbers

      psyche

      Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory

      psychology, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9

      Pulgram, Ernst

      quadratic equations

      quantum information science

      computing based on, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

      conceptual basis, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

      entanglement in, prl.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

      first encoded message based on, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3

      future applications of

      measurement units in, 13.1, 13.2

      problem of black holes in, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3

      scope of, prl.1, prl.2

      Shannon’s contribution to, 13.1, 13.2

      superposition principle in

      quantum physics

      of black holes

      complementarity concept in

      conflicting theories in, 13.1, 13.2

      entanglement

      incompleteness theorem and, 12.1, 12.2

      see also quantum information science

      Quastler, Henry

      qubits, prl.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5

      queuing theory

      Quittner, Joshua

      Ramanaujan, Srinivasa

      randomness

      Chaitin’s insight

      coded data disguised by

      complexity perceived as, 12.1, 12.2

      computability and, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

      computer programs to generate, 12.1, 12.2

      data compression and, 12.1, 12.2

      definition of

      frequency of, among numbers

      information-carrying capacity of

      interesting numbers and, 12.1, 12.2

      mathematical proof of, 12.1, 12.2

      in quantum cryptography

      recognition of, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

      statistical normality in

      tables of random numbers, 7.1, 12.1, 12.2

      Ratio Club, 8.1, 8.2

      Rattray, Robert Sutherland, 1.1, 1.2

      Ratzenberger, Caspar, 14.1, 14.2

      Rayleigh, Lord

      “recoding” of information, 8.1, 8.2

      recordings, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 14.1, 14.2

      recursive procedures

      in algorithmic proof of randomness, 12.1, 12.2

      in Lovelace’s operations for Analytical Engine

      paradoxes based on, 6.1, 6.2

      in Turing machine operations, 7.1, 7.2

      in use of alphabetical ordering systems

      redundancy

      control of, for communication, 7.1, 7.2

      in English language, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

      in genetic code

      information content and

      in language of talking drums, 1.1, 1.2

      mathematical modeling of

      in oral literature

      predictability and, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 12.1

      to prevent telegraph errors

      quantifying, in measurement of information, 7.1, 7.2

      in quantifying message value

      role of, in language, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1

      significance of, in cryptanalysis

      Regiomontanus

      relays, electrical, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

      “Reliable Circuits Using Less Reliable Relays” (Shannon)

      Reuss, Christoph

      Revere, Paul, 1.1, 7.1

      rhyme

      rhythm
    r />   ribosomes

      RNA, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2

      RNA Tie Club, 10.1, 10.2

      Roget, Peter

      Romme, Gilbert

      Roosevelt, Franklin D., prl.1, prl.2, 7.1

      Rosen, Nathan

      Ross, Alex

      RSA encryption

      Russell, Bertrand, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1

      Russell’s paradox, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1

      Safire, William, 3.1, 11.1

      Sagan, Carl

      sampling, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 12.1

      Sapir, Edward

      Savage, Leonard, 8.1, 8.2

      Schilling, Pavel

      Schrödinger, Erwin, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1

      science

      as algorithmic process, 12.1, 12.2

      data compression in laws of

      evolution of language for development of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

      limits to knowledge in, 12.1, 12.2

      in Soviet Union

      see also specific discipline

      science fiction, epl.1, epl.2

      Scientific American, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 11.1, 12.1

      Scott, E. Erskine

      search engines, 15.1, epl.1, epl.2, epl.3

      second law of thermodynamics, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

      Secret Corresponding Vocabulary, The (Smith)

      self-awareness, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

      Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins), 10.1, 11.1, 11.2

      selfish genes, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1

      self-organizing systems

      self-referencing, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2

      self-replication

      as ability of living organisms

      of chain letters, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

      crystal capacity for

      disease analogy, 11.1, 11.2

      DNA

      machine, 8.1, 8.2

      as mission of genes, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7

      through imitation

      see also meme(s)

      semiconductor

      sensory processing

      server farms, 11.1, 14.1

      set theory, 6.1, 6.2

      Shaffner, Taliaferro

      Shakespeare, William, 3.1, 3.2

      Shannon, Betty Moore, 7.1, 7.2

      Shannon, Catherine Wolf

      Shannon, Claude, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 13.1

      ballistics research of, 6.1, 6.2

      at Bell Labs, prl.1, prl.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5

      in Conference on Cybernetics, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8

      cryptography work of, prl.1, prl.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7

      data compression studies of, prl.1, prl.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

      early life and education, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

      early studies in symbolic logic, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

      information storage studies of, 7.1, 7.2

      Kolmogorov and, 12.1, 12.2

      master’s thesis of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      maze-navigating machine of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5

      on meaning in messages, prl.1, 7.1

      measurement of information by, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 9.2, 14.1

      at MIT, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 8.1, 12.1

      at Princeton, 6.1, 6.2

      quantum information science and, 13.1, 13.2

      statistical analysis of language by, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

      study of redundancy in language by, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 7.2

      theory of information, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

      on thinking machines, 8.1, 8.2

      Turing machine analysis by

      Wiener and, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 9.1, 9.2

      work with Differential Analyzer, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      Shannon, Mabel Catherine Wolf

      Shannon, Norma Levor, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      Shannon entropy, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 10.2

      Shannon-Fano coding

      Shannon limit

      Shaw, George Bernard

      Shockley, William

      Shor, Peter, 13.1, 13.2

      signal distortion; see noise

      signals and signaling

      Babbage’s occulting light for

      brain function as

      fire beacons

      historical evolution of, 1.1, 1.2

      lighthouses

      nature of telephone communication, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6

      in neurological disorders

      power of writing, 2.1, 2.2

      in telegraphy before electricity, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6

      in telegraphy before Morse code, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5

      for telephone switching, 6.1, 6.2

      see also Morse code

      signal-to-noise ratio, 8.1, 8.2, 15.1

      Simpson, John, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5

      simultaneity

      Six Degrees of Separation (Guare), epl.1, epl.2

      Skinner, B. F.

      Smalley, Sondra

      small-world networks, epl.1, epl.2

      Smee, Alfred

      Smith, Francis O. J., 5.1, 5.2

      Smolin, John

      social sciences, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

      Solomonoff, Ray, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4

      Sömmerring, Samuel Thomas von

      Sophocles, 14.1, 15.1

      Southwell, Robert

      Soviet Union, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

      space exploration

      Speculum Maius (Vincent of Beauvais)

      spelling, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

      Spender, Stephen

      Sperry, Roger

      “spooky action at a distance,” (Einstein), 13.1, 13.2

      Sprat, Thomas, 2.1, 3.1

      statistical analysis, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1

      steam power, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 9.1, 9.2

      Stent, Gunther, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

      Stevin, Simon

      stochastic processes, 7.1, 7.2

      Stoppard, Tom, 9.1, 9.2, 14.1

      storage of information

      Shannon’s early calculations on, 7.1, 7.2

      sources of confusion in, 14.1, 14.2

      trends in, 14.1, 14.2

      Streufert, Siegfried, 15.1, 15.2

      Strogatz, Steven, epl.1, epl.2

      Stuart, Gilbert

      Suetonius

      superposition of states, 13.1, 13.2

      Surowiecki, James

      surprise, as feature of information, 7.1, 9.1

      Susskind, Leonard

      syllabary

      symbolic logic

      application to genetics, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      to avoid paradox

      conceptual basis, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

      conceptual origins of computers in, 6.1, 6.2

      to describe communication systems

      to describe relay circuits, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2

      goals of Principia Mathematica, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      incompleteness of formal systems of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1

      as mechanical operation, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2

      promise of, 6.1, 6.2

      search for perfect system of

      symbols and symbol sets

      in Babbage’s mechanical notation, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1

      for cryptography

      fo universal language

      in Lovelace’s game solution formula

      for measurement of information, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      for perfect language

      redundancy of communication determined by, 1.1, 1.2

      in structure of language

      for Turing machine

      see also alphabet(s); code; symbolic logic; writing

      Szilárd, Leó, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 13.1

      “Table Alphabeticall, A” (Cawdrey), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.19

      Table of Constants of the Class Mammalia (Babbage)

      Table of the Relative Frequency of the Causes of Breaking of Plate Glass Windows (Babbage)

      Table of Triangular Numb
    ers, (Babbage)

      Tables for the Improvement of Navigation (Briggs)

      Table to find the Height of the Pole (Briggs)

      Tafelen van Interest (Stevin)

      Talbot, William Fox

      talking drums, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12

      Talking Drums of Africa, The (Carrington)

      Tawell, John

      Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre

      telegraphy, prl.1, 1.1, 4.1

      address codes, 14.1, 14.2

      Baudot code for

      bubble

      cipher and compression systems for, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6

      as commercial business, 5.1, 5.2

      commercial interest in, 5.1, 5.2

      conceptual understanding of, 5.1, 5.2

      early systems for, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12

      electrical relays in

      before electricity, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

      in England, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

      errors in

      in France, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8

      growth of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9

      infrastructure of

      invention of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

      as medium, 5.1, 5.2

      operator’s key

      perception of time and, 5.1, 5.2

      preservation of messages sent by, 5.1, 5.2

      private ciphers to reduce cost of, 5.1, 5.2

      public interest in codes and, 5.1, 5.2

      in Soviet Union

      statistical structure of language in, 7.1, 7.2

      telephony and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      trans-Atlantic, 5.1, 5.2

      waveform analysis in

      weather reporting and, 5.1, 5.2

      see also Morse code

      telephony

      architecture and

      barbed-wire networks

      biological metaphors for

      commercial applications of, 6.1, 6.2

      concern about social effects of

      demand for information and, 15.1, 15.2

      electrical engineering requirements of, 6.1, 6.2

      evolution of switching technology for, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

      farmer cooperative networks of

      growth of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

      measurement of information carried by, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

      printed directories, 6.1, 6.2

      relays in

      signal distortion in, prl.1, prl.2

      in Soviet Union

      telephotography, 6.1, 6.2

      teleportation, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

      television, prl.1, prl.2, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2

      Teller, Edward

      Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 4.1, 4.2

      Terhal, Barbara

      Théorie des fonctions analytiques (Lagrange)

      Theory of Heat (Maxwell)

      thermodynamics

      of computation, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

      concept of entropy in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

      conceptual evolution of, 9.1, 9.2

      first law of

      of life

      molecular fluctuations in, 9.1, 9.2

      probability in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4

     
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