Challenge for the Pacific: Guadalcanal: The Turning Point of the War

  7. Halsey and Bryan, op. cit., p. 108.

  8. Tsuji, Masanobu, Singapore: The Japanese Version (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1960), p. 330.

  9. Ibid.

  10. Sherwood, Robert E., Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1950), p. 622.

  CHAPTER NINE

  1. Author’s recollection.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Butterfield, op. cit., p. 92.

  4. Author’s recollection.

  5. Ibid.

  6. McMillan, George, The Old Breed: A History of the First Marine Division in World War Two (Washington: Infantry Journal Press, 1949), p. 61.

  7. Few historians agree on the exact time that the Battle of the Tenaru began. Therefore, I have relied on my own recollection and those of other participants.

  8. McMillan, op. cit., p. 62.

  9. Vandegrift and Asprey, op. cit., p. 142.

  CHAPTER TEN

  1. Tanaka, Vice-Admiral Raizo, Japan’s Losing Struggle for Guadalcanal, Part I (United States Naval Institute Proceedings, July 1956), p. 690.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Griffith, op. cit., p. 90.

  4. Hara, op. cit., p. 109.

  5. Ibid.

  6. United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Interrogations of Japanese Officials (Washington: Naval Analysis Division, 1946), Vol. I, p. 31.

  CHAPTER ELEVEN

  1. Hara, op. cit., p. 119.

  2. Tanaka, op. cit., p. 694d.

  3. Griffith, op. cit., p. 93.

  4. Tanaka, op. cit., p. 696.

  5. Ibid, p. 697.

  CHAPTER TWELVE

  1. Sherrod, Robert, History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II (Washington: Combat Forces Press, 1952), p. 82.

  2. Vandegrift and Asprey, op. cit., p. 147.

  PART THREE: AT BAY

  CHAPTER THIRTEEN

  1. Vandegrift and Asprey, op. cit., p. 149.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Author’s recollection.

  4. Tregaskis, op. cit., p. 154.

  5. Hara, op. cit., p. 120.

  6. Sherwood, op. cit., p. 632.

  CHAPTER FOURTEEN

  1. Unsigned article by Marine Combat Correspondent under dateline Avu-Avu, Guadalcanal, Nov. 27, 1942. Article quotes natives in vicinity of Tasimboko. On file in folder marked “Guadalcanal, Miscellaneous” at R&R, Arlington, Va.

  2. Russell, Lord, of Liverpool, The Knights of Bushido: The Shocking History of Japanese War Atrocities (New York: Dutton, 1958), p. 269.

  3. Griffith, op. cit., p. 110.

  4. Ibid.

  5. Vandegrift and Asprey, op. cit., p. 151.

  6. Davis, op. cit., p. 118.

  7. Ibid, p. 119.

  8. Ibid, p. 120.

  9. Griffith, op. cit., p. 112.

  10. Ibid, p. 113.

  11. Vandegrift and Asprey, op. cit., p. 152.

  12. Ibid, pp. 152, 153.

  13. Ibid, p. 153.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Griffith, op. cit., p. 115.

  17. Vandegrift and Asprey, op. cit., pp. 153, 154.

  18. Griffith, op. cit., pp. 116, 117.

  19. Ibid, p. 118.

  20. Undated and unsigned story filed by Marine Corps Combat Correspondent and included in “Guadalcanal, Miscellaneous” folder on file at R&R, Arlington, Va.

  21. Ibid, quoted in interview with “Lt. Col. Reeder.”

  22. Ibid.

  23. McMillan, op. cit., p. 78.

  24. Ibid.

  25. Griffith, op. cit., p. 119.

  26. Ibid.

  CHAPTER FIFTEEN

  1. Jitsuroku Taiheiyo Senso (Personal Records of the Pacific War). The Kawaguchi memoir: “Struggles of the Kawaguchi Detached Force.” I am deeply indebted to Brig. Gen. Griffith for having provided me with a translation of this source.

  2. Hara, op. cit., p. 120.

  3. Arnold, Gen. of the Army H. H., Global Mission (New York: Harper & Bros., 1949), p. 338.

  4. Ibid.

  5. Whyte, Capt. William H., Jr., Hyakutake Meets the Marines, Part I (Marine Corps Gazette, July 1945), p. 11. (Note: Captain Whyte was to become famous a decade later as author of The Organization Man.)

  6. Author’s conversations with pilots.

  7. Clemens, op. cit., p. 183.

  8. Hanson Baldwin, New York Times, Nov. 3, 1942.

  CHAPTER SIXTEEN

  1. Whyte, op. cit., p. 9.

  2. Sherrod, op. cit., p. 91, fn.

  3. Davis, op. cit., pp. 135, 136.

  4. Vandegrift and Asprey, op. cit., p. 169.

  5. Ibid, p. 170.

  6. Ibid.

  7. Ibid, p. 164.

  8. Ibid, pp. 171, 172.

  9. Griffith, op. cit., p. 141.

  PART FOUR: CRISIS

  CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

  1. Clear, op. cit., p. 20.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Clemens, op. cit., p. 193.

  4. Ibid.

  5. Pratt, Fletcher, The Marines’ War (New York: William Sloane Associates, 1948), p. 76.

  6. Ibid, pp. 76, 77.

  CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

  1. Quoted in full in Miller, John, Jr., Guadalcanal: The First Offensive (Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1949), as Appendix A, pp. 357, 358.

  2. Griffith, op. cit., p. 147.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Hara, op. cit., p. 137.

  CHAPTER NINETEEN

  1. Morison, Samuel Eliot, The Struggle for Guadalcanal, Vol. V, “History of the United States Naval Operations in World War II” (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), p. 193.

  2. Author’s recollection.

  3. Leckie, op. cit., p. 82.

  4. Tanaka, Japan’s Losing Struggle for Guadalcanal, Part II (United States Naval Institute Proceedings, August 1956), p. 815.

  5. 67th Fighter Squadron History Mar.–Oct. 1942, quoted in Morison, op. cit., p. 175.

  6. Quoted in undated and unsigned Marine Combat Correspondent’s report filed at R&R, Arlington, Va.

  7. Morison, op. cit., p. 176.

  8. Sherrod, op. cit., p. 102.

  9. Griffith, op. cit., p. 157.

  CHAPTER TWENTY

  1. Leckie, op. cit., p. 92.

  2. Halsey and Bryan, op. cit., p. 109.

  CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE

  1. Monitored Japanese broadcasts, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

  2. Simmons, Walter, Joe Foss: Flying Marine (New York: Dutton, 1943), p. 66.

  3. Halsey and Bryan, op. cit., p. 117.

  CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO

  1. Hara, op. cit., p. 125.

  2. Ibid, p. 126.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Ibid, p. 127.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Seventeenth Army Operations, Office of the Chief of Military History (OCMH) File 8-51, AC 34.

  7. Author’s conversation with Puller.

  8. Leckie, op. cit., p. 99.

  9. Davis, op. cit., p. 155.

  10. Ibid.

  11. Davis, op. cit., p. 156.

  12. Ibid, p. 157.

  13. Ibid, pp. 158, 159.

  CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE

  1. Hara, op. cit., p. 127.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Leckie, Robert, Helmet for My Pillow (New York: Random House, 1957), p. 118.

  4. Sherwood, op. cit., pp. 624, 625.

  5. Seventeenth Army Operations.

  6. Whyte, Hyakutake Meets the Marines, Part II (Marine Corps Gazette, August 1945), p. 41.

  7. Hara, op. cit., p. 128.

  CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR

  1. Hara, op. cit., p. 128.

  2. Stafford, Cmdr. Edward P., The Big E: The Story of the U.S.S. Enterprise (New York: Random House, 1962), p. 165.

  3. Pratt, op. cit., p. 93.

  4. Whyte, op. cit., p. 42.

  PART FIVE: CRUX

  CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE

  1. Tanaka, op. cit., p. 818c.

  2. Leckie, op. cit., p. 119.

  3. Author’s recollection.

  4
. Hara, op. cit., p. 135.

  5. Clemens, op. cit., pp. 241, 242.

  6. Simmons, op. cit., p. 96.

  7. Arnold, op. cit., p. 351.

  8. Sims, Edward H., Greatest Fighter Missions of the Top Navy and Marine Aces of World War II (New York: Harper & Bros., 1962), p. 57.

  9. Simmons, op. cit., p. 102.

  10. Halsey and Bryan, op. cit., p. 123.

  11. Boyington, Gregory (“Pappy”), Baa Baa Black Sheep (New York: Putnam, 1958), p. 128.

  12. Leckie, Strong Men Armed, p. 119.

  13. Davis, op. cit., p. 166.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Halsey press interview on Guadalcanal, November 9, 1942.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Clemens, op. cit., p. 249.

  18. Vandegrift and Asprey, op. cit., p. 196.

  CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX

  1. Feldt, op. cit., p. 101.

  2. Hara, op. cit., p. 138.

  3. Ibid.

  4. Ibid.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Tanaka, op. cit., p. 821.

  7. Hara, op. cit., p. 140.

  8. Ibid, pp. 140, 141.

  9. Ibid, p. 141.

  10. Morison, op. cit., p. 242.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Author’s conversations with pilots.

  13. Tanaka, op. cit., p. 821.

  14. Morison, op. cit., p. 263.

  15. Morison, op. cit., pp. 272, 273.

  16. Ibid, p. 273.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Stern, Michael, Into the Jaws of Death (New York: McBride, 1944), p. 120.

  20. Ibid.

  21. Ibid.

  22. Tanaka, op. cit., p. 824a.

  CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN

  1. New York Times, Wednesday, November 18, 1942.

  2. Halsey and Bryan, op. cit., p. 130.

  3. Hayashi, Saburo, with Coox, Alvin D., Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War (Quantico: The Marine Corps Association, 1959), p. 62.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Arnold, Gen. of the Army H. H., Global Mission. New York: Harper & Bros., 1949.

  Blakeney, Jame, Heroes: U.S.M.C. Published by author, 1957.

  Blankfort, Michael, The Big Yankee: A Biography of Evans Carlson. Boston: Little, Brown, 1947.

  Boyington, Gregory, Baa Baa Black Sheep. New York: Putnam, 1958.

  Bryant, Arthur, The Turn of the Tide. New York: Doubleday, 1957.

  ———, Triumph in the West, A History of the War Years Based on the Diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke. New York: Doubleday, 1959.

  Bulkley, Capt. Robert J., Jr., At Close Quarters: PT Boats in the United States Navy. Washington: Naval History Division, 1962.

  Butterfield, Roger, Al Schmid: Marine. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1944.

  Carter, Rear Adm. Worral Reed, Beans, Bullets and Black Oil; The Story of Fleet Logistics Afloat in the Pacific During World War II. Washington: Naval History Division, 1952.

  Churchill, Winston S., Memoirs of the Second World War: An Abridgment of the Six Volumes of the Second World War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959.

  Clemens, Martin, A Coastwatcher’s Diary. Unpublished manuscript.

  Conn, Stetson, and Fairchild, Byron, The Framework of Hemisphere Defense. (“U.S. Army in World War II.”) Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 1960.

  Craven, W. F., and Cate, J. L., (Eds.), The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan. (“The Army Air Forces in World War II.”) Chicago: Air Force Historical Division, 1961.

  Cronin, Capt. Francis D., Under the Southern Cross: The Saga of the Americal Division. Washington: Combat Forces Press, 1951.

  Davis, Burke, Marine!: The Life of Chesty Puller. Boston: Little, Brown, 1962.

  DeChant, Capt. John A., Devilbirds: The Story of United States Marine Corps Aviation in World War II. New York: Harper & Bros., 1947.

  Feldt, Cmdr. Eric A., R.A.N., The Coastwatchers. New York and Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1946.

  Fuchida, Capt. Mitsuo, and Okumiya, Cmdr. Masatake, Midway: The Battle That Doomed Japan. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1955.

  Greenfield, Kent Roberts (Ed.), Command Decisions. (“U.S. Army in World War II.”) Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1960.

  Griffin, Alexander, A Ship to Remember: The Saga of the Hornet. New York: Howell, Soskin, 1943.

  Griffith, Brig. Gen. Samuel B., II, The Battle for Guadalcanal. (“Great Battles Series.”) Philadelphia and New York: Lippincott, 1963.

  Halsey, Fleet Adm. William F., and Bryan, Lt. Cmdr. J., III, Admiral Halsey’s Story. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1947.

  Hara, Capt. Tameichi, with Saito, Fred, and Pineau, Roger, Japanese Destroyer Captain. New York: Ballantine Books, 1961.

  Hayashi, Saburo, with Coox, Alvin D., Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico: The Marine Corps Association, 1959.

  Heinl, Col. Robert Debs, Jr., Soldiers of the Sea: The U.S. Marine Corps, 1775–1962. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1962.

  Hersey, John, Into the Valley: A Skirmish of the Marines. New York: Knopf, 1963.

  Hough, Lt. Col. Frank O., The Island War: The United States Marine Corps in the Pacific. Philadelphia and New York: Lippincott, 1947.

  Huie, William Bradford, Can Do!: The Story of the Seabees. New York: Dutton, 1944.

  Isely, Jeter A., and Crowl, Philip A., The U.S. Marines and Amphibious War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951.

  Ito, Masanori, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy. New York: Norton, 1956.

  Johnston, Richard W., Follow Me!: The Story of the Second Marine Division in World War II. New York: Random House, 1948.

  Kenney, Gen. George C., General Kenney Reports. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1949.

  Naval Chronology, World War II. Washington: Naval History Division, 1955.

  Newcomb, Richard F., Savo: The Incredible Naval Debacle off Guadalcanal. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961.

  Okumiya, Masatake, and Jiro, Horikoshi, with Caidin, Martin, Zero: The Inside Story of Japan’s Air War in the Pacific. New York: Ballantine Books, 1956.

  O’Sheel, Capt. Patrick, and Cook, Staff Sgt. Gene, Semper Fidelis: The U.S. Marines in the Pacific. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960.

  Pierce, Lt. Col. Philip N., and Hough, Lt. Col. Frank O., The Compact History of the United States Marine Corp. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960.

  Potter, E. B., and Nimitz, Fleet Adm. Chester W., The Great Sea War: The Dramatic Story of Naval Action in World War II. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice- Hall, 1960.

  Pratt, Fletcher, The Marines’ War. New York: William Sloane Associates, 1948.

  Reischauer, Edwin O., Japan: Past and Present. New York: Knopf, 1964.

  Robson, R. W., The Pacific Islands Handbook, 1944. New York: Macmillan, 1945.

  Roscoe, Theodore, United States Destroyer Operations in World War II. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1953.

  ———, United States Submarine Operations in World War II. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1949.

  Russell, Lord, of Liverpool, The Knights of Bushido: The Shocking History of Japanese War Atrocities. New York: Dutton, 1958.

  Sakai, Saburo, with Caidin, Martin, and Saito, Fred, Samurai: Flying the Zero in WW II with Japan’s Fighter Ace. New York: Ballantine Books, 1963.

  Sherrod, Robert, History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II. Washington: Combat Forces Press, 1952.

  Sherwood, Robert E., Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1950.

  Shigemitsu, Premier Mamoru, Japan and Her Destiny: My Struggle for Peace. New York: Dutton, 1958.

  Simmons, Walter, Joe Foss: Flying Marine. New York: Dutton, 1943.

  Sims, Edward H., Greatest Fighter Missions of the Top Navy and Marine Aces of World War II. New York: Harper & Bros., 1962.

  Smith, Gen. Holland M., Coral and Brass: Howlin’ Mad Smith’s Own Story of the Marines in the Pacific. New York: Scribner’s, 1949.

&nb
sp; Stafford, Cmdr. Edward P., The Big E: The Story of the U.S.S. Enterprise. New York: Random House, 1962.

  Stern, Michael, Into the Jaws of Death. New York: McBride, 1944.

  The War Reports of General of the Army George C. Marshall, General of the Army H. H. Arnold, and Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King. Philadelphia and New York: Lippincott, 1947.

  Tregaskis, Richard, Guadalcanal Diary. New York: Popular Library, 1959.

  Tsuji, Masanobu, Singapore: The Japanese Version. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1960.

  United States Navy, Medal of Honor, 1861–1949. Washington: Naval History Division, 1950.

  United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific), The Campaigns of the Pacific War. Washington: Naval Analysis Division, 1946.

  ———, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, 2 vols. Washington: Naval Analysis Division, 1946.

  Vandegrift, General Alexander A., and Asprey, Robert B., Once a Marine: The Memoirs of General A. A. Vandegrift. New York: Norton, 1964.

  Williams, Mary H. (Compiler). Chronology 1941–1945. (“U.S. Army in World War II.”) Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1960.

  Willoughby, Lt. Malcom F., The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1957.

  Zimmerman, Maj. John L., The Guadalcanal Campaign. (Marine Corps Historical Monograph.) Washington: Historical Branch, U.S. Marine Corps, 1949.

  PRIMARY SOURCES

  Jitsuroku Taiheiyo Senso (Personal Records of the Pacific War). This work, as yet unpublished in English, includes the following seven memoirs, all bearing on Guadalcanal.

  Gadarukanaru: Guadalcanal, by Col. Masanobu Tsuji, member of the General Staff of the Guadalcanal Expeditionary Forces of the Japanese Army.

  Kawaguchi shitai no shito: Struggles of the Kawaguchi Detached Force, by Maj. Gen. Kiyotake Kawaguchi.

  Tokyo kyuko: Tokyo Express, by Lt. Senzo Kabashima: His diary of bringing supplies to Guadalcanal aboard destroyer Yudachi.

  Ue to shi no kiroku: Record of Hunger and Death, by Maj. Yasuhei Oneda: A personal account of Oneda’s ordeal with the 230th Battalion of the 38th Regiment.

  Ningen no genkai: Limit of Human Invulnerability, by Lt. Yasuo Obi, bearer of the colors of the 125th Infantry Regiment with the Kawaguchi Brigade.

  Gadarukanaru-to sakusen keikaku: Military Strategy for the Guadalcanal Campaign, by Col. Takushiro Hattori, Chief of the Operations Section of the Imperial Headquarters of the Japanese Army.

  Jigoku no mogura yuso: Mole Transportation in the Hell, by Cmdr. Teiji Yamaki, navigation officer of Submarine I-41: Description of attempts to supply the island by submarine.