The Conquering Tide

  25. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183, p. 80.

  26. Clark, “Marianas Turkey Shoot,” in Sears, ed., Eyewitness to World War II, p. 195.

  27. Commander, Fifth Fleet, War Diary for June 1944, A12/1, Serial 00398, entry dated June 15, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, July to August 1944,” Box 184, p. 18.

  28. Clark, “Marianas Turkey Shoot,” in Sears, ed., Eyewitness to World War II, p. 197.

  29. Ibid., p. 195.

  30. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 243.

  31. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183, p. 81.

  32. Commander, Fifth Fleet, War Diary for June 1944, A12/1, Serial 00398, entry dated June 20, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, July to August 1944,” Box 184.

  33. Westcott, ed., Mahan on Naval Warfare, p. 80.

  34. Ibid., p. 82.

  35. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972, pp. 77–78.

  36. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 354.

  37. Thach quoted in Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 273.

  38. Taylor, Magnificent Mitscher, p. 215.

  39. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 1021.

  40. George W. Anderson Jr. (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1983, p. 140.

  41. Narrative by Arleigh Burke, Office of Naval Records and Library, recorded August 20, 1945, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 4.

  42. Paul H. Backus (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1995, p. 195.

  43. Arleigh A. Burke account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 163.

  44. “Comments and Recommendations on Operations from 11 July 1944 to 3 July 1944,” Commander, VF-15, p. 3, CINCPAC Serial 003607, in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 36.

  45. Cmdr. Ernest Snowden quoted in Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 282.

  46. Entry dated June 19, 1944, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 171.

  47. Sommers, Combat Carriers, p. 91.

  48. Lt. Cmdr. Zenji Abe, oral history, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 55.

  49. Alex Vraciu quoted in Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 277.

  50. Ibid., p. 279.

  51. Danton, “Battle of the Philippine Sea,” p. 1025.

  52. Commander, Fifth Fleet, War Diary for June 1944, A12/1, Serial 00398, entry dated June 19, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, July to August 1944,” Box 184, p. 23.

  53. Taylor, Magnificent Mitscher, p. 227.

  54. Commander, Fifth Fleet, War Diary for June 1944, A12/1, Serial 00398, entry dated June 19, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, July to August 1944,” Box 184, p. 23.

  55. Entry dated June 19, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 411.

  56. Ibid., p. 409.

  57. Telegram No. 2220, cited in ibid., p. 412.

  58. Clark, “Marianas Turkey Shoot,” reprinted in Sears, ed., Eyewitness to World War II, p. 200.

  59. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972, p. 79.

  60. Clark, “Marianas Turkey Shoot,” reprinted in Sears, ed., Eyewitness to World War II, p. 200.

  61. James D. Ramage account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 173.

  62. Don Lewis account (excerpted in James D. Ramage account) in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 173.

  63. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 297.

  64. Ibid., p. 298.

  65. Don Lewis account (excerpted in James D. Ramage account) in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 177.

  66. Entry dated June 20, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 414.

  67. Alex Vraciu quoted in Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 307.

  68. Spruance to E. B. Potter, January 2, 1960, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 3.

  69. Harper, Paddles!, p. 222.

  70. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 305.

  71. Enterprise Action Report, VT-10 enclosure. FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183.

  72. Paul H. Backus (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1995, p. 195.

  73. James D. Ramage account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 184.

  74. Excerpt from the Ottumwa Courier, quoted in Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 315.

  75. Sommers, Combat Carriers, p. 90.

  76. Spruance to Nimitz, July 4, 1944, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 1.

  77. “Extract of a letter from Maj. Gen. Jarmon, 23 June 1944,” Holland M. Smith Collection, Coll/2949, Box 1.

  78. Richard King, letter to his parents, September 8, 1945, in Carroll, ed., War Letters, pp. 300–2.

  79. Spruance to Nimitz, July 4, 1944, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 1.

  80. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183.

  81. Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p. 261.

  82. Ibid.

  83. Entry dated June 25, 1944, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 176.

  84. Bradlee, Good Life, p. 78.

  85. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183.

  86. Takeo Yamauchi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 283.

  87. Ibid., p. 289.

  88. “Lieutenant General Saito’s Last Message to Japanese Officers and Men Defending Saipan,” translation of D-2 section of 4th Marine Division, captured July 9, 1944, Ernest J. King Papers.

  89. From a captured Japanese officer’s personal account, cited in Appendix IX, “Saipan: The Beginning of the End,” by Major Carl W. Hoffman, USMC, Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1950, p. 284, USMC Archives.

  90. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 165.

  91. Taro Kawaguchi diary excerpted in Brawley, Dixon, and Trefalt, eds., Competing Voices from the Pacific War, p. 126.

  92. Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p. 269.

  93. Ibid., p. 270.

  94. Takeo Yamauchi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 289.

  95. Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 249.

  96. “Saipan,” HM9-16, p. 6, published by the 2d Marine Division, 1944, USMC Archives.

  97. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 156.

  98. Entry for Thursday, July 13, 1944, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary, p. 190.

  99. Entry for Sunday, July 16, 1944, in ibid., p. 191.

  100. Robert B. Sheeks account in Smith and Meehl, eds., Pacific War Stories, p. 193.

  101. Ibid., p. 192.

  102. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 201.

  103. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Vol. 2, p. 387.

  104. See, for example, Spruance’s commencement speech at Brown University, June 1946, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 4.

  105. Buell, Quiet Warrior, p. 320.

  106. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, November 2, 1944, in Raines, Good Night Officially, p. 114.

  107. Hammer, “Organized Confusion,” p. 408.

  108. Lewis Thomas account in Shenk, ed., Authors at Sea, p. 237.

  109. Department of the Navy, Building the Navy’s Bases in World War II, p. 353.

  110. Hammer, “Organized Confusion,” p. 407.

  111. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 19.

  112. Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 26.

  113. Hammer, “Organized Confusion,” p. 417
.

  114. Kristof, “Shoichi Yokoi, 82, Is Dead.”

  Epilogue

  1. Teishin Nohara, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, pp. 33–34.

  2. Fumio Kimura account in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 109.

  3. Hitoshi Anzai account in ibid., p. 119.

  4. Toru Izumi account in ibid., p. 34.

  5. Uichiro Kawachi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 214.

  6. Ibid.

  7. Ibid., pp. 214–15.

  8. Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 66.

  9. Entry dated December 11, 1943, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 122; Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 174.

  10. Entry dated December 19, 1942, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 5.

  11. Shoryu Hata, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 212.

  12. Uichiro Kawachi, oral history, in ibid., p. 217.

  13. Shigeo Hatanaka, oral history, in ibid., p. 64.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid., p. 67.

  16. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 327.

  17. Irokawa, Age of Hirohito, p. 92.

  18. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 476.

  19. Entry dated July 17, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 226.

  20. Ibid., p. 225.

  21. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated July 18, 1944, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, 174.

  22. Sachi Ariyama letter, undated, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 178.

  23. Entry dated July 18, 1944, in Kido, Diary of Marquis Kido, p. 394.

  24. Entry dated July 17, 1944, in ibid., p. 389.

  25. Tojo radio broadcast, July 18, 1944, in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 156.

  26. Entry dated July 20, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, pp. 228–29.

  27. Entry dated July 29, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 437.

  28. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated July 18, 1944, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 174.

  29. Premier Kuniaki Koiso, July 22, 1944, in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 156.

  30. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 85.

  31. Koiso address, September 16, 1944, in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 9.

  32. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 75.

  33. Irokawa, Age of Hirohito, p. 92.

  34. Japanese peace terms broadcast by Domei news agency, May 23, 1944, in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 9.

  35. Entry dated March 31, 1944, in Kido, Diary of Marquis Kido, p. 382.

  36. Entry dated January 6, 1944, in ibid., p. 374.

  37. Victoria, Zen at War, p. 138.

  38. Rescript dated September 7, 1944, in Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, pp. 472–80.

  39. “Fire Scroll,” Book of Five Spheres, quoted in Cleary, Japanese Art of War, p. 84.

  40. Entries dated August 26, 1943, March 15, 1944, and April 7, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, pp. 69, 157, 174.

  41. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated March 27, 1943, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 168.

  42. Hiroyo Arakawa, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 179.

  43. Quoted in entry dated April 30, 1943, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 25.

  44. Sumio Ishida account in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 176.

  45. Entry dated April 24, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 183.

  46. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated January 4, 1944, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 173.

  47. Kii Aoki account in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 172.

  48. Takeyama, Scars of War, p. 140.

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