Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis (Allen Lane History)

  Yahil, Leni, The Rescue of Danish Jewry. Test of a Democracy, Philadelphia, 1969.

  ——— ‘Madagascar – Phantom of a Solution for the Jewish Question’, in Bela Vago and George L. Mosse (eds.), Jews and Non-Jews in Eastern Europe, New York, 1974, 315–34.

  ——— The Holocaust. The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945, New York/Oxford, 1990.

  ——— ‘Some Remarks about Hitler’s Impact on the Nazis’ Jewish Policy’, Yad Vashem Studies, 23 (1993), 281–93.

  Zeller, Eberhard, Geist der Freiheit. Der Zwanzigste Juli, Munich, 1963.

  Zeman, Z. A. B., Nazi Propaganda, Oxford (1964), 1973.

  Ziemke, Earl F., Stalingrad to Berlin: the German Defeat in the East, Washington, 1968.

  Zimmermann, Michael, Verfolgt, vertrieben, vernichtet. Die nationalsozialistische Vernichtungspolitik gegen Sinti und Roma, Essen, 1989.

  ——— ‘Die nationalsozialistische Lösung der Zigeunerfrage’, in Ulrich Herbert (ed.), Nationalsozialistische Vernichtungspolitik 1939–1945. Neue Forschungen und Kontroversen, Frankfurt am Main, 1998, 235–62.

  Zitelmann, Rainer, Hitler. Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs, Hamburg/Leamington Spa/New York, 1987.

  ——— Adolf Hitler. Eine politische Biographie, Göttingen, 1989.

  ——— ‘Die totalitäre Seite der Moderne’, in Michael Prinz and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.), Nationalsozialismus und Modernisierung, Darmstadt, 1991, 1–20.

  Zoller, Albert, Hitler privat. Erlebnisbericht seiner Geheimsekretärin, Düsseldorf, 1949.

  Zuckmayer, Carl, Als wärs ein Stück von mir. Erinnerungen, (1966), Frankfurt am Main, 1971.

  Zumpe, Lotte, Wirtschaft und Staat in Deutschland 1933 bis 1945, East Berlin, 1980.

  INDEX

  1st Belorussian Front 756

  1st Panzer Army 629, 632

  1st Ukrainian Front 756

  1st US Army 737, 760

  2nd Army 450, 454, 658

  2nd Belorussian Front 756

  2nd Panzer Army 454

  3rd Belorussian Front 756

  3rd Panzer Army 442, 647

  3rd US Army 744, 788

  3rd White Russian Front 738

  4th Army 450, 758

  4th Army (Romanian) 543

  4th Panzer Army 442, 544, 545, 617, 793

  5th Panzer Army 741, 744

  6th Army 465, 530, 531, 537, 543, 544, 545, 547–54, 772

  6th Panzer Army 747, 757, 787

  6th SS Panzer Army 741, 743–4

  7th Airborne Division 170–1

  7th Army 638

  7th Army (French) 542

  8th Army 78

  8th Army (British) 523, 535, 538, 540, 600

  8th Army (Italian) 546

  9th Army 531, 580, 647, 788, 793, 802, 805, 808, 809, 813, 814, 815, 826

  10th Panzer Division 668

  11th Army 514, 531

  12th Army 366, 805, 809

  17th Army 465

  18th Army 359, 408

  48th Panzer Corps 543

  56th Panzer Corps 808

  57th Panzer Corps 545

  101st Airborne Division 744

  Aachen 703, 737, 742

  A4 rocket 622, 645

  Aalborg aerodrome 288

  Abetz, Otto 322, 475, 541

  Abruzzi 602

  Absberg, Franconia 426

  Abwehr (military intelligence) 90, 157, 217, 262, 268, 269, 270, 271, 655, 659, 661, 667, 676

  Abyssinian crisis 4, 23, 24, 25, 65

  Adam, General Wilhelm 98, 103, 106, 107

  Adlerhorst (Eagle’s Eyrie) (‘Führer Headquarters’), Ziegenberg 742, 756, 768

  Adlon Hotel, Berlin 170

  Admiral Scheer (cruiser) 43

  Africa 405, 423

  Afrika Korps 540, 546, 586

  agriculture 162, 186, 187

  Air Ministry, Berlin 7

  ‘Aktion Reinhard’ 484, 603

  ‘Alarich’ plans 594

  Albania: annexation of 193; Italian military setbacks 364

  Albrecht, NSKK-Oberführer Alwin-Broder 797

  Albritton, David 7

  Alexandria 524

  Algiers 539

  Almería, shelling of (1937) 43–4

  Alsace 315, 323, 744, 747

  Alsace-Lorraine 664

  Altmark 287

  Alvensleben, Ludolf von 231, 242–3

  Amann, Max 299

  Amerika (H’s special armoured train) 294, 365

  Amsterdam 590

  Andalusia 15

  Anglo-German Society 378

  Anschluß xviii, 44, 45, 64–86, 147, 224; and Austrian plebiscites 65; a defining moment in the Third Reich 64, 83; Einsatzgruppen (task forces) 241, 246; legal framework 78–9, 80; provides the impetus to radicalization 64; a watershed for H 83, 92, 94

  anti-clericalism 39–40

  Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 27, 158, 420

  antisemitism: in the armed forces 147, 360; and Bolshevism 389; Der ewige Jude 249; first wave (1933) 131, 148; Goebbels plans to rid Berlin of Jews 133–4, 135; and pogroms 137; second wave (1935) 131, 148; suppressed during the Berlin Olympics 5, 9; third wave of antisemitic violence (1938) 131–6; widespread in Germany xliii; see also Hitler, Adolf: antisemitism; Jews

  Antonescu, Marshal 332, 383–4, 581, 582, 584, 626, 723

  Antwerp 722, 731, 737, 741

  Anzio 625

  apartheid 251

  Appenines 601, 638, 719

  Arabia 189

  Ardennes 290, 291, 295, 731; the offensive 685, 732, 737, 738, 740, 741–7, 756, 757, 760, 777, 779

  aristocracy: Junker xviii; support of H’s regime xv

  Army Group A 290, 291, 296, 529–33, 544, 545,630

  Army Group Β (later Army Group Centre) 291, 358, 529, 530, 534, 537, 544, 660, 792

  Army Group Centre (previously Army Group B) 358, 394, 407–15, 418, 419, 435, 436, 437, 442, 450, 451, 453, 466–7, 531, 596, 617, 646, 649, 658, 659, 661, 667, 670, 721, 758, 802, 815, 835

  Army Group Command 2 98

  Army Group Don 544

  Army Group North 408, 411, 412, 413, 435, 451, 455, 617, 650

  Army Group North Ukraine 630, 649

  Army Group South 346, 407, 410, 412, 413, 435, 441, 444, 451, 524, 529, 599, 616, 617, 618

  Army Group South Ukraine 630, 723

  Army Group Vistula 758, 759, 779, 782, 787, 802, 818

  Army High Command headquarters, Zossen 262, 268, 270, 271, 278

  Arnhem 723, 726

  Arnim, Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen von 581

  Arrow Cross 734, 735, 736

  ‘aryanization’ of the economy xliii, 22, 42, 43, 131, 146

  Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank 109

  Asia 400, 403, 416, 423, 440, 517

  Asia Minor 530

  Astakhov, Georgei 196

  Astrakhan 529, 536–7

  Athens 366

  Atlantic Gap 585

  Atlantic Ocean 416, 523, 585, 717

  Atlas (H’s special train) 307

  Attila the Hun xvii

  Attolico, Bernardo 120–1, 122, 214, 218–19

  Aufbau-Ost (Build-Up in the East) 307

  Aufschwung (revival) 8

  Augsburg 38, 369

  Augsburg region 764

  Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp 483, 493, 520, 604, 628, 736, 749, 767–8

  Auslandsorganisation (AO; Foreign Countries’ Organization) 14, 15, 376

  Austria: agreement with Germany (July 1936) 4, 24, 25, 45, 66, 67; Anschlué xviii, 44, 45, 64–86; and Czechoslovakia 84; Dollfuß assassinated 65, 66; ‘Eastern Marches (Ostmark) of the German People’ 82; elections (1938) 79, 82; geographical position 66, 68; Gleichschaltung (‘coordination’) 77; Goerdeler and 664; H’s meetings with Schuschnigg 61, 69, 70–2; and Italy 4, 24, 65, 66, 68, 69; ‘Law for the Reunion of Austria with the German Reich’ 80; march into xlvi; Ministerial Council 80; Nazi Movement 65, 66, 67, 69–73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82; the new Austria of 1919 65; plebiscites 65; proposed German expansion 49–50;
raw materials 67, 68, 161; reconstituted independence xviii; Zusammenschluß (merger) with Germany 68

  Austrian army 75, 81

  Austrian Question 45, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 96

  authoritarianism xv, xl, xlvi

  Avranches 718, 720

  Axis: agreement formalized 98; Bulgaria commits itself to 361; formation 26, 204; H’s efforts to bind Axis partners to the cause 582, 583–4; intentions in Yugoslavia, Greece and Poland 334; Lloyd George and 383; Mussolini the junior partner 298, 347; in North Africa 534–5, 538; Spain and 327, 329, 330, 348; successes and position of 363; surrender of troops 585; and unoccupied France 514

  Axmann, Artur 798, 812–13, 828

  Azores 585

  Baarova, Lida 145, 199

  Babarin, Evengy 196

  Babi-Yar 468

  Bach, Johann Sebastian xlii Bach-Zelewski, SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem 466, 725, 735

  Backe, Herbert 823

  Bad Godesberg 112, 116, 655

  Bad Kissingen, Lower Franconia 575

  Bad Nauheim 742

  Bad Reichenhall 307

  Badoglio, Marshal Pietro 593, 594, 595–6, 597, 598, 601

  Baillet-Latour, Count Henri 5, 7

  Bakhmut river 441

  Baku 529, 530, 537

  Baldwin, Stanley 4

  Balkans 43, 165, 166, 194, 276, 305, 308, 334, 335, 346, 347, 360, 361, 365, 366, 368, 450, 586, 601, 719, 723, 724, 759

  Baltic region 345, 346, 406, 408, 413, 463, 464, 470, 485, 617, 647

  Baltic Sea 25, 163, 194, 276, 286, 288, 684, 756, 757

  Baltic states 196

  Bamberg 539

  baptism 424–5

  Barandon, Dr Paul 770

  Baranov bridgehead 756

  Barbarossa-Decree (13 May 1941) 357

  Bardia 346

  Barth, Pomerania (meeting of army high commanders, June 1938) 101–2

  Bastogne 744, 747

  Bath 510

  Battle of Britain 309, 310

  ‘Battle of the Peoples’ 713

  Baum, Herbert 519

  Baur, Captain Hans 32, 183

  Bavaria: Austrian Nazis in 75; the crucifix issue 425–6; Goebbels in 506; H in 53, 614; the hold of the Church 40; the mood in 1941 424; the peasants’ mood in 186

  Bavarian Alps 792

  Bavarian State Opera 512

  Bayerische Ostmark (Bavarian Eastern Marches): Gau Party Rally, Regensburg(1937) 37

  Bayerischer Wald 799

  Bayreuth, H at 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 34, 198, 306

  BDM see Bund deutscher Mädel

  Beamish, Henry Hamilton 320

  Beaverbrook, Lord 379–80

  Beck, Field Marshal Fedor von 393

  Beck, Joseph 166, 177, 217, 248

  Beck, General Ludwig 4, 10, 11, 49, 50, 75, 89, 90, 94, 95, 97, 101–5, 107, 263, 268, 659, 664, 667, 676, 677, 681, 682, 683, 689

  Beethoven, Ludwig van xlii, 513, 632

  Belgian army 295

  Belgian Congo 434

  Belgium 267, 291, 295, 405, 518, 722, 731, 741, 745; neutrality 194, 277, 295

  Belgrade 365

  Bell, Bishop George 663

  Belorussia 406–7

  Below, Frau 33, 651

  Below, Captain Nicolaus von 30, 32, 33, 70, 77, 118, 137–8, 149, 165, 235, 294, 295, 310, 345, 452, 535, 543, 548, 553, 554, 581, 616, 621, 637, 674–5, 718, 738, 739, 747, 784–5, 792, 807, 813, 815, 817, 823, 825

  Belzec extermination camp 483, 484, 493, 494, 520, 603

  Benes, President Eduard 108, 109, 111, 115, 117, 170

  Berchtesgaden, Bavarian Alps 12, 13, 18, 34, 72, 74, 81, 110, 111, 114, 135, 197, 199, 200, 201, 207, 211, 213, 565, 569, 623, 642, 781, 799, 801, 803, 805, 810

  Berdicev 394

  Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, near Celle 768

  Berger, SS-Obergruppenführer Gottlob 520

  Berger, Hans 141

  Berger, Dr Heinrich 674

  Berghof, Obersalzberg 29, 33, 34, 70, 72, 73, 100, 103, 105, 109, 110, 111, 151, 166, 188, 195, 198, 199, 202, 204, 205, 206, 210, 212, 214, 225, 301, 302, 307, 335, 346, 369, 372, 373, 375, 376, 381, 397, 512, 514, 542, 565, 581, 582, 590, 593, 611, 623, 624, 628, 630–34, 637, 639, 643, 644, 650, 651, 670, 738, 766, 781, 805, 808, 809

  Berlin 305, 379, 397, 420, 804, 822; the Bendlerblock 681, 683, 689; bombing raids on 309, 366, 620, 761, 769, 775; cenotaph 37; the Citadel (Festung) 813, 815, 825, 826, 827; the first week of the war 239–40; H returns after his triumph in Czechoslovakia 172; H’s welcome after the French armistice 300; H’s welcome after Munich 124; International Car Exhibition 37; Luna Park 8; Lustgarten 5, 37, 519; military court 59; Olympic Games (1936) 5–9, 379; open to attack (1945) 759–60, 770; the rebuilding of 35, 36, 38–9, 709; Red Army attacks 793, 794, 799, 800, 801, 808–9, 812, 813, 827; refugees 763, 806; Remer put in charge of security 680; ‘Soviet Paradise’ exhibition (May 1942) 519; Sportpalast 116, 117, 118, 309, 348, 431, 432, 459, 494, 505, 517, 526, 535, 536, 538, 561, 562, 601, 619; State Opera house 632; State Theatre 240; synagogues destroyed 140; Technical University 38; Tempelhof aerodrome 45, 809; treatment of Jews 133–4, 135, 351, 472–3, 481, 482, 485, 488, 519, 583; Weidling made responsible for Berlin’s defence 808; ‘Winter Aid’ campaign 38, 535, 601; the Zeughaus 662; zoo 801

  Berlin Congress (1878) 123, 183

  Berlin Defence District (Wehrkreis III) 690

  Berlin Philharmonia 632

  Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 513

  Berlin-Charlottenburg, Tiergartenstraße 4 260

  Bernadotte, Count Folke 817, 818, 819

  Bernburg asylum 261

  Bernhardt, Johannes 14, 15

  Bessarabia 332, 351, 384

  Best, Werner 603

  Bialystok 380, 398, 399, 407

  Bielefeld 472

  Binding, Professor Karl 254

  Birkenau 768

  Birmingham 174

  birth-rates 48

  Bismarck (battleship) 178, 381

  Bismarck, Prince Otto von xlii, 183, 188, 283, 505, 665

  Bitterfeld 514

  Black Forest 764

  ‘Black Order’ 252

  Black Sea region 413, 434, 529, 630

  ‘Blackshirts’ see British Union of Fascists

  Blaschke, Dr Johann 831

  Blaskowitz, Colonel-General Johannes 247, 248

  Bleichröder (bank) 132

  Blomberg, Fräulein Margarethe (née Gruhn) 52–3

  Blomberg, Werner von 10, 11, 16, 19, 21, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50; the Blomberg scandal 51–60, 64, 69, 83, 86, 94, 147, 167, 224, 358, 668

  Blondi (H’s dog) 564, 602, 611, 776, 777, 825

  ‘Blood and Soil’ (Blut und Boden) 374

  ‘Blood Law’ 256

  Blücher (cruiser) 288

  Blücher, Gebbard Leberecht von, Prince of Wahlstadt 713

  Blum, Léon 17

  Blumentritt, General Guenther 456

  Blutrache (blood-vengeance) 691

  Bobruisk 647

  Bochum 587

  Bock, Field-Mashal Fedor von 78, 269, 270, 334, 345, 359, 394, 408, 415, 419, 435, 438, 450–51, 454, 515, 524, 526–7, 529, 658, 659