The End

  in German Army 20, 47–9, 60, 61, 66–72, 100–101, 105, 119–21, 125–7, 140, 151–5, 157, 159, 194–6, 206, 207, 210–11, 214, 256–8, 260–66, 270–71, 283, 310–15, 320, 394

  in German Navy 265, 360–61

  in SS 153, 210

  Morgenthau Plan (US) 149–50

  Mortain 55–6

  Mosel river 254, 255, 260, 262

  Mülheim 297

  Müller, General Friedrich-Wilhelm 203

  Munich 162, 317, 343

  Allied bombing 236, 238

  Paul Giesler as Gauleiter 214, 344

  Münster 227

  Murr, Wilhelm (Gauleiter of Württemberg) 278, 325

  Mussolini, Benito 7

  deposition of (July 1943) 13, 47, 296, 364, 399

  see also Italy

  Musy, Jean-Marie, Himmler’s attempted deal with, to exchange Jews for cash 229–30

  Mutschmann, Martin (Gauleiter of Saxony) 125, 237

  Narev river 169

  National-Zeitung (newspaper) 89

  von Natzmer, Lieutenant-General Oldwig 369, 374

  Naumann, Werner 75

  Nazi atrocities 98, 107, 117, 121, 124, 155–6, 176, 331–6, 394

  committed by German troops 98, 107, 112

  in Poland 123, 174, 251

  post-capitulation attempts to deny responsibility for 380

  see also terror tactics

  Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistiche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) (NSDAP) 6, 119, 161–4

  in Austria 317–18

  Bormann as administrative head 20–22, 40, 41, 42, 53, 75, 162, 215–16, 217–18, 319, 321, 392

  civilian population, control of 83–4, 88, 91, 96, 98, 105–6, 142, 145–6, 162–3, 180, 206, 207–8, 392–3; see also administrative systems

  civilian population’s support for 9, 10, 73–4, 207–8, 209, 210, 212–13, 239–40, 258–60, 261, 273–6, 389; decline in 64–5, 68, 101, 104, 105, 107, 126–7, 150–51, 163, 190, 193–4, 195, 209, 213–14, 215–22, 258, 261, 312–13, 315, 389–90; post-capitulation attitudes to 380; see also opposition to below

  Dönitz administration and 360

  execution of members of, in Bromberg 216–17

  German Army’s hostility towards 214, 261, 312

  German resistance to 149

  the Goldfasane (Golden Pheasants) 64, 318–19

  Greiser affair and 215–16

  leadership 11, 20, 51–3, 134, 216–22, 277, 321–9, 342–3; fragmentation of 280–92, 294–5, 317–18, 336–42; Hitler, support for 20, 51–3, 144–5, 278–9; negotiated peace, search for 280–86; see also individual names

  Robert Ley as Party Organization Leader 51

  loyalty rallies 31

  membership 73, 74

  opposition to 14, 20, 64, 74, 104, 105, 107, 310, 380–82; see also civilian population’s support for above

  organizational structure 72–3

  post-capitulation: arrests among 380; de-Nazification process 380; dissolution of 319; suicide by members of 355–6, 357

  power held by 11, 21–2, 41, 42–4, 73–5, 101, 276–9, 391, 392–3

  power struggles within 38–44, 76–9, 83, 89, 90, 323

  in pre-war Germany 11, 13, 21

  propaganda see propaganda

  religion, attitude to 21

  terror tactics 3–4, 5, 8–9, 10, 14, 37, 84, 162, 207–8, 216–25, 273, 296, 318, 321–9, 391–2, 393

  Völkischer Beobachter (Party newspaper) 6, 115, 186, 188, 345

  Wehrmacht and 45–51, 52, 70, 71, 90, 268

  see also Hitler, Adolf

  negotiated peace, support/search for 6–7, 12, 15, 18, 27, 55, 87, 280–86, 291–2, 336, 352, 387, 396–7

  Neiße river 252, 301, 302

  Nemmersdorf 110, 111, 173

  Red Army atrocities committed in 110, 111, 112–14, 176, 394; Nazi propaganda based on 114–17, 120, 122

  Netherlands 130, 131, 256, 263, 299, 328, 366–7

  Blaskowitz as C-in-C 362, 363

  Dönitz as Reich President and 362–3

  Dutch Underground Movement 362

  Seyß-Inquart as Reich Commissar 258; Allied negotiations with 358–9, 363

  Wehrmacht flooding of coastal areas 362

  Neuengamme concentration camp 330, 331–2, 333

  Neumann, Balthasar 238

  von Neurath, Konstantin 360

  newspapers see individual titles; press/media

  Nijmegen 58, 254

  Nogat river 174

  North Sea 299

  see also Baltic area

  Norway 120, 299, 338

  German occupation 366, 367; Lindemann as C-in-C 367

  NSDAP see Nazi Party

  NSFOs (Nationalsozialistischer Führungsoffizier) (National Socialist Leadership Officers) 46–7, 50, 52, 69, 91, 1–1, 140, 205, 211–12, 313, 327, 394

  ‘Guidelines for’ 47

  Reinecke as head of army NSFOs 68

  NSV (Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt)

  (Welfare Organization) 32, 74, 76, 148, 163, 177, 183, 277

  see also welfare provision

  Nuremberg 24, 300

  Allied bombing 189, 236

  American capture of 300, 319–20

  Oder river 167, 168, 173, 174, 176, 181, 188, 204, 212, 247, 250, 251–2, 256, 268, 270–71, 301, 302

  German defence of 288–9

  Ohlendorf, Otto 359

  Ohnesorge, Wilhelm (Reich Post Minister) 275

  oil supplies see fuel supplies

  OKH (Oberkommando des Heeres) (Army High Command) 169–70, 197, 198, 199–200

  see also German Army, leadership

  OKW see Wehrmacht High Command

  Operation Bagration 17, 92–6

  Operation Barbarossa (June 1941) see Soviet Union, German invasion of

  Operation Cobra 55

  Operation Goodwood 52

  Operation Market Garden 58, 388

  Oppenheim 255

  Oppenhoff, Franz (American-appointed Mayor of Aachen) 279

  Oradour-sur-Glane, Waffen-SS atrocities committed in (June 1944) 121

  Organisation Todt (OT) 37, 102, 143, 184

  Oshima, Hiroshi (Japanese ambassador to Germany) 163

  OSS (Office of Strategic Services) (US secret service) 285, 363

  Oster, Colonel Hans 328

  Ostpreußen (ice-breaker) 319

  Ostwall (Eastern Wall) 101–5

  von Oven, Wilfred 40, 147, 243

  Palmnicken massacre (January 1945) 184–6, 234

  Panzer Division Kurmark 251

  see also 116th Panzer Division

  Panzerfaust (German bazooka) 267, 305, 357

  Paris, liberation of (August 1944) 56

  partisan/resistance fighters (German) see Werwolf

  Patton, General George 58–9, 131, 160, 254, 369, 370

  Pauly, Max 331–2

  Peiper, SS-Obersturmbannführer Joachim 155–6

  Penzberg 344

  Pforzheim 236

  Pillau 174, 178–9, 183, 184, 251

  Ploesti oilfields 94

  Plön 358

  Donitz in (April 1945) 338, 339, 342, 346

  OKW in (April 1945) 339, 342

  Poland 96

  Hans Frank’s escape from 214

  Galicia 93

  German occupation 98, 101, 102, 167, 181–2, 214–15, 263

  Arthur Greiser’s escape from 214, 215

  Kraków 172, 214

  Łód´z ghetto 123, 174

  Nazi atrocities in 123, 174, 251

  Posen 168, 174, 214–16

  Red Army offensive (summer 1944) 93

  Red Army invasion (October 1944) 15, 112, 167, 169, 171, 174, 176, 181, 203

  Warsaw 93, 96, 172, 174, 203, 236, 251

  see also Polish . . .

  police force 23, 67, 73, 74, 84, 85, 149, 190, 208, 216–17, 219, 276, 296, 320, 333, 335, 391

  decentralization 226

  suicide by members of (April 1945–on) 356

  see also militar
y police; SS

  Polish Home Army 93

  Polish Jews 117, 123, 214

  numbers killed 214

  Polish troops, in Red Army 174

  see also Poland

  political prisoners 228, 328, 333, 382

  see also communists

  Pollex, Colonel Curt 154, 155, 269–70

  Pomerania 104, 174, 177–8, 183, 204, 247, 250, 270, 284, 366, 388

  Posen 168, 174

  Gauleiter Greiser’s flight from 214–16

  postal services 75, 76, 145, 275

  power supplies 137, 139, 140, 148, 162, 190, 193, 275, 276, 294, 345

  see also coal supplies

  Prague uprising (May 1945) 370

  press/media 6, 75, 76, 103, 222, 242, 276, 345

  criticism of 186–7

  see also individual newspaper titles

  prisoners of war 107, 109

  Allied 160, 243; American 156; German murder of 156

  Geneva Convention on 259

  German, in Allied hands 32, 56, 70, 71, 154, 160, 196, 211, 226, 255, 260–61, 267–9, 270, 306, 315, 369; in Australia 306; in Soviet hands 94, 252, 368, 369, 371; from Army Group Centre 375; deaths among 375

  in Germany 18, 83, 104, 125, 143, 237, 238, 254, 381–2

  propaganda 7, 9–10, 20, 23, 24, 31, 61, 72, 105, 106, 121, 140, 142, 157, 159, 186, 187, 212, 242, 259, 279–80, 318, 345, 390

  anti-American/British 238–9, 257, 279–80

  anti-Bolshevik 98, 187, 195, 223–4, 313, 356, 394

  anti-Jewish 123–4, 208

  as counter-productive 115–17, 208, 209, 213, 222–3, 256–7

  on Dresden bombing 238–9

  Kolberg (propaganda film) 147–8, 250, 276

  loyalty rallies 31

  on Red Army atrocities 112–17, 118, 120

  Special Action of the Party Chancellery speakers 256–8

  in support of Nazi Party 258

  verbal 222–3, 256–8

  see also Soviet propaganda

  Prussia see East Prussia

  public opinion 18, 20, 99, 106–7

  on von Stauffenberg assassination plot 31–3

  see also Hitler, German allegiance to; morale

  von Pückler-Burghaus, SS-Gruppenführer Carl Graf 370

  racial enemies concept 9–10, 184, 208

  ‘inferiors’ 208, 226

  see also Jews

  Rahn, Rudolf (German ambassador to Italy) 364, 366

  railways 22, 63, 64, 65, 66, 76, 102, 103, 135, 139, 151, 152, 173, 177–8, 184, 211, 213, 239, 275, 299

  Allied bombing, effect on 79, 82, 136, 137, 140, 143

  see also transport

  Rastenburg see Wolf’s Lair

  Ratibor 252

  Ravensbrück concentration camp (for women) 330, 334, 336

  raw materials, supplies of 80, 93, 94, 131, 244

  distribution 135–6

  see also coal supplies; iron/steel production

  Red Army

  American Army, meeting up with (April 1945) 339

  in Austria 301, 316

  Berlin, advance on 168, 173, 174, 175, 250, 253, 293, 294, 300–302, 308, 315–21, 324; encirclement of 337–47

  in Bohemia (Czechoslovakia) 370, 373–4

  drunkenness among 189

  German civilians’ fear of 11, 12, 18, 91, 98–100, 105, 107, 108, 112–14, 117–18, 119, 120–22, 164–5, 177–84, 223–4, 270, 271, 273, 313, 324, 245, 349, 355, 356–8, 394, 395

  German civilians, treatment of 176–86; labour camps, deportation to 181

  Germany, offensive against (Summer 1944) 17, 24, 27, 28, 32, 33, 46, 49, 75, 92–6, 102

  Germany, invasion of (October 1944–on) 17, 110–22, 123, 131, 132, 165–6, 167–206, 219, 247, 250–53, 259, 393–4; aims/objectives 168; Guderian on 110; maps of 175, 248, 249; troop numbers 168, 169; see also Berlin, advance on above

  Hitler on 118

  Hungary, invasion of (1944) 131, 132, 151, 170, 284, 316

  looting by 357

  Poland, advance into (1944) 15, 112, 167, 169, 171, 174, 176

  Polish troops in 174

  strategic planning 388

  superiority of 168, 170–71

  troop numbers 168, 169, 301

  see also Soviet Union

  Red Army atrocities 98, 180–81, 188, 357–8, 370, 394

  at Nemmersdorf 110, 111, 112–14, 176, 394; Nazi propaganda based on 114–17, 120, 122

  Hitler on 118

  Jews, treatment of 394

  Nazi propaganda on 112–17, 118, 120

  Red Cross see German Red Cross; Swedish Red Cross

  refugees see evacuation, of civilian population

  Regensburg 342–3

  Das Reich (newspaper) 239

  Reich Chancellery 25, 38, 39, 40, 42, 162

  Allied bombing (February 1945) 242

  building 24, 295

  Führer bunker see Hitler, Adolf, in Berlin

  Reich Iron Federation 136

  Reich Labour Service 71

  Reich Press Office/News Agency 115

  Reichsbahn 138, 140

  see also transport

  Reichsverteidigungskommissare (Reich Defence Commissars) (RVKs) 22, 41–2, 43, 52, 76, 88, 89, 101, 102, 103, 225–6, 290–91

  Reinecke, General Hermann 46–7

  as head of army NSFOs 68

  Reinefarth, SS-Brigadeführer Heinz 251, 252

  Reinhardt, Colonel-General Georg-Hans 33, 111, 114, 119

  on eastern front 168, 171, 196–200, 202; dismissal (January 1945) 200, 202, 221, 310

  Guderian and 197, 198, 199, 200, 205

  Hitler and 196–8, 200; on his death 349

  religion

  Christian beliefs 72

  Nazi Party attitude to 21

  Nazi Party, Christian attitudes to 381

  Remagen 254, 263, 278

  Renduli´c, Colonel-General Lothar 202–3, 251, 263, 368

  surrender 369, 370

  Replacement Army 23, 25–6, 29–30, 35, 82, 84–5, 206

  Himmler as C-in-C 35–8, 40, 353, 396

  see also German Army

  resistance movement, in Germany 149, 387

  see also Stauffenberg, plot to assassinate Hitler

  Rhine river

  Allied crossing of 253, 254, 255, 256, 260, 266, 268–9, 270, 271, 281–2, 297

  German defence 288–9

  Rhine/Ruhr industrial area 58, 81, 131, 136, 138, 139, 141, 149, 150, 222, 254, 255, 262, 287, 328

  Allied bombing 235

  Red Army capture of 305

  von Ribbentrop, Joachim 90, 163, 358

  Allies, his attempts to negotiate with 280–81, 282–3, 291

  as Foreign Minister 20, 150, 163

  Goebbels on 243–4, 282

  Dönitz as Reich President and 361–2

  von Richthofen Lieutenant Freiherr 53

  Riga, German retreat from (October 1944) 95

  Ritter von Greim, Colonel-General Robert 205

  Röchling, Hermann 136

  Roer river 131

  Rohland, Walther 136, 149, 290, 304

  Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin 169, 173, 183, 301

  Romania 62, 93–4, 100

  Rome, fall of (1944) 17

  Rooks, Major-General Lowell W. 378

  Röttiger, Hans 366

  Ruckdeschel, Ludwig 322, 323

  as Gauleiter of Bayreuth 342–3

  Rügen 179

  Ruhr see Rhine/Ruhr industrial area

  von Rundstedt, Field-Marshal Gerd 28, 32, 49, 59, 130

  as C-in-C West 69, 70, 130, 132–3, 160, 170, 263; dismissal (March 1945) 254

  Russia see Soviet Union

  Russian Army see Red Army

  Russian revolution 7

  RVKs see Reichsverteidigungs-kommissare (Reich Defence Commissars)

  Saar industrial area 58, 61, 65, 132, 136, 140, 141, 255

  Sachsenhausen concentration camp 328, 330, 332, 333, 337

  von Salisch, SS-Standa
rdtenführer Carl 217

  Sauckel, Fritz 83

  Saur, Karl Otto 43, 83, 135, 137–8, 141, 160, 292, 346, 352

  Saxony 125, 297

  Scandinavia 256, 283, 361

  see also Denmark; Finland; Sweden

  Schellenberg, SS-Brigadeführer Walter 283, 284

  Schepmann, Wilhelm (SA head) 85–6

  von Schirach, Baldur

  as Gauleiter of Vienna 317

  as Hitler Youth Leader 118, 317

  Schleswig-Holstein 361, 366–7

  Schneidemühl 218–19

  Schörner, Colonel-General (later Field-Marshal) Ferdinand 50, 51, 95, 221, 305, 395

  on army deserters 219

  as Army Group A (subsequently Army Group Centre) C-in-C 252, 301, 353, 368, 369–71; post-capitulation 373–5

  as Army Group North C-in-C 94–5, 219, 259

  brutality accusations against 374, 395

  on disaffected army officers 221, 263

  on Hitler’s suicide 348–9

  imprisonment/trial in West Germany 203, 374

  Soviet Union, captivity in 374

  Schulz, General Friedrich 299, 305, 316

  Schulze-Fielitz, Günther 137

  Schutszstaffel (Protection Squad) see SS

  Das Schwarze Korps (SS newspaper) 210

  Schweinfurt ball bearing works 291

  von Schweppenburg, General Geyr 28

  von Schwerin, General Gerd Graf 63

  Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz Graf (Finance Minister) 241–2, 278, 360

  Berlin, evacuation from 341

  in the Dönitz cabinet 360, 377, 378

  scorched earth policy 64, 112, 141, 288

  Dönitz’s reversal of 367

  Hitler’s Nero Order on (March 1945) 290–91, 303, 309, 367; Speer’s opposition to 290–91, 303, 309

  industry, German plans for immobilization/destruction of 42, 80, 81, 82, 140–41, 286–7, 288, 289, 290–91

  see also economic collapse

  secret weapons see armaments, miracle weapons

  Seelow Heights 302

  Seldte, Franz (Labour Minister under Dönitz) 360

  Seyß-Inquart, Arthur (Reich Commissar in Netherlands) 358

  Allied powers, his negotiations with 358–9, 363

  Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service) 18, 25, 31, 61, 73, 99, 117, 191, 261, 271, 316, 356, 359, 380

  Silesia 214, 252

  evacuation of 182–3, 189–90, 262

  Groß-Rosen concentration camp 232–3, 329

  Silesian industrial area 167, 168, 172–3, 182, 187, 190, 195, 244, 252, 287

  Simon, Gustav (Gauleiter of Koblenz-Trier) 65–6

  Smend, Oberstleutnant Günther 29

  Smith, General Walter Bedell see Bedell Smith

  Sobibor extermination camp 214

  Solingen 297, 314–15

  Soviet air force 169, 173, 179, 180, 301